Bidhan Sarkar, H. Saha, P. Sarker, Niranjan Kumar Sana, M. Sayeed, S. Choudhury
The occurrence of liver disease and raised liver enzymes is common in diabetic patients and the increasing level of enzymes indicates the severity of hepatic injury. Very few studies have addressed this issue in Bangladesh though Bangladeshi population is very much susceptible to diabetes. This study investigated a total of 1400 diabetic patients and 100 non diabetic individuals to compare the level of liver enzymes between diabetic and non-diabetic subjects. The comparisons were made among subjects who were referred to the department of Gastro-hepato-pancreatic diseases (GHPD) of BIRDEM with the clinical diagnosis of chronic hepatitis and other gastro-intestinal disorders. The investigations included alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and bilirubin levels. The subjects were categorized with and without hepatitis based on these investigations. The biochemical markers (ALT, AST, ALP, bilirubin) did not differ significantly between nondiabetic male and female subjects. Neither the differences were significant between diabetic males and females though the diabetic patients had higher level of markers. In contrast, when compared between diabetic and non-diabetic subjects there were striking differences in either sex. Compared with the non-diabetic the diabetic subjects had significantly higher level of ALT (48.3 vs. 277.0), AST (42.0 vs. 213.0) and ALP (148 vs. 302) in males (p<0.005 for all). Similarly, these values were found significantly higher in diabetic females than their non-diabetic counterparts (p<0.01). For bilirubin, it was also found significant in males (p<0.001). The study revealed that the liver enzymes were found elevated in both diabetic and non-diabetic subjects who were referred with clinically diagnosed hepatitis. The enzymes were found markedly elevated among the diabetic than non diabetic patients, which indicate hepatic injury was more marked among the diabetic patients. Further study may confirm these findings. It is suggested that other socio-demographic and biophysical risk factors are important to be investigated in order to prevent increased hepatic damage among the diabetic subjects. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/imcj.v5i2.10098 IMCJ 2011; 5(2): 46-50
糖尿病患者肝脏疾病的发生和肝酶的升高是常见的，酶水平的升高表明肝损伤的严重程度。很少有研究在孟加拉国解决这个问题，尽管孟加拉国人口非常容易患糖尿病。本研究调查了1400名糖尿病患者和100名非糖尿病患者，比较了糖尿病患者和非糖尿病患者的肝酶水平。比较转诊至BIRDEM胃-肝-胰疾病科(GHPD)的患者与临床诊断为慢性肝炎和其他胃肠道疾病的患者。测定血清丙氨酸转氨酶(ALT)、天冬氨酸转氨酶(AST)、碱性磷酸酶(ALP)和胆红素水平。根据这些调查将受试者分为肝炎和非肝炎两类。生化指标(ALT、AST、ALP、胆红素)在非糖尿病男性和女性受试者之间无显著差异。尽管糖尿病患者的标志物水平较高，但男性和女性之间的差异均不显著。相比之下，在糖尿病患者和非糖尿病患者之间进行比较时，两性之间存在显著差异。男性糖尿病患者ALT (48.3 vs. 277.0)、AST (42.0 vs. 213.0)、ALP (148 vs. 302)均显著高于非糖尿病患者(p均<0.005)。同样，这些数值在糖尿病女性中也明显高于非糖尿病女性(p<0.01)。对于胆红素，男性也有显著差异(p<0.001)。研究显示，在临床诊断为肝炎的糖尿病和非糖尿病患者中，肝酶均升高。这些酶在糖尿病患者中明显高于非糖尿病患者，说明糖尿病患者的肝损伤更为明显。进一步的研究可能会证实这些发现。这表明，其他社会人口统计学和生物物理的危险因素是重要的，以防止增加肝损害的糖尿病受试者进行调查。DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/imcj.v5i2.10098 IMCJ 2011;5 (2): 46-50
{"title":"Liver Enzymes In Diabetic And Non Diabetic Subjects With Clinically Diagnosed Hepatitis","authors":"Bidhan Sarkar, H. Saha, P. Sarker, Niranjan Kumar Sana, M. Sayeed, S. Choudhury","doi":"10.3329/IMCJ.V5I2.10098","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3329/IMCJ.V5I2.10098","url":null,"abstract":"The occurrence of liver disease and raised liver enzymes is common in diabetic patients and the increasing level of enzymes indicates the severity of hepatic injury. Very few studies have addressed this issue in Bangladesh though Bangladeshi population is very much susceptible to diabetes. This study investigated a total of 1400 diabetic patients and 100 non diabetic individuals to compare the level of liver enzymes between diabetic and non-diabetic subjects. The comparisons were made among subjects who were referred to the department of Gastro-hepato-pancreatic diseases (GHPD) of BIRDEM with the clinical diagnosis of chronic hepatitis and other gastro-intestinal disorders. The investigations included alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and bilirubin levels. The subjects were categorized with and without hepatitis based on these investigations. The biochemical markers (ALT, AST, ALP, bilirubin) did not differ significantly between nondiabetic male and female subjects. Neither the differences were significant between diabetic males and females though the diabetic patients had higher level of markers. In contrast, when compared between diabetic and non-diabetic subjects there were striking differences in either sex. Compared with the non-diabetic the diabetic subjects had significantly higher level of ALT (48.3 vs. 277.0), AST (42.0 vs. 213.0) and ALP (148 vs. 302) in males (p<0.005 for all). Similarly, these values were found significantly higher in diabetic females than their non-diabetic counterparts (p<0.01). For bilirubin, it was also found significant in males (p<0.001). The study revealed that the liver enzymes were found elevated in both diabetic and non-diabetic subjects who were referred with clinically diagnosed hepatitis. The enzymes were found markedly elevated among the diabetic than non diabetic patients, which indicate hepatic injury was more marked among the diabetic patients. Further study may confirm these findings. It is suggested that other socio-demographic and biophysical risk factors are important to be investigated in order to prevent increased hepatic damage among the diabetic subjects. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/imcj.v5i2.10098 IMCJ 2011; 5(2): 46-50","PeriodicalId":226732,"journal":{"name":"Ibrahim Medical College Journal","volume":"56 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-03-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115624931","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
K. Shadia, Shajeda Binte Borhan, H. Hasin, S. Rahman, S. Sultana, L. Barai, MS Alam Jilani, J. Haq
The antibiotic resistance pattern of salmonella is ever changing over time. The present study is a retrospective analysis of rate of isolation of Salmonella Typhi and Paratyphi and their antibiotic resistance pattern over 6 years period in an urban hospital of Dhaka city. Blood culture submitted in BIRDEM hospital from 2004-2009 were analyzed. Isolated Salmonella sp were identified and antimicrobial susceptibility testing was carried out by a standard disc diffusion method. Among 385 isolated Salmonella sp 304 (79%) were Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi and 81 (21%) were Salmonella enterica serover Paratyphi A. The rate of isolation of S. Paratyphi A has increased over 6 the year period from 14% to 24%. Resistance to individual first line anti-salmonella drugs has increased from 2004 to 2006 (42 to 63%) but has decreased thereafter. Similar pattern was found when simultaneous resistance to three first line antibiotics namely ampicillin, chloramphenicol and co-trimoxazole were considered. Out of total 304 S. Typhi, 117 (38%) were simultaneously resistant to all three first line drugs compared to only 1.8% S. Paratyphi A. Analysis showed that 80 to 90% of isolated S. Typhi was nalidixic acid resistant (NARST) with reduced susceptibility to ciprofloxacin while the rate for S. Paratyphi A was 71-94%. All S. Typhi and Paratyphi A were sensitive to ceftriaxone. The study showed that there was a gradual decline of resistance of S. Typhi to first line antibiotics but very high prevalence of nalidixic acid resistant S. Typhi and S . Paratyphi in Bangladesh. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/imcj.v5i2.10097 IMCJ 2011; 5(2): 42-45
{"title":"Trends Of Antibiotic Susceptibility Of Salmonella Enterica Serovar Typhi And Paratyphi In An Urban Hospital Of Dhaka City Over 6 Years Period","authors":"K. Shadia, Shajeda Binte Borhan, H. Hasin, S. Rahman, S. Sultana, L. Barai, MS Alam Jilani, J. Haq","doi":"10.3329/IMCJ.V5I2.10097","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3329/IMCJ.V5I2.10097","url":null,"abstract":"The antibiotic resistance pattern of salmonella is ever changing over time. The present study is a retrospective analysis of rate of isolation of Salmonella Typhi and Paratyphi and their antibiotic resistance pattern over 6 years period in an urban hospital of Dhaka city. Blood culture submitted in BIRDEM hospital from 2004-2009 were analyzed. Isolated Salmonella sp were identified and antimicrobial susceptibility testing was carried out by a standard disc diffusion method. Among 385 isolated Salmonella sp 304 (79%) were Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi and 81 (21%) were Salmonella enterica serover Paratyphi A. The rate of isolation of S. Paratyphi A has increased over 6 the year period from 14% to 24%. Resistance to individual first line anti-salmonella drugs has increased from 2004 to 2006 (42 to 63%) but has decreased thereafter. Similar pattern was found when simultaneous resistance to three first line antibiotics namely ampicillin, chloramphenicol and co-trimoxazole were considered. Out of total 304 S. Typhi, 117 (38%) were simultaneously resistant to all three first line drugs compared to only 1.8% S. Paratyphi A. Analysis showed that 80 to 90% of isolated S. Typhi was nalidixic acid resistant (NARST) with reduced susceptibility to ciprofloxacin while the rate for S. Paratyphi A was 71-94%. All S. Typhi and Paratyphi A were sensitive to ceftriaxone. The study showed that there was a gradual decline of resistance of S. Typhi to first line antibiotics but very high prevalence of nalidixic acid resistant S. Typhi and S . Paratyphi in Bangladesh. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/imcj.v5i2.10097 IMCJ 2011; 5(2): 42-45","PeriodicalId":226732,"journal":{"name":"Ibrahim Medical College Journal","volume":"39 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-03-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114221284","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
T. Dipta, R. Iqbal, A. Hossain, Tahminur Rahman, S. Chowdhury
The present study is a retrospective analysis of allelic frequency of ABO and Rhesus (D) blood groups of donors attending the Deaprtment of Transfusion Medicine of Bangladesh Institute of Research and Rehabilitation in Diabetes, Endocrine and Metabolic Disorders (BIRDEM), Dhaka. BIRDEM IS a 625 bed hospital, where patients and blood donors come from all parts of Bangladesh. A total of 1, 28,506 blood donors of both genders were included in the study over fourteen years from June 1995 to June 2009 for analysis. Blood group was determined by performing the both tube and slide method blood grouping method. The distribution of blood groups in our population was B>O>A>AB in Rh positive groups donors and O>B>A>AB among Rh negative donors. Blood group B was more common among the males (37.42%) while O was predominant among female donors (33.83 %). On the other hand, blood group O negative was predominant in both genders (36.88%). In this study, Hardy- Weinberg equilibrium law was used to calculate the allelic frequency for ABO/ Rh system. Homozygous allelic frequency for Rh negative population was only 0.0007. Although phenotypically B group was dominant and AB was rare in our population, but according to Hardy- Weinberg equilibrium law the estimated allelic frequency of A (0.3694) and O (0.3040) showed higher frequency than B type (0.2300) in Bangladeshi population in both homozygous and heterozygous state. So, with increasing population of Bangladesh, this changing trend in estimated blood group in ABO system may play an important role in our genetic pattern. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/imcj.v5i2.10101 IMCJ 2011; 5(2): 59-62
{"title":"DISTRIBUTION OF PHENOTYPIC AND GENOTYPIC ABO AND RHESUS BLOOD GROUPS AMONG BANGLADESHI POPULATION","authors":"T. Dipta, R. Iqbal, A. Hossain, Tahminur Rahman, S. Chowdhury","doi":"10.3329/IMCJ.V5I2.10101","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3329/IMCJ.V5I2.10101","url":null,"abstract":"The present study is a retrospective analysis of allelic frequency of ABO and Rhesus (D) blood groups of donors attending the Deaprtment of Transfusion Medicine of Bangladesh Institute of Research and Rehabilitation in Diabetes, Endocrine and Metabolic Disorders (BIRDEM), Dhaka. BIRDEM IS a 625 bed hospital, where patients and blood donors come from all parts of Bangladesh. A total of 1, 28,506 blood donors of both genders were included in the study over fourteen years from June 1995 to June 2009 for analysis. Blood group was determined by performing the both tube and slide method blood grouping method. The distribution of blood groups in our population was B>O>A>AB in Rh positive groups donors and O>B>A>AB among Rh negative donors. Blood group B was more common among the males (37.42%) while O was predominant among female donors (33.83 %). On the other hand, blood group O negative was predominant in both genders (36.88%). In this study, Hardy- Weinberg equilibrium law was used to calculate the allelic frequency for ABO/ Rh system. Homozygous allelic frequency for Rh negative population was only 0.0007. Although phenotypically B group was dominant and AB was rare in our population, but according to Hardy- Weinberg equilibrium law the estimated allelic frequency of A (0.3694) and O (0.3040) showed higher frequency than B type (0.2300) in Bangladeshi population in both homozygous and heterozygous state. So, with increasing population of Bangladesh, this changing trend in estimated blood group in ABO system may play an important role in our genetic pattern. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/imcj.v5i2.10101 IMCJ 2011; 5(2): 59-62","PeriodicalId":226732,"journal":{"name":"Ibrahim Medical College Journal","volume":"76 ","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-03-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"120865116","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
K. Das, S. A. Begum, S. Dey, M. Quddus, A. Mohiuddin
Detection and monitoring of blood loss in trauma patients can often be challenging. Change in the inferior vena cava diameter (IVCd) occurs due to alteration in circulating blood volume (CBV) and blood loss. Ultrasonographic measurement of IVCd provides a noninvasive real-time information of the CBV. The present study was designed to determine whether acute blood loss could be detected by sonographic measurement of the IVCd. A total of 50 volunteer blood donors aged 18 to 57 years were studied in the Department of Radiology and Imaging of Dhaka Medical College Hospital (DMCH) from July 2004 to June 2005. The inferior vena cava diameters, both during inspiration and expiration were measured by ultrasound examination immediately before and after donation of a single unit (450ml) of blood. During examination, the transducer was applied to the epigastrium parallel to the median line about 2 cm to the right of it for sagittal sections, and at a right angle to the median line about 3 cm below the xiphoid process for transverse sections. In sagittal sections, the inferior vena cava behind the liver were imaged during inspiration and expiration. The mean diameter of IVC during expiration before and after the blood donation was 17.5mm (±1.56mm) and 11.93mm (±1.48mm) respectively. Likewise, the mean diameter of IVC during inspiration before and after the blood donation was 12.96mm (±1.61mm) and 7.58mm (±1.29mm) respectively. The decrease in INV diameter following blood loss was significant (p< 0.01). Thus, the acute depletion of CBV could be detected by measuring the change of IVCd by sonography. Further study may be undertaken to determine the relationship of unit change of IVCd due to acute blood loss in case of trauma or other conditions. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/imcj.v5i2.10099 IMCJ 2011; 5(2): 51-53
{"title":"Sonographic Measurement Of Inferior Vena Cava Diameter A Noninvasive Tool To Detect Acute Blood Loss","authors":"K. Das, S. A. Begum, S. Dey, M. Quddus, A. Mohiuddin","doi":"10.3329/IMCJ.V5I2.10099","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3329/IMCJ.V5I2.10099","url":null,"abstract":"Detection and monitoring of blood loss in trauma patients can often be challenging. Change in the inferior vena cava diameter (IVCd) occurs due to alteration in circulating blood volume (CBV) and blood loss. Ultrasonographic measurement of IVCd provides a noninvasive real-time information of the CBV. The present study was designed to determine whether acute blood loss could be detected by sonographic measurement of the IVCd. A total of 50 volunteer blood donors aged 18 to 57 years were studied in the Department of Radiology and Imaging of Dhaka Medical College Hospital (DMCH) from July 2004 to June 2005. The inferior vena cava diameters, both during inspiration and expiration were measured by ultrasound examination immediately before and after donation of a single unit (450ml) of blood. During examination, the transducer was applied to the epigastrium parallel to the median line about 2 cm to the right of it for sagittal sections, and at a right angle to the median line about 3 cm below the xiphoid process for transverse sections. In sagittal sections, the inferior vena cava behind the liver were imaged during inspiration and expiration. The mean diameter of IVC during expiration before and after the blood donation was 17.5mm (±1.56mm) and 11.93mm (±1.48mm) respectively. Likewise, the mean diameter of IVC during inspiration before and after the blood donation was 12.96mm (±1.61mm) and 7.58mm (±1.29mm) respectively. The decrease in INV diameter following blood loss was significant (p< 0.01). Thus, the acute depletion of CBV could be detected by measuring the change of IVCd by sonography. Further study may be undertaken to determine the relationship of unit change of IVCd due to acute blood loss in case of trauma or other conditions. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/imcj.v5i2.10099 IMCJ 2011; 5(2): 51-53","PeriodicalId":226732,"journal":{"name":"Ibrahim Medical College Journal","volume":"26 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-03-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123566426","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Mohammad Faizul Haque Khan, M. Chowdhury, M. Hoque, Mohammed Maruf-ul-Quaeder, Mahfuza Shirin, M. Hossain, Rumana Aziz
Clinical care of infants with very low birth weight (weighing<1500 gm at birth) in developing countries can be labour intensive and is often associated with a prolonged stay in hospital. Although several studies have shown the benefits of early discharge from the hospital for premature infants, it is still a common practice to delay discharge of these infants until they reach a weight of 2000 gm or more. The present study was undertaken to test the assumption that very low birth weight (VLBW) infants can attain optimum growth at home and to find its association with feeding regimens. This prospective observational study was conducted at Neonatal Out-patient Department, Dhaka Shishu Hospital over a period of 1 year from January 2010 to December 2010. A total of 92 very low birth weight neonates were enrolled during discahrge in the Neonatal Unit of Dhaka Shisu Hospital. Out of these 92 neonates 16 neonates expired while 7, 4 and 1 neonates dropped out in the first, second and third follow up respectively. The neonates after discharge were fed on three types of feeding regimens at home. The feeding regimens were expressed breast milk (EBM), EBM+ infant formula (mixed feeding) and infant formula only).The outcome variable was growth in terms of increase in weight, length and occiputo-frontal circumference (OFC). The other outcome measures were respiratory tract infection (RTI), diarrhoea and anaemia, visit to physician and readmission to hospital for the morbidities they encountered. The neonates were observed up to three consecutive follow-ups from their date of discharge. The median gestational age at birth was 31 weeks. Approximately 57% of the neonates were admitted within 72 hours of birth with median age at admission being 24 hours. Females were slightly higher (54.3%) than the males (45.7%). The mean weight, length and OFC at admission were 1208 gm 39.8 cm and 28.3 cm respectively. The study demonstrated a steady increase of weight, length and OFC of the infants up to a median age of 6 months with mixed and EBM feeding compared to infant formula group. Regarding RTI, diarhoea and anaemia the breast fed group suffered less frequently than the groups fed with infant formula and EBM+infant formula groups. The frequency of visits to physician and hospital admission were significantly lower in the EBM group than the other two groups. Higher frequency of breast feeding reduced the chance of infection and its severity. Infants discharged below1500 gm grew well with exclusive breast milk. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/imcj.v5i2.10100 IMCJ 2011; 5(2): 54-58
{"title":"Growth Of Very Low Birth Weight Infants And Its Association With Feeding Regimens","authors":"Mohammad Faizul Haque Khan, M. Chowdhury, M. Hoque, Mohammed Maruf-ul-Quaeder, Mahfuza Shirin, M. Hossain, Rumana Aziz","doi":"10.3329/IMCJ.V5I2.10100","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3329/IMCJ.V5I2.10100","url":null,"abstract":"Clinical care of infants with very low birth weight (weighing<1500 gm at birth) in developing countries can be labour intensive and is often associated with a prolonged stay in hospital. Although several studies have shown the benefits of early discharge from the hospital for premature infants, it is still a common practice to delay discharge of these infants until they reach a weight of 2000 gm or more. The present study was undertaken to test the assumption that very low birth weight (VLBW) infants can attain optimum growth at home and to find its association with feeding regimens. This prospective observational study was conducted at Neonatal Out-patient Department, Dhaka Shishu Hospital over a period of 1 year from January 2010 to December 2010. A total of 92 very low birth weight neonates were enrolled during discahrge in the Neonatal Unit of Dhaka Shisu Hospital. Out of these 92 neonates 16 neonates expired while 7, 4 and 1 neonates dropped out in the first, second and third follow up respectively. The neonates after discharge were fed on three types of feeding regimens at home. The feeding regimens were expressed breast milk (EBM), EBM+ infant formula (mixed feeding) and infant formula only).The outcome variable was growth in terms of increase in weight, length and occiputo-frontal circumference (OFC). The other outcome measures were respiratory tract infection (RTI), diarrhoea and anaemia, visit to physician and readmission to hospital for the morbidities they encountered. The neonates were observed up to three consecutive follow-ups from their date of discharge. The median gestational age at birth was 31 weeks. Approximately 57% of the neonates were admitted within 72 hours of birth with median age at admission being 24 hours. Females were slightly higher (54.3%) than the males (45.7%). The mean weight, length and OFC at admission were 1208 gm 39.8 cm and 28.3 cm respectively. The study demonstrated a steady increase of weight, length and OFC of the infants up to a median age of 6 months with mixed and EBM feeding compared to infant formula group. Regarding RTI, diarhoea and anaemia the breast fed group suffered less frequently than the groups fed with infant formula and EBM+infant formula groups. The frequency of visits to physician and hospital admission were significantly lower in the EBM group than the other two groups. Higher frequency of breast feeding reduced the chance of infection and its severity. Infants discharged below1500 gm grew well with exclusive breast milk. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/imcj.v5i2.10100 IMCJ 2011; 5(2): 54-58","PeriodicalId":226732,"journal":{"name":"Ibrahim Medical College Journal","volume":"2 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-03-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133460392","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The migrant workers in Bangladesh are at high risk of getting HIV infection due to factors like staying away from family for long periods which leave them vulnerable towards sexual relationship with commercial sex workers (CSW) and having sexual relationship with other men (MSM). This paper aimed to explore the level of awareness on HIV/AIDs among the women whose husbands stay apart from them for over a period of 6 months. For this cross sectional study, women attending public and private hospitals in Dhaka city were selected purposively. The participants were interviewed using a partially open-structured questionnaire. A total of 404 subjects were interviewed. Most of the respondents were housewives (85.7%). The higher education group had a high prevalence of awareness (>=HSC vs. SSC: 45.0% vs. 8.5%; p<0.001). The prevalence of awareness was significantly higher among the employed than the housewives (50% vs. 12.4%, p<0.001). Although the wives of the unskilled labor and the skilled employee were equal (25% vs. 25%), the wives of skilled employee had significantly higher awareness than the wives of the unskilled laborer (30.7 vs. 10.9%, p = 0.001). The study concludes that higher awareness level was significantly associated with higher education of the participants and higher education of the husband. Occupationally, housewives were found to have very low level of awareness compared with the employed group of participants. Again the wives of skilled employees had a significantly higher prevalence of awareness compared with the wives of unskilled laborer. Ibrahim Med. Coll. J. 2011; 5(1): 25-28 Key Words: HIV/AIDs; awareness; grass-widows. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/imcj.v5i1.9858
孟加拉国的移徙工人感染艾滋病毒的风险很高，因为他们长时间远离家人，容易与商业性工作者发生性关系，也容易与其他男性发生性关系。本文旨在探讨丈夫与她们分开超过6个月的妇女对艾滋病毒/艾滋病的认识水平。在这项横断面研究中，有目的地选择了在达卡市公立和私立医院就诊的妇女。参与者接受了部分开放式问卷调查。共采访了404名受试者。家庭主妇(85.7%)最多。高学历组有较高的知晓率(>=HSC vs. SSC: 45.0% vs. 8.5%;p < 0.001)。有工作的家庭主妇比有工作的家庭主妇有更高的意识(50% vs. 12.4%， p<0.001)。虽然非技术工人的妻子和熟练工人的妻子是平等的(25%对25%)，但熟练工人的妻子的意识明显高于非技术工人的妻子(30.7%对10.9%，p = 0.001)。研究得出结论，较高的意识水平与参与者的高等教育程度和丈夫的高等教育程度显著相关。在职业方面，家庭主妇的意识水平与就业者相比非常低。同样，熟练工人的妻子比非熟练工人的妻子有更高的意识。易卜拉欣·迈德，上校。j . 2011;[关键词]艾滋病毒/艾滋病;意识;grass-widows。DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/imcj.v5i1.9858
{"title":"AWARENESS OF HIV / AIDS AMONG THE GRASS-WIDOWS","authors":"Tazreen Mona","doi":"10.3329/IMCJ.V5I1.9858","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3329/IMCJ.V5I1.9858","url":null,"abstract":"The migrant workers in Bangladesh are at high risk of getting HIV infection due to factors like staying away from family for long periods which leave them vulnerable towards sexual relationship with commercial sex workers (CSW) and having sexual relationship with other men (MSM). This paper aimed to explore the level of awareness on HIV/AIDs among the women whose husbands stay apart from them for over a period of 6 months. For this cross sectional study, women attending public and private hospitals in Dhaka city were selected purposively. The participants were interviewed using a partially open-structured questionnaire. A total of 404 subjects were interviewed. Most of the respondents were housewives (85.7%). The higher education group had a high prevalence of awareness (>=HSC vs. SSC: 45.0% vs. 8.5%; p<0.001). The prevalence of awareness was significantly higher among the employed than the housewives (50% vs. 12.4%, p<0.001). Although the wives of the unskilled labor and the skilled employee were equal (25% vs. 25%), the wives of skilled employee had significantly higher awareness than the wives of the unskilled laborer (30.7 vs. 10.9%, p = 0.001). The study concludes that higher awareness level was significantly associated with higher education of the participants and higher education of the husband. Occupationally, housewives were found to have very low level of awareness compared with the employed group of participants. Again the wives of skilled employees had a significantly higher prevalence of awareness compared with the wives of unskilled laborer. Ibrahim Med. Coll. J. 2011; 5(1): 25-28 Key Words: HIV/AIDs; awareness; grass-widows. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/imcj.v5i1.9858","PeriodicalId":226732,"journal":{"name":"Ibrahim Medical College Journal","volume":"32 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-02-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127256676","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Nigella sativa Linn (Family: Ranunculaceae) Bengali name “kalo jera” is used as spice in Bengali foods. Native to Western Asia, Turkey, Iraq and Egypt, the black seed oil has been valued for its health benefits for centuries. This plant has been used in traditional medicine for the treatment of stomach aches, asthma, bronchitis, coughs, fevers, tumour and as a tonic. The dried and grounded seed was extracted with ethanol and the extract was evaluated for anti-inflammatory activity in carrageenan induced rat paw edema model. The extracts were administered orally at the doses of 250 and 500 mg/kg body weight, and statistically significant ( p <0.05) anti-inflammatory effects were observed in a dose dependant manner. The extract showed 28.75% and 43.79% inhibition of inflammation at the doses of 250 and 500 mg/kg body weight after first hour of the carrageenan administration which was comparable to that of standard drugs aspirin 40.52% and hydrocortisone 47.71% respectively. The result of this study supported the traditional medicinal uses of this seed. Ibrahim Med. Coll. J. 2011; 5(1): 22-24 Key word: Nigella sativa; inflammation; carrageenan DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/imcj.v5i1.9857
{"title":"Effect of Nigella sativa Linn (Ranunculaceae) ground seed extract on carrageenan induced inflammation in rats","authors":"S. Parveen, S. C. Bachar, Z. A. Begum","doi":"10.3329/IMCJ.V5I1.9857","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3329/IMCJ.V5I1.9857","url":null,"abstract":"Nigella sativa Linn (Family: Ranunculaceae) Bengali name “kalo jera” is used as spice in Bengali foods. Native to Western Asia, Turkey, Iraq and Egypt, the black seed oil has been valued for its health benefits for centuries. This plant has been used in traditional medicine for the treatment of stomach aches, asthma, bronchitis, coughs, fevers, tumour and as a tonic. The dried and grounded seed was extracted with ethanol and the extract was evaluated for anti-inflammatory activity in carrageenan induced rat paw edema model. The extracts were administered orally at the doses of 250 and 500 mg/kg body weight, and statistically significant ( p <0.05) anti-inflammatory effects were observed in a dose dependant manner. The extract showed 28.75% and 43.79% inhibition of inflammation at the doses of 250 and 500 mg/kg body weight after first hour of the carrageenan administration which was comparable to that of standard drugs aspirin 40.52% and hydrocortisone 47.71% respectively. The result of this study supported the traditional medicinal uses of this seed. Ibrahim Med. Coll. J. 2011; 5(1): 22-24 Key word: Nigella sativa; inflammation; carrageenan DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/imcj.v5i1.9857","PeriodicalId":226732,"journal":{"name":"Ibrahim Medical College Journal","volume":"29 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-02-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130694944","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Massive envenomations by bees are capable of causing multiorgan dysfunction as a result of direct toxic effects of the large venom load received. Although all varieties of honey bee have the potential for these attacks, the Africanized honey bee ( Apis mellifera scutellata ) is the most commonly implicated subspecies. In the United States, the Africanized strain is found primarily in the southwestern states and is known for its highly defensive behavior if disturbed. Mechanisms behind the multiorgan dysfunction produced by these mass envenomations are not clearly understood. We present a case of an 8-year-old boy who was stung by multiple bees and developed progressive upper-body swelling and systemic manifestations of mass envenomation including rhabdomyolysis, renal insufficiency, and a transient transaminase elevation. Ibrahim Med. Coll. J. 2011; 5(1): 34-36 Key Words: environmental risk; renal failure; rhabdomyolysis; bee envenomation. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/imcj.v5i1.9872
{"title":"Bee envenomation induced acute renal failure in an 8 year old child","authors":"F. Islam, Syed Dawood Md Taimur, C. Kabir","doi":"10.3329/IMCJ.V5I1.9872","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3329/IMCJ.V5I1.9872","url":null,"abstract":"Massive envenomations by bees are capable of causing multiorgan dysfunction as a result of direct toxic effects of the large venom load received. Although all varieties of honey bee have the potential for these attacks, the Africanized honey bee ( Apis mellifera scutellata ) is the most commonly implicated subspecies. In the United States, the Africanized strain is found primarily in the southwestern states and is known for its highly defensive behavior if disturbed. Mechanisms behind the multiorgan dysfunction produced by these mass envenomations are not clearly understood. We present a case of an 8-year-old boy who was stung by multiple bees and developed progressive upper-body swelling and systemic manifestations of mass envenomation including rhabdomyolysis, renal insufficiency, and a transient transaminase elevation. Ibrahim Med. Coll. J. 2011; 5(1): 34-36 Key Words: environmental risk; renal failure; rhabdomyolysis; bee envenomation. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/imcj.v5i1.9872","PeriodicalId":226732,"journal":{"name":"Ibrahim Medical College Journal","volume":"94 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-02-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121446306","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Sharmeen Ahmed, Reaz Fatema, A. Saleh, M. Sattar, R. Miah
Diagnosis of tuberculous pleural effusion (TPE) is difficult because of its non-specific clinical presentation and insufficient efficiency of conventional diagnostic methods. The study was carried out to evaluate the utility of adenosine deaminase (ADA) activity in pleural fluid for the diagnosis of TPE. ADA activity was measured in pleural fluid of 103 pleural effusion patients by colorimetric method using a commercial ADA assay kit. The diagnosis of TPE was made from pleural fluid examinations (including cytology, biochemistry, and bacteriology) and pleural biopsy. Patient with negative result of this methods were diagnosed by response of empirical treatment. Out of 130 cases, 62 (61.1%) had TPE and the remaining 41 (39.8%) had pleural effusion due to non tuberculous diseases. There was statistically significant difference (p < 0.001) between the mean of pleural fluid ADA levels (70.82±22.54 U/L) in TPE group and (30.07±22.93 U/L) in non-TPE group. Of 62 TPE cases, microscopy for AFB and culture for M.tuberculosis in pleural fluid revealed positivity in 9.6% and 22.5% cases respectively, and biopsy of pleura showed typical epithelioid granuloma in only 43.5% cases. The cut-off value of ADA for diagnosing TPE was 40 U/L using a ROC curve, with a sensitivity of 94% and specificity of 88%. Positive and negative predictive value of ADA assay were 92% and 90% respectively. The overall test accuracy was 90%. Pleural fluid ADA assay is therefore a simple, rapid, highly sensitive and specific adjunct test for diagnosis of TPE. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/imcj.v5i1.9852 Ibrahim Med. Coll. J. 2011; 5(1): 1-5 Keywords: Pleural fluid; adenosine deaminase; tuberculous pleural effusion
{"title":"Diagnostic significance of pleural fluid adenosine deaminase activity in tuberculous pleurisy","authors":"Sharmeen Ahmed, Reaz Fatema, A. Saleh, M. Sattar, R. Miah","doi":"10.3329/IMCJ.V5I1.9852","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3329/IMCJ.V5I1.9852","url":null,"abstract":"Diagnosis of tuberculous pleural effusion (TPE) is difficult because of its non-specific clinical presentation and insufficient efficiency of conventional diagnostic methods. The study was carried out to evaluate the utility of adenosine deaminase (ADA) activity in pleural fluid for the diagnosis of TPE. ADA activity was measured in pleural fluid of 103 pleural effusion patients by colorimetric method using a commercial ADA assay kit. The diagnosis of TPE was made from pleural fluid examinations (including cytology, biochemistry, and bacteriology) and pleural biopsy. Patient with negative result of this methods were diagnosed by response of empirical treatment. Out of 130 cases, 62 (61.1%) had TPE and the remaining 41 (39.8%) had pleural effusion due to non tuberculous diseases. There was statistically significant difference (p < 0.001) between the mean of pleural fluid ADA levels (70.82±22.54 U/L) in TPE group and (30.07±22.93 U/L) in non-TPE group. Of 62 TPE cases, microscopy for AFB and culture for M.tuberculosis in pleural fluid revealed positivity in 9.6% and 22.5% cases respectively, and biopsy of pleura showed typical epithelioid granuloma in only 43.5% cases. The cut-off value of ADA for diagnosing TPE was 40 U/L using a ROC curve, with a sensitivity of 94% and specificity of 88%. Positive and negative predictive value of ADA assay were 92% and 90% respectively. The overall test accuracy was 90%. Pleural fluid ADA assay is therefore a simple, rapid, highly sensitive and specific adjunct test for diagnosis of TPE. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/imcj.v5i1.9852 Ibrahim Med. Coll. J. 2011; 5(1): 1-5 Keywords: Pleural fluid; adenosine deaminase; tuberculous pleural effusion","PeriodicalId":226732,"journal":{"name":"Ibrahim Medical College Journal","volume":"36 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-02-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127815869","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The new index Body Mass Abdominal Index (BMAI) has been derived by combining two separate indices – weight for height and waist for height ratios. Our study investigated the relationship of common indicators of abdominal adiposity – waist circumference (WC), waist-hip ratio (WHR), waist-height ratio (WHTR), conicity index (CI) and newly proposed body mass abdominal index (BMAI) with body mass index (BMI) among 347 pre-school children of Purulia District, India. Results showed that significant correlations were observed for all adiposity measures except WHR. A noteworthy point was that the correlations were strongest (p < 0.01) with BMAI (boys: r = 0.863, girls: r = 0.863). The correlations of BMAI with BMI were similar in both sexes. In conclusion, our results indicate that the new index BMAI has a distinct advantage as it relates much strongly with overall adiposity (BMI) than the other commonly used indicators of adiposity. Ibrahim Med. Coll. J. 2011; 5(1): 9-12 Key Words: Pre-school children; body mass index; body mass abdominal index; India. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/imcj.v5i1.9854
{"title":"Body mass abdominal index: a new index for a diposity among pre-school children","authors":"Subal Das, K. Bose","doi":"10.3329/IMCJ.V5I1.9854","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3329/IMCJ.V5I1.9854","url":null,"abstract":"The new index Body Mass Abdominal Index (BMAI) has been derived by combining two separate indices – weight for height and waist for height ratios. Our study investigated the relationship of common indicators of abdominal adiposity – waist circumference (WC), waist-hip ratio (WHR), waist-height ratio (WHTR), conicity index (CI) and newly proposed body mass abdominal index (BMAI) with body mass index (BMI) among 347 pre-school children of Purulia District, India. Results showed that significant correlations were observed for all adiposity measures except WHR. A noteworthy point was that the correlations were strongest (p < 0.01) with BMAI (boys: r = 0.863, girls: r = 0.863). The correlations of BMAI with BMI were similar in both sexes. In conclusion, our results indicate that the new index BMAI has a distinct advantage as it relates much strongly with overall adiposity (BMI) than the other commonly used indicators of adiposity. Ibrahim Med. Coll. J. 2011; 5(1): 9-12 Key Words: Pre-school children; body mass index; body mass abdominal index; India. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/imcj.v5i1.9854","PeriodicalId":226732,"journal":{"name":"Ibrahim Medical College Journal","volume":"27 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-02-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122074510","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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