Pub Date : 1988-11-01DOI: 10.1109/IEMBS.1988.94530
T. Flotte
Digitized images obtained through a light microscope permit quantification of measured parameters. The author has been studying the use of video densitometry to analyze volume fractions of elastic tissue in skin, the localization of B-carotene in atherosclerosis by special ratioing of absorbances at different wavelengths, and the quantification of fluorophores. The application of these techniques of video densitometry to diagnostic pathology offers the possibility of obtaining quantitative information which will be reproducible from laboratory to laboratory; however, these studies must be analyzed with an understanding of the hardware and techniques.<>
{"title":"Application of computerized image analysis in quantitative microscopy","authors":"T. Flotte","doi":"10.1109/IEMBS.1988.94530","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/IEMBS.1988.94530","url":null,"abstract":"Digitized images obtained through a light microscope permit quantification of measured parameters. The author has been studying the use of video densitometry to analyze volume fractions of elastic tissue in skin, the localization of B-carotene in atherosclerosis by special ratioing of absorbances at different wavelengths, and the quantification of fluorophores. The application of these techniques of video densitometry to diagnostic pathology offers the possibility of obtaining quantitative information which will be reproducible from laboratory to laboratory; however, these studies must be analyzed with an understanding of the hardware and techniques.<<ETX>>","PeriodicalId":227170,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1988-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129358846","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1988-11-01DOI: 10.1109/IEMBS.1988.95323
K. Akingbehin
To utilize the computational style and massive parallelism provided by molecular computing devices, conventional techniques which individually program molecules need to be augmented by techniques which collectively program a network of molecules. The author describes such an evolutionary programming technique. It consists of a training phase, in which the network is trained to recognize known patterns, and a performing phase, in which the network is presented with unknown patterns. A description is given of the results obtained when the technique is applied to a simulated network of computing devices. The computational tasks performed are those which have been traditionally difficult for conventional programming techniques.<>
{"title":"On programming an adaptable network of molecular processing elements","authors":"K. Akingbehin","doi":"10.1109/IEMBS.1988.95323","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/IEMBS.1988.95323","url":null,"abstract":"To utilize the computational style and massive parallelism provided by molecular computing devices, conventional techniques which individually program molecules need to be augmented by techniques which collectively program a network of molecules. The author describes such an evolutionary programming technique. It consists of a training phase, in which the network is trained to recognize known patterns, and a performing phase, in which the network is presented with unknown patterns. A description is given of the results obtained when the technique is applied to a simulated network of computing devices. The computational tasks performed are those which have been traditionally difficult for conventional programming techniques.<<ETX>>","PeriodicalId":227170,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1988-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127214243","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1988-11-01DOI: 10.1109/IEMBS.1988.94839
P.C. Lombrozo, R. E. Barr, L. Abraham
An experiment was conducted to evaluate various methods for smoothing human motion data that has been subjected to noise during the filming and digitization process. Orthogonal accelerometers were attached to the subject's leg, and records of complex dynamic kicking motions were recorded on film and simultaneously sampled through an A/D converter on an IBM PC-AT. The filmed data was hand-digitized at rates of 50 and 100 frames per second. Acceleration curves were obtained for comparison with the raw accelerometer data using finite difference techniques and direct differentiation of cubic and quintic spline curves. Pre- and postdigital lowpass filters were applied to the data in various combinations. Results of least-squares curve fits between raw and processed acceleration data suggested that excellent fit could be obtained by any of the methods if smoothing parameters were adjusted properly and if the sampling rate were high enough.<>
{"title":"Smoothing of noisy human motion data using digital filtering and spline curves","authors":"P.C. Lombrozo, R. E. Barr, L. Abraham","doi":"10.1109/IEMBS.1988.94839","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/IEMBS.1988.94839","url":null,"abstract":"An experiment was conducted to evaluate various methods for smoothing human motion data that has been subjected to noise during the filming and digitization process. Orthogonal accelerometers were attached to the subject's leg, and records of complex dynamic kicking motions were recorded on film and simultaneously sampled through an A/D converter on an IBM PC-AT. The filmed data was hand-digitized at rates of 50 and 100 frames per second. Acceleration curves were obtained for comparison with the raw accelerometer data using finite difference techniques and direct differentiation of cubic and quintic spline curves. Pre- and postdigital lowpass filters were applied to the data in various combinations. Results of least-squares curve fits between raw and processed acceleration data suggested that excellent fit could be obtained by any of the methods if smoothing parameters were adjusted properly and if the sampling rate were high enough.<<ETX>>","PeriodicalId":227170,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1988-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127980285","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1988-11-01DOI: 10.1109/IEMBS.1988.94505
M. Akay, M. Bauer, J. Semmlow, W. Welkowitz, J. Kostis
The frequency spectra of diastolic heart sounds are compared before and after angioplastic surgery. Since the low-level sounds associated with partially occluded coronary arteries will be contaminated with considerable background noise, traditional FFT analysis may not produce an accurate frequency spectrum. Eigenvector methods have been selected to generate the frequency spectra because of their higher resolution, particularly in the presence of noise. In all cases a marked decrease in high frequency spectral components was observed following angioplasty.<>
{"title":"Analysis of diastolic heart sounds before and after angioplasty","authors":"M. Akay, M. Bauer, J. Semmlow, W. Welkowitz, J. Kostis","doi":"10.1109/IEMBS.1988.94505","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/IEMBS.1988.94505","url":null,"abstract":"The frequency spectra of diastolic heart sounds are compared before and after angioplastic surgery. Since the low-level sounds associated with partially occluded coronary arteries will be contaminated with considerable background noise, traditional FFT analysis may not produce an accurate frequency spectrum. Eigenvector methods have been selected to generate the frequency spectra because of their higher resolution, particularly in the presence of noise. In all cases a marked decrease in high frequency spectral components was observed following angioplasty.<<ETX>>","PeriodicalId":227170,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1988-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124787774","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1988-11-01DOI: 10.1109/IEMBS.1988.94500
S. Iantorno, J.K. Li
Changes in aortic compliance have been used to diagnose cardiovascular diseases. The extent of such changes is directly related to the severity of the diseased state. The current investigation examines two different compliance indices of the aorta and the left ventricle in different types of cardiac diseases. An increase in diastolic volume associated with mitral regurgitation results in an increase in stroke volume and a corresponding increase in the calculated compliance values. The relatively small percentage decrease reported may be due to the preliminary nature of this study. The results suggest that a general decrease in compliance is associated with cardiac disease. This study reaffirms that left ventricular and arterial compliances are useful indices for the assessment and evaluation of the therapeutic efficacy in the treatment of cardiovascular diseases.<>
{"title":"Compliances indices in the assessment of cardiac diseases","authors":"S. Iantorno, J.K. Li","doi":"10.1109/IEMBS.1988.94500","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/IEMBS.1988.94500","url":null,"abstract":"Changes in aortic compliance have been used to diagnose cardiovascular diseases. The extent of such changes is directly related to the severity of the diseased state. The current investigation examines two different compliance indices of the aorta and the left ventricle in different types of cardiac diseases. An increase in diastolic volume associated with mitral regurgitation results in an increase in stroke volume and a corresponding increase in the calculated compliance values. The relatively small percentage decrease reported may be due to the preliminary nature of this study. The results suggest that a general decrease in compliance is associated with cardiac disease. This study reaffirms that left ventricular and arterial compliances are useful indices for the assessment and evaluation of the therapeutic efficacy in the treatment of cardiovascular diseases.<<ETX>>","PeriodicalId":227170,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1988-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125021019","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1988-11-01DOI: 10.1109/IEMBS.1988.94449
S. Cerutti, A. Bianchi, B. Bontempi, G. Comi, P. Gianoglio, D. Liberati, P. Micossi, M. Sora
An automatic procedure is presented for processing heart rate variability (HRV, taken from the ECG) and respiration of diabetic subjects with or without neuropathy. Spectral analysis is carried out using autospectra, cross-spectra, and coherence parametric methods (based on autoregressive modeling). Spectral parameters, and in particular the power associated with low-frequency and high-frequency bands, as well as the contribution of the HRV spectrum coherent with respiration, seem to discriminate satisfactorily between diabetic subjects with and without neuropathy. These results were obtained from the control population when resting/standing and when respiration was controlled. This fact reflects the impact of neural control systems on heart rate and respiration.<>
{"title":"Quantitative analysis of heart rate variability signal in diabetic subjects","authors":"S. Cerutti, A. Bianchi, B. Bontempi, G. Comi, P. Gianoglio, D. Liberati, P. Micossi, M. Sora","doi":"10.1109/IEMBS.1988.94449","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/IEMBS.1988.94449","url":null,"abstract":"An automatic procedure is presented for processing heart rate variability (HRV, taken from the ECG) and respiration of diabetic subjects with or without neuropathy. Spectral analysis is carried out using autospectra, cross-spectra, and coherence parametric methods (based on autoregressive modeling). Spectral parameters, and in particular the power associated with low-frequency and high-frequency bands, as well as the contribution of the HRV spectrum coherent with respiration, seem to discriminate satisfactorily between diabetic subjects with and without neuropathy. These results were obtained from the control population when resting/standing and when respiration was controlled. This fact reflects the impact of neural control systems on heart rate and respiration.<<ETX>>","PeriodicalId":227170,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1988-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133628249","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1988-11-01DOI: 10.1109/IEMBS.1988.95305
B. Towe
It can be shown that acoustic waves are generated when oscillating magnetic fields are applied to tissue supporting ionic current flows. These acoustic waves result from predictable and relatively well understood Lorentz forces. At microampere biological current levels and with 1-kHz and 0.2-T magnetic fields, the forces are on the order of 10/sup -10/ N and thus the acoustic responses are weak but rapidly detectable using microphones in small objects. This principle has been used in conjunction with a magnetic field scanning system to produce images of the flow of ion currents in 2 cm*2 cm*3 mm conductors.<>
{"title":"A scanning rheo-magneto-acoustic method of current imaging in volume conductors","authors":"B. Towe","doi":"10.1109/IEMBS.1988.95305","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/IEMBS.1988.95305","url":null,"abstract":"It can be shown that acoustic waves are generated when oscillating magnetic fields are applied to tissue supporting ionic current flows. These acoustic waves result from predictable and relatively well understood Lorentz forces. At microampere biological current levels and with 1-kHz and 0.2-T magnetic fields, the forces are on the order of 10/sup -10/ N and thus the acoustic responses are weak but rapidly detectable using microphones in small objects. This principle has been used in conjunction with a magnetic field scanning system to produce images of the flow of ion currents in 2 cm*2 cm*3 mm conductors.<<ETX>>","PeriodicalId":227170,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1988-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132814474","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1988-11-01DOI: 10.1109/IEMBS.1988.94536
F. De Luca, R. Campanella, C. Casieri, B. C. De Simone, M. A. Macrì, B. Maraviglia, C. Nuccetelli, F. Polizio
The authors have developed an imaging modality called the magic angle rotating frame method. This modality uses a signal-to-noise ratio comparable to that of standard methods. The authors have demonstrated the possibility of using their method to obtain spatial information on a 20-kHz bandwidth system. They have used paramagnetic tracers to emphasize relaxation time contrast and selecting certain pathological tissues for a direct in vivo diagnosis of the nature of the pathology.<>
{"title":"Fundamental problems in NMR imaging","authors":"F. De Luca, R. Campanella, C. Casieri, B. C. De Simone, M. A. Macrì, B. Maraviglia, C. Nuccetelli, F. Polizio","doi":"10.1109/IEMBS.1988.94536","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/IEMBS.1988.94536","url":null,"abstract":"The authors have developed an imaging modality called the magic angle rotating frame method. This modality uses a signal-to-noise ratio comparable to that of standard methods. The authors have demonstrated the possibility of using their method to obtain spatial information on a 20-kHz bandwidth system. They have used paramagnetic tracers to emphasize relaxation time contrast and selecting certain pathological tissues for a direct in vivo diagnosis of the nature of the pathology.<<ETX>>","PeriodicalId":227170,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1988-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128087026","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1988-11-01DOI: 10.1109/IEMBS.1988.94491
F. M. Greene, K. Beach, D. Phillips, J. Primozich, D. Strandness
Computer pattern recognition of carotid artery atherosclerosis has been implemented in dedicated systems. Accuracy is equivalent to that of an expert sonographer and is repeatable for different sonographers. The system uses algorithms which were systematically trained from a database of 318 cases having arteriographic confirmation, plus 88 asymptomatic normals. A software language was implemented to aid in maintaining the system.<>
{"title":"Pattern recognition of carotid artery diseases using pulsed Doppler ultrasound","authors":"F. M. Greene, K. Beach, D. Phillips, J. Primozich, D. Strandness","doi":"10.1109/IEMBS.1988.94491","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/IEMBS.1988.94491","url":null,"abstract":"Computer pattern recognition of carotid artery atherosclerosis has been implemented in dedicated systems. Accuracy is equivalent to that of an expert sonographer and is repeatable for different sonographers. The system uses algorithms which were systematically trained from a database of 318 cases having arteriographic confirmation, plus 88 asymptomatic normals. A software language was implemented to aid in maintaining the system.<<ETX>>","PeriodicalId":227170,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1988-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129068325","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1988-11-01DOI: 10.1109/IEMBS.1988.95308
L. Powers
Biological microstructures perform a variety of chemical and electrical functions: switches, proton pumps, power supplies, receptors, effectors, and transducers. In most biological systems, each function is carried out by a separate molecule or as part of a complex of molecules. In a few cases, the same molecule can perform more than one function. Since the larger of these molecules is only approximately 5 nm in diameter, this is the ultimate in miniaturization. Although these processes are not executed rapidly by comparison with solid-state electronics, they are highly efficient. The underlying principles are parallel processes and feedback control, and the mechanisms involve electron tunneling, diffusion within or adjacent to the matrix, charge separation across a highly resistive low-capacity medium, energy stored in chemical bonds, and near-thermodynamic equilibrium pools for electron transport. Thus, a detailed understanding of the structure function relationship using a host of structural and spectroscopic techniques is paramount to design of molecular-based electronic architecture.<>
{"title":"The ultimate in microelectronics: biomolecules","authors":"L. Powers","doi":"10.1109/IEMBS.1988.95308","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/IEMBS.1988.95308","url":null,"abstract":"Biological microstructures perform a variety of chemical and electrical functions: switches, proton pumps, power supplies, receptors, effectors, and transducers. In most biological systems, each function is carried out by a separate molecule or as part of a complex of molecules. In a few cases, the same molecule can perform more than one function. Since the larger of these molecules is only approximately 5 nm in diameter, this is the ultimate in miniaturization. Although these processes are not executed rapidly by comparison with solid-state electronics, they are highly efficient. The underlying principles are parallel processes and feedback control, and the mechanisms involve electron tunneling, diffusion within or adjacent to the matrix, charge separation across a highly resistive low-capacity medium, energy stored in chemical bonds, and near-thermodynamic equilibrium pools for electron transport. Thus, a detailed understanding of the structure function relationship using a host of structural and spectroscopic techniques is paramount to design of molecular-based electronic architecture.<<ETX>>","PeriodicalId":227170,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1988-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131469401","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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