Pub Date : 1997-01-01DOI: 10.2473/SHIGENTOSOZAI.113.999
Yoshiki Sato
The present status on the production and waste treatment of used tires in Japan are summarized and the recent activities of research on the recycling of used tires are introduced.For recycling used tires, liquid-phase cracking was tried using various kinds of solvents under low pressure of N2-H2. Experiments were carried out using a 200ml autoclave with magnetic stirrer at 300-440°C, initial H2or N2pressure of 2.0-8.5 MPa, reaction time of 20-60 min with solvent to tire weight ratio of 1-2.5. When hydrogen donating solvent such as tetralin was used for cracking, almost all organic matter could be converted to light oil with very low sulfur content of 0.5 wt% by the reaction under low nitrogen pressure. Reaction residue can also be reused as carbon black for rubber manufacturing.
{"title":"Recycling. Recycling of Used Tires.","authors":"Yoshiki Sato","doi":"10.2473/SHIGENTOSOZAI.113.999","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2473/SHIGENTOSOZAI.113.999","url":null,"abstract":"The present status on the production and waste treatment of used tires in Japan are summarized and the recent activities of research on the recycling of used tires are introduced.For recycling used tires, liquid-phase cracking was tried using various kinds of solvents under low pressure of N2-H2. Experiments were carried out using a 200ml autoclave with magnetic stirrer at 300-440°C, initial H2or N2pressure of 2.0-8.5 MPa, reaction time of 20-60 min with solvent to tire weight ratio of 1-2.5. When hydrogen donating solvent such as tetralin was used for cracking, almost all organic matter could be converted to light oil with very low sulfur content of 0.5 wt% by the reaction under low nitrogen pressure. Reaction residue can also be reused as carbon black for rubber manufacturing.","PeriodicalId":22754,"journal":{"name":"The Mining and Materials Processing Institute of Japan","volume":"26 1","pages":"999-1004"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1997-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82514953","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1997-01-01DOI: 10.2473/SHIGENTOSOZAI.113.1022
T. Nishiyama, Takeshi Yamanaka
It has recently become necessary to develop a system for dealing with the large amounts of shredder dust generated declining abandoned automobiles and home electric appliances because of landfill space nationwide and stringent regulations on leachate control. In 1992, about 1.2 million tonnes of shredders containing an estimated 36 thousand tonnes of copper, 3.6 thousand tonnes of lead, 6 thousand tonnes of zinc and 5, 400 Gcal were derived from automobiles. The shredders from home electric appliance disposal accounted for 230 thousand tonnes containing 22 thousand tonnes of copper. The amounts of shredder dust has been estimated to increase to 1.37 million tonnes by 2000, and to 1.56 million tonnes by 2005.A new project, the Recycle Mine Park (RMP) has been proposed to solve the problems of increasing amounts of automobile and home electric appliance scrap. The RMP uses technology to recover energy and metals. Since methods have been developed to recover energy and various kinds of metals including in base and hazardous metals, the largest problem of the project remains establishment of reasonable and economical system. About 30% of the shredder dust described above is generated in the western part of Japan.Smelters are located on the coast of the Inland Sea of Seto in this area, which reduces the cost of transportion. The recycing network in the western part of Japan excluding pretreatment combines the best features of being in the vicinity of a large amount of shredder dust, marine transportion and the presence of modern smelters. Pretreatment such as incineration or cracking which is additional treatment for the smelter feed is proved in small scale.Wehope that the unique system for recycing of shredder dust including collection, pretreatment, marine transportation and smeltering can be put into operation as soon as possible. The increasing costof suitable land for landfills, the stringent regulations on leachate control, and other costs makethis an attractive system.
{"title":"Recycling. The Current Problem of Shredder Dust Derived from Automobiles and Home Electric Appliances. New system for dealing with shredder dust in the western part of Japan.","authors":"T. Nishiyama, Takeshi Yamanaka","doi":"10.2473/SHIGENTOSOZAI.113.1022","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2473/SHIGENTOSOZAI.113.1022","url":null,"abstract":"It has recently become necessary to develop a system for dealing with the large amounts of shredder dust generated declining abandoned automobiles and home electric appliances because of landfill space nationwide and stringent regulations on leachate control. In 1992, about 1.2 million tonnes of shredders containing an estimated 36 thousand tonnes of copper, 3.6 thousand tonnes of lead, 6 thousand tonnes of zinc and 5, 400 Gcal were derived from automobiles. The shredders from home electric appliance disposal accounted for 230 thousand tonnes containing 22 thousand tonnes of copper. The amounts of shredder dust has been estimated to increase to 1.37 million tonnes by 2000, and to 1.56 million tonnes by 2005.A new project, the Recycle Mine Park (RMP) has been proposed to solve the problems of increasing amounts of automobile and home electric appliance scrap. The RMP uses technology to recover energy and metals. Since methods have been developed to recover energy and various kinds of metals including in base and hazardous metals, the largest problem of the project remains establishment of reasonable and economical system. About 30% of the shredder dust described above is generated in the western part of Japan.Smelters are located on the coast of the Inland Sea of Seto in this area, which reduces the cost of transportion. The recycing network in the western part of Japan excluding pretreatment combines the best features of being in the vicinity of a large amount of shredder dust, marine transportion and the presence of modern smelters. Pretreatment such as incineration or cracking which is additional treatment for the smelter feed is proved in small scale.Wehope that the unique system for recycing of shredder dust including collection, pretreatment, marine transportation and smeltering can be put into operation as soon as possible. The increasing costof suitable land for landfills, the stringent regulations on leachate control, and other costs makethis an attractive system.","PeriodicalId":22754,"journal":{"name":"The Mining and Materials Processing Institute of Japan","volume":"23 5 1","pages":"1022-1026"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1997-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82719611","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1997-01-01DOI: 10.2473/SHIGENTOSOZAI.113.317
K. Matsuki, K. Hongo, K. Sakaguchi
Based upon the assumption that core discing results from tensile stresses within and below a core during boring, the direction of the principal tensile stress was analyzed in detail for the stress conditions where core discing is likely to occur to investigate the relationship between the shape of a disced core and in-situ stresses for the case of a long disced core. Main results obtained in this study are summarized as follows: 1) In the central parts of the end surfaces, a relatively flat plane is formed. The azimuth of the normal direction of the plane coincides with that of the minimum principal stress, ƒÐ3. The inclination, Om of the normal direction from the core axis is approximately one thirds of that,.753 of ƒÐ3. By using the two equations, (1) and (3), a method for estimating more accurate ƒÓ3 (•}23%) was proposed. 2) By combining the additional equation, (1) on the magnitudes of ƒÐ3, the mean stress, um and the stress in the direction of the core axis, aZ with the previously proposed equation, (2), which is the condition of core discing, two of the above stresses can be determined if Om is measured and if one of them is determined independently. For the vertical borehole, by assuming uz to be an overburden pressure, um and u3 can be determined from the two equations. 3) When the difference between the maximum principal stress, ƒÐ1 and the intermediate principal stress, σ2 is large enough, a saddle shaped disc is formed and the shape becomes more distinct with the difference.For
{"title":"The Relationship Between the Shape of a Disced Core and Three-Dimensional in-Situ Stresses Estimated by a Tensile Principal Stress Analysis.","authors":"K. Matsuki, K. Hongo, K. Sakaguchi","doi":"10.2473/SHIGENTOSOZAI.113.317","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2473/SHIGENTOSOZAI.113.317","url":null,"abstract":"Based upon the assumption that core discing results from tensile stresses within and below a core during boring, the direction of the principal tensile stress was analyzed in detail for the stress conditions where core discing is likely to occur to investigate the relationship between the shape of a disced core and in-situ stresses for the case of a long disced core. Main results obtained in this study are summarized as follows: 1) In the central parts of the end surfaces, a relatively flat plane is formed. The azimuth of the normal direction of the plane coincides with that of the minimum principal stress, ƒÐ3. The inclination, Om of the normal direction from the core axis is approximately one thirds of that,.753 of ƒÐ3. By using the two equations, (1) and (3), a method for estimating more accurate ƒÓ3 (•}23%) was proposed. 2) By combining the additional equation, (1) on the magnitudes of ƒÐ3, the mean stress, um and the stress in the direction of the core axis, aZ with the previously proposed equation, (2), which is the condition of core discing, two of the above stresses can be determined if Om is measured and if one of them is determined independently. For the vertical borehole, by assuming uz to be an overburden pressure, um and u3 can be determined from the two equations. 3) When the difference between the maximum principal stress, ƒÐ1 and the intermediate principal stress, σ2 is large enough, a saddle shaped disc is formed and the shape becomes more distinct with the difference.For","PeriodicalId":22754,"journal":{"name":"The Mining and Materials Processing Institute of Japan","volume":"11 1","pages":"317-324"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1997-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77344297","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1997-01-01DOI: 10.2473/SHIGENTOSOZAI.113.543
N. Otsuka, Y. Sekimoto, Mitsugu Saito, Takeshi Kamata
Landscape destruction caused by open-cut mining makes an impact on the environmental issue. Landscape evaluation of mined-out quarry becomes necessary from the view point of environmental protection. In this study, we investigated on landscape of mined-out quarry that was reclaimed by revegetating. Three kinds of revegetation, namely herbaceous planting, woody planting and herbaceous + woody planting, were simulated using a color image processing technology with a personal computer. Two psychometrical evaluation tests, rating-scale method and semantic differential method, were conducted using color photomontages as variable stimulus.In the quantitative analysis by a rating-scale method, it became clear for the landscape reclamation of mined-out quarry that herbaceous planting was better than woody planting when it was seen at a short distance, and woody planting was better than herbaceous planting when it was seen at a long distance. In the factor analysis by a semantic differential method, it became clear that beauty and texture of revegetation were important factors to estimate the landscape evaluation of mined-out quarry.
{"title":"Psychometrical Evaluation on Landscape of Mined-out Quarry Reclaimed by Revegetating.","authors":"N. Otsuka, Y. Sekimoto, Mitsugu Saito, Takeshi Kamata","doi":"10.2473/SHIGENTOSOZAI.113.543","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2473/SHIGENTOSOZAI.113.543","url":null,"abstract":"Landscape destruction caused by open-cut mining makes an impact on the environmental issue. Landscape evaluation of mined-out quarry becomes necessary from the view point of environmental protection. In this study, we investigated on landscape of mined-out quarry that was reclaimed by revegetating. Three kinds of revegetation, namely herbaceous planting, woody planting and herbaceous + woody planting, were simulated using a color image processing technology with a personal computer. Two psychometrical evaluation tests, rating-scale method and semantic differential method, were conducted using color photomontages as variable stimulus.In the quantitative analysis by a rating-scale method, it became clear for the landscape reclamation of mined-out quarry that herbaceous planting was better than woody planting when it was seen at a short distance, and woody planting was better than herbaceous planting when it was seen at a long distance. In the factor analysis by a semantic differential method, it became clear that beauty and texture of revegetation were important factors to estimate the landscape evaluation of mined-out quarry.","PeriodicalId":22754,"journal":{"name":"The Mining and Materials Processing Institute of Japan","volume":"3 1","pages":"543-547"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1997-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75587096","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1997-01-01DOI: 10.2473/SHIGENTOSOZAI.113.683
K. Ohga, Kiyoshi Higuchi, K. Mukai
coal mines, by using smell detectors in our laboratory. From the results of measurements, it is clear that there are significant differences between measured data from each different type of smell sensor for coal, rubber of belt conveyer, oil and wood.In order to discern the source of combustion gases, we developed and tested a distinction system using a neural network system. From the results of the tests, the neural network system enables the identification of the source of gases, whether it would be coal, wood, oil and rubber of belt conveyer.
{"title":"Fundamental Study on Early Detection of Underground Mine Fire Using Smell Detectors. Characteristics of the smell generated from the heated combustible materials.","authors":"K. Ohga, Kiyoshi Higuchi, K. Mukai","doi":"10.2473/SHIGENTOSOZAI.113.683","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2473/SHIGENTOSOZAI.113.683","url":null,"abstract":"coal mines, by using smell detectors in our laboratory. From the results of measurements, it is clear that there are significant differences between measured data from each different type of smell sensor for coal, rubber of belt conveyer, oil and wood.In order to discern the source of combustion gases, we developed and tested a distinction system using a neural network system. From the results of the tests, the neural network system enables the identification of the source of gases, whether it would be coal, wood, oil and rubber of belt conveyer.","PeriodicalId":22754,"journal":{"name":"The Mining and Materials Processing Institute of Japan","volume":"128 1","pages":"683-687"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1997-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73309583","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1997-01-01DOI: 10.2473/SHIGENTOSOZAI.113.776
Akira Shimizu
{"title":"Developments of New Longwall Plants for the 1SD System in Taiheiyo Coal Mine.","authors":"Akira Shimizu","doi":"10.2473/SHIGENTOSOZAI.113.776","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2473/SHIGENTOSOZAI.113.776","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":22754,"journal":{"name":"The Mining and Materials Processing Institute of Japan","volume":"11 1","pages":"776-779"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1997-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88626275","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1997-01-01DOI: 10.2473/SHIGENTOSOZAI.113.9
Testuya Shoji, H. Kaneda
The Earth has evolved since the birth at 4.6 Gy B. P. Especially, the evolution has been remarkable on the surface that is the boundary between the fluid sphere and the solid sphere. Many kinds of mineral and fuel deposits were formed in the process of the evolution, and are used as resources by human being. For most of the resources, reproduction rates in the Earth's history are slower than consuming ones in the human activity. This is the resources problem. All of the materials mined are dumped after using them. This process is a bypass which is added on the material cycle in the Earth. The bypass changes the evolution of the Earth. This is the environmental problem. The increasing carbon dioxide is one of the big environmental problems. In order to solve the problem many ideas are proposed, such as fixing by calcium carbonate, deep-sea disposal of liquid carbon dioxide, fixing by carbon dioxide hydrate, and storage in abandoned natu al gas reservoir. Any idea among them has not been evaluated from the viewpoint of the Earth's history. The lack of the evaluation based on this point of view should not guarantee the safety of the disposal processes of carbon dioxide.
{"title":"Resources and the Environment: their Problems Viewed from the Earth's History.","authors":"Testuya Shoji, H. Kaneda","doi":"10.2473/SHIGENTOSOZAI.113.9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2473/SHIGENTOSOZAI.113.9","url":null,"abstract":"The Earth has evolved since the birth at 4.6 Gy B. P. Especially, the evolution has been remarkable on the surface that is the boundary between the fluid sphere and the solid sphere. Many kinds of mineral and fuel deposits were formed in the process of the evolution, and are used as resources by human being. For most of the resources, reproduction rates in the Earth's history are slower than consuming ones in the human activity. This is the resources problem. All of the materials mined are dumped after using them. This process is a bypass which is added on the material cycle in the Earth. The bypass changes the evolution of the Earth. This is the environmental problem. The increasing carbon dioxide is one of the big environmental problems. In order to solve the problem many ideas are proposed, such as fixing by calcium carbonate, deep-sea disposal of liquid carbon dioxide, fixing by carbon dioxide hydrate, and storage in abandoned natu al gas reservoir. Any idea among them has not been evaluated from the viewpoint of the Earth's history. The lack of the evaluation based on this point of view should not guarantee the safety of the disposal processes of carbon dioxide.","PeriodicalId":22754,"journal":{"name":"The Mining and Materials Processing Institute of Japan","volume":"1 1","pages":"9-14"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1997-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90597680","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1997-01-01DOI: 10.2473/SHIGENTOSOZAI.113.472
M. Nishiwaki
{"title":"Recent advance in the resources and material technology. Measures for increasing ore processing speed at Onahama smelter.","authors":"M. Nishiwaki","doi":"10.2473/SHIGENTOSOZAI.113.472","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2473/SHIGENTOSOZAI.113.472","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":22754,"journal":{"name":"The Mining and Materials Processing Institute of Japan","volume":"18 1","pages":"472-477"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1997-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86669869","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1997-01-01DOI: 10.2473/SHIGENTOSOZAI.113.301
H. Niitsuma
Acoustic emission (AE)/microseismic technique is employed in every modern geothermal development as the only means by which direct information about the state of the reservoir can be obtained at locations distant from the wellbores.The past few years has seen considerable improvement in their ability to analyze and interpret data obtained by the AE/microseismic measurements.But progress must still be made if the technique is to contribute characterizing geothermal reservoirs, providing usable information for borehole physics, rock mechanics and reservoir engineering.
{"title":"Characterization of Geothermal Reservoirs by Acoustic Emission/Microseismic Technique.","authors":"H. Niitsuma","doi":"10.2473/SHIGENTOSOZAI.113.301","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2473/SHIGENTOSOZAI.113.301","url":null,"abstract":"Acoustic emission (AE)/microseismic technique is employed in every modern geothermal development as the only means by which direct information about the state of the reservoir can be obtained at locations distant from the wellbores.The past few years has seen considerable improvement in their ability to analyze and interpret data obtained by the AE/microseismic measurements.But progress must still be made if the technique is to contribute characterizing geothermal reservoirs, providing usable information for borehole physics, rock mechanics and reservoir engineering.","PeriodicalId":22754,"journal":{"name":"The Mining and Materials Processing Institute of Japan","volume":"89 1","pages":"301-307"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1997-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79572889","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1997-01-01DOI: 10.2473/SHIGENTOSOZAI.113.754
Tadashi Suzuki
{"title":"The Development of Personal Computer of Explosive Gas Atmospheres.","authors":"Tadashi Suzuki","doi":"10.2473/SHIGENTOSOZAI.113.754","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2473/SHIGENTOSOZAI.113.754","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":22754,"journal":{"name":"The Mining and Materials Processing Institute of Japan","volume":"35 1","pages":"754-756"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1997-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79585153","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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