Diabetes mellitus is the most common genetic disease in the Western world today. It is the phenotype for >150 genotypes. Each of these genotypes is characterized by impaired glucose tolerance and impaired control of intermediary metabolism. There are many strains of mice and rats that can be used to study diabetes in its various forms. One of these is the BHE/Cdb rat, which mimics the human phenotype with a mutation in the mitochondrial (mt) DNA. The result of such mutation is a loss in metabolic control with respect to the role of the mitochondria in this control. This review addresses those aspects of control that are exerted by mt oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS). Diet can have both genomic and nongenomic effects on OXPHOS. The type of dietary fat influences the fluidity of the mt membranes and hence, mt function. The dietary fat effect depends on the genetic background of the consumer. Diabetes-prone BHE/Cdb rats with base substitutions in the mt ATPase 6 gene are more likely to be influenced by the diet effect on mt membrane fluidity than are normal rats. Vitamin A also affects mt function through an effect on mt gene expression. BHE/Cdb rats have a greater need for vitamin A than normal rats and supplemental vitamin A appears to influence OXPHOS.
{"title":"Diabetes and nutrition: the mitochondrial part.","authors":"C. Berdanier","doi":"10.1093/JN/131.2.344S","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/JN/131.2.344S","url":null,"abstract":"Diabetes mellitus is the most common genetic disease in the Western world today. It is the phenotype for >150 genotypes. Each of these genotypes is characterized by impaired glucose tolerance and impaired control of intermediary metabolism. There are many strains of mice and rats that can be used to study diabetes in its various forms. One of these is the BHE/Cdb rat, which mimics the human phenotype with a mutation in the mitochondrial (mt) DNA. The result of such mutation is a loss in metabolic control with respect to the role of the mitochondria in this control. This review addresses those aspects of control that are exerted by mt oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS). Diet can have both genomic and nongenomic effects on OXPHOS. The type of dietary fat influences the fluidity of the mt membranes and hence, mt function. The dietary fat effect depends on the genetic background of the consumer. Diabetes-prone BHE/Cdb rats with base substitutions in the mt ATPase 6 gene are more likely to be influenced by the diet effect on mt membrane fluidity than are normal rats. Vitamin A also affects mt function through an effect on mt gene expression. BHE/Cdb rats have a greater need for vitamin A than normal rats and supplemental vitamin A appears to influence OXPHOS.","PeriodicalId":22788,"journal":{"name":"The Journal of Nutrition Health and Aging","volume":"37 1","pages":"344S-53S"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85936143","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2001-01-01DOI: 10.1007/978-1-59745-285-4_23
Maria Luz Fernandez
{"title":"Guinea pigs as models for cholesterol and lipoprotein metabolism.","authors":"Maria Luz Fernandez","doi":"10.1007/978-1-59745-285-4_23","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-59745-285-4_23","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":22788,"journal":{"name":"The Journal of Nutrition Health and Aging","volume":"2 1","pages":"10-20"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88845931","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1996-04-01DOI: 10.1016/0895-7061(96)82124-8
J. Hirsch
{"title":"Pathophysiology of obesity.","authors":"J. Hirsch","doi":"10.1016/0895-7061(96)82124-8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/0895-7061(96)82124-8","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":22788,"journal":{"name":"The Journal of Nutrition Health and Aging","volume":"1 1","pages":"1874S"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1996-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84586541","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1994-08-01DOI: 10.1093/JN/124.SUPPL_8.1355S
W. Kuenzel
The neural regulation of food intake seems to be quite similar in birds and mammals. The ventromedial hypothalamic syndrome produced by lesions within the mediobasal hypothalamus of both birds and mammals is composed of several independent physiological and behavioral changes. Other neural sites known to be important in mammals for regulating food intake need to be examined in birds including the paraventricular nucleus, nucleus tractus solitarius and parabrachial nucleus. Members of the opioid and pancreatic polypeptide families are effective in stimulating food intake in avian species. Both prolactin and growth hormone are also efficacious in stimulating food intake. In contrast, cholecystokinin inhibits food intake when administered intracerebroventricularly. The autonomic and endocrine hypothesis developed to explain obesity in mammals appears to be quite applicable to genetic strains of commercial birds selected for meat production. Specifically the commercial broiler appears to display an imbalance of the autonomic nervous system. The parasympathetic nervous system dominates as a consequence of intense genetic selection for growth rate.
{"title":"Central neuroanatomical systems involved in the regulation of food intake in birds and mammals.","authors":"W. Kuenzel","doi":"10.1093/JN/124.SUPPL_8.1355S","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/JN/124.SUPPL_8.1355S","url":null,"abstract":"The neural regulation of food intake seems to be quite similar in birds and mammals. The ventromedial hypothalamic syndrome produced by lesions within the mediobasal hypothalamus of both birds and mammals is composed of several independent physiological and behavioral changes. Other neural sites known to be important in mammals for regulating food intake need to be examined in birds including the paraventricular nucleus, nucleus tractus solitarius and parabrachial nucleus. Members of the opioid and pancreatic polypeptide families are effective in stimulating food intake in avian species. Both prolactin and growth hormone are also efficacious in stimulating food intake. In contrast, cholecystokinin inhibits food intake when administered intracerebroventricularly. The autonomic and endocrine hypothesis developed to explain obesity in mammals appears to be quite applicable to genetic strains of commercial birds selected for meat production. Specifically the commercial broiler appears to display an imbalance of the autonomic nervous system. The parasympathetic nervous system dominates as a consequence of intense genetic selection for growth rate.","PeriodicalId":22788,"journal":{"name":"The Journal of Nutrition Health and Aging","volume":"163 1","pages":"1355S-1370S"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1994-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73249497","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1987-04-01DOI: 10.1097/00005176-198801000-00034
J. Baltzell, F. Bazer, S. G. Miguel, P. Borum
Investigations concerning carnitine metabolism and possible requirements for exogenous carnitine in human preterm neonates are limited by ethical considerations. The neonatal piglet is a potential animal model for these investigations. Tissue carnitine concentrations were determined in fetuses from cross-bred domestic gilts at stages of gestation corresponding to those of neonates found in neonatal intensive care units. Fetal piglet plasma and red blood cell carnitine levels decreased from approximately 90 d to term. Skeletal muscle carnitine increased from 60 d to term. Temporal changes in fetal carnitine concentrations in plasma, red blood cells and skeletal muscle throughout gestation are similar to the pattern reported by our laboratory for the human neonate. Cardiac muscle carnitine increased earlier than skeletal muscle but also continued to increase to term. Carnitine concentrations in fetal liver, kidney and intestine were maximal at 90 d and decreased until term. Similarities in physiology, metabolism and profiles of tissue carnitine concentration between the newborn piglet and the human neonate indicate that the neonatal piglet is an appropriate animal model for investigations concerning neonatal carnitine metabolism.
{"title":"The neonatal piglet as a model for human neonatal carnitine metabolism.","authors":"J. Baltzell, F. Bazer, S. G. Miguel, P. Borum","doi":"10.1097/00005176-198801000-00034","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1097/00005176-198801000-00034","url":null,"abstract":"Investigations concerning carnitine metabolism and possible requirements for exogenous carnitine in human preterm neonates are limited by ethical considerations. The neonatal piglet is a potential animal model for these investigations. Tissue carnitine concentrations were determined in fetuses from cross-bred domestic gilts at stages of gestation corresponding to those of neonates found in neonatal intensive care units. Fetal piglet plasma and red blood cell carnitine levels decreased from approximately 90 d to term. Skeletal muscle carnitine increased from 60 d to term. Temporal changes in fetal carnitine concentrations in plasma, red blood cells and skeletal muscle throughout gestation are similar to the pattern reported by our laboratory for the human neonate. Cardiac muscle carnitine increased earlier than skeletal muscle but also continued to increase to term. Carnitine concentrations in fetal liver, kidney and intestine were maximal at 90 d and decreased until term. Similarities in physiology, metabolism and profiles of tissue carnitine concentration between the newborn piglet and the human neonate indicate that the neonatal piglet is an appropriate animal model for investigations concerning neonatal carnitine metabolism.","PeriodicalId":22788,"journal":{"name":"The Journal of Nutrition Health and Aging","volume":"1 1","pages":"754-7"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1987-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77226864","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The effect of feeding soybean trypsin inhibitor and repeated injections of cholecystokinin on rat pancreas.","authors":"R. Temler, C. Dormond, E. Simon, B. Morel","doi":"10.1007/bf01092200","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/bf01092200","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":22788,"journal":{"name":"The Journal of Nutrition Health and Aging","volume":"157 1","pages":"1083-91"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1985-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76625935","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1982-06-01DOI: 10.1097/00006254-198206000-00009
F. Johnstone, D. Campbell, I. Macgillivray
Sixty-eight primigravidae successfully complete a 12-day nitrogen balance study when they were between 30 and 34 weeks pregnant. Particular attention was paid to ensure that each patient ate a hospital diet quantitatively equal to the home diet; each patient ate the same every day and all food was eaten. There was a significant correlation between nitrogen intake and apparent nitrogen retention but no relationship between apparent nitrogen retention and birth weight or the occurrence of pre-eclampsia. The mean apparent nitrogen retention for the 68 women was 1.2 g/day. Once allowance is made for integumental losses this figure is equal to the estimated daily nitrogen retention for growth of the fetus and reproductive tissues during this time. There was no evidence of maternal storage of surplus protein as has been previously suggested. The previous literature is reviewed and an attempt made to explain the discrepancy between the findings in this study and previous work.
{"title":"Nitrogen balance studies in human pregnancy.","authors":"F. Johnstone, D. Campbell, I. Macgillivray","doi":"10.1097/00006254-198206000-00009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1097/00006254-198206000-00009","url":null,"abstract":"Sixty-eight primigravidae successfully complete a 12-day nitrogen balance study when they were between 30 and 34 weeks pregnant. Particular attention was paid to ensure that each patient ate a hospital diet quantitatively equal to the home diet; each patient ate the same every day and all food was eaten. There was a significant correlation between nitrogen intake and apparent nitrogen retention but no relationship between apparent nitrogen retention and birth weight or the occurrence of pre-eclampsia. The mean apparent nitrogen retention for the 68 women was 1.2 g/day. Once allowance is made for integumental losses this figure is equal to the estimated daily nitrogen retention for growth of the fetus and reproductive tissues during this time. There was no evidence of maternal storage of surplus protein as has been previously suggested. The previous literature is reviewed and an attempt made to explain the discrepancy between the findings in this study and previous work.","PeriodicalId":22788,"journal":{"name":"The Journal of Nutrition Health and Aging","volume":"47 43 1","pages":"1884-93"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1982-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74501941","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The effect of picolinic acid (pyridine-2-carboxylic acid) on the efflux of divalent metal ions from multilamellar liposomes was examined to determine the possible specificity and mechanism for its reported beneficial effects on the intestinal absorption and systemic metabolism of zinc. Extraliposomal picolinic acid increased the efflux of Zn, Cu, Co, Mn, Ni, Cd, Pb, Fe(II) and Ca from the vesicles. However, when picolinic acid was trapped with Co, Cu and Zn within the liposomes, the loss of metals was reduced. In a partition study, picolinic acid increased the aqueous solubility of Zn, Cu, Co and Cd at alkaline pH, but did not transfer the metal to an organic bulk phase of chloroform. It is proposed that picolinic acid does not act as an ionophore and that any effect it may have on zinc metabolism is dependent upon its unselective chelating properties, which may also lead to altered dietary and systemic compartmentation of other divalent cations.
{"title":"An in vitro study of the effect of picolinic acid on metal translocation across lipid bilayers.","authors":"P. Aggett, P. Fenwick, H. Kirk","doi":"10.1042/CS061024P","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1042/CS061024P","url":null,"abstract":"The effect of picolinic acid (pyridine-2-carboxylic acid) on the efflux of divalent metal ions from multilamellar liposomes was examined to determine the possible specificity and mechanism for its reported beneficial effects on the intestinal absorption and systemic metabolism of zinc. Extraliposomal picolinic acid increased the efflux of Zn, Cu, Co, Mn, Ni, Cd, Pb, Fe(II) and Ca from the vesicles. However, when picolinic acid was trapped with Co, Cu and Zn within the liposomes, the loss of metals was reduced. In a partition study, picolinic acid increased the aqueous solubility of Zn, Cu, Co and Cd at alkaline pH, but did not transfer the metal to an organic bulk phase of chloroform. It is proposed that picolinic acid does not act as an ionophore and that any effect it may have on zinc metabolism is dependent upon its unselective chelating properties, which may also lead to altered dietary and systemic compartmentation of other divalent cations.","PeriodicalId":22788,"journal":{"name":"The Journal of Nutrition Health and Aging","volume":"51 1","pages":"1432-7"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1981-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85902400","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1978-11-01DOI: 10.31274/RTD-180813-2232
G. Liepa, D. Beitz, J. Linder
Fatty acid synthetic rates were determined in several tis sues of ruminating ( R ) and nonruminating ( NR ) goats. The R goats were fed goat milk for 1 month and then a hay and grain diet for the next 3 months. The NR goats were fed goat milk for 4 months. Rates of fatty acid synthesis from acetate and glucose were determined in perirenal adipose tissue, small intestine, brain, and liver. With either acetate or glucose as a precursor, rates of lipogenesis were greatest in perirenal adipose tissue and least in liver. When acetate was used as a precursor, no dietary effects were noted for any of the four major tissues except liver in which fatty acids were synthesized more readily in R goats than in NR goats. Fatty acid synthesis from glucose occurred more readily in perirenal adipose tissue of NR goats than of R goats, whereas small intestine had a greater synthesis rate in R goats. Synthesis rates in liver and brain were similar in both NR and R goats. When acetate was used as a precursor, 99% of total fatty acid synthesis occurred in adipose tissue from either R or NR goats. When glucose was precursor, 98% of the fatty acid synthesis occurred in adipose tissue of NR goats and 84% in adipose tissue of R goats. The lowest per centage of total fatty acid synthesis was in liver. Glucose stimulated acetate conversion to fatty acids in tissues of both R and NR goats; the stimulation was greatest in adipose tissue. Therefore, adipose tissue is the principal anatomical site of lipogenesis in either R or NR goats, and acetate is used as a precursor at much higher rates than is glucose. J. Nutr. 108: 1733-
{"title":"Fatty acid synthesis in ruminating and nonruminating goats.","authors":"G. Liepa, D. Beitz, J. Linder","doi":"10.31274/RTD-180813-2232","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31274/RTD-180813-2232","url":null,"abstract":"Fatty acid synthetic rates were determined in several tis sues of ruminating ( R ) and nonruminating ( NR ) goats. The R goats were fed goat milk for 1 month and then a hay and grain diet for the next 3 months. The NR goats were fed goat milk for 4 months. Rates of fatty acid synthesis from acetate and glucose were determined in perirenal adipose tissue, small intestine, brain, and liver. With either acetate or glucose as a precursor, rates of lipogenesis were greatest in perirenal adipose tissue and least in liver. When acetate was used as a precursor, no dietary effects were noted for any of the four major tissues except liver in which fatty acids were synthesized more readily in R goats than in NR goats. Fatty acid synthesis from glucose occurred more readily in perirenal adipose tissue of NR goats than of R goats, whereas small intestine had a greater synthesis rate in R goats. Synthesis rates in liver and brain were similar in both NR and R goats. When acetate was used as a precursor, 99% of total fatty acid synthesis occurred in adipose tissue from either R or NR goats. When glucose was precursor, 98% of the fatty acid synthesis occurred in adipose tissue of NR goats and 84% in adipose tissue of R goats. The lowest per centage of total fatty acid synthesis was in liver. Glucose stimulated acetate conversion to fatty acids in tissues of both R and NR goats; the stimulation was greatest in adipose tissue. Therefore, adipose tissue is the principal anatomical site of lipogenesis in either R or NR goats, and acetate is used as a precursor at much higher rates than is glucose. J. Nutr. 108: 1733-","PeriodicalId":22788,"journal":{"name":"The Journal of Nutrition Health and Aging","volume":"213 1","pages":"1733-9"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1978-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89090349","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1976-01-01DOI: 10.1001/jama.263.16.2179b
S. N. Heller, L. R. Hackler
{"title":"Dietary fiber.","authors":"S. N. Heller, L. R. Hackler","doi":"10.1001/jama.263.16.2179b","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.263.16.2179b","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":22788,"journal":{"name":"The Journal of Nutrition Health and Aging","volume":"2016 1","pages":"1835-6"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1976-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86490336","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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