Infestation of litchi (Litchi chinensis) by fruit borer, Conopomorpha sinensis is severe in Bangladesh. Two separate experiments on varietal susceptibility and management, were conducted inrandomised complete block design (RCBD) with three replications at the Fruit Research Station, Bangladesh Agricultural Research Institute (BARI), Rajshahi, Bangladesh to identify fruit borer tolerant litchi variety and to develop cost effective guidelines for managing this pest in 2018-19. Netting as protection as well as combination of spraying chemicals and bio-chemicals including sanitation was used as curative measures. Among all the management treatments, netting the whole plant with mosquito net of 40 mesh starting from pea stage (fruit setting) as well as sanitation (pruning of shader branches and removal of fallen leaves of the tree) plus spraying of imidacloprid 1 ml (20 SL product) per litre of water at pea stage (fruit setting) and spinosad 1.2 ml (2.5 EC product) at marble stage (developing) and at early ripening stage (twenty days before harvest) of fruit showed higher but statistically similar performance. Netting reduced 89 and 95 per cent borer infestation at developing and ripening stages respectively over control and it showed highest yield performance (4 071 fruits per plant) i.e.76 per cent healthy fruit yield increase over control and also highest (3.7) marginal benefit cost ratio (MBCR). The chemical treatment provided 64.86 and 82.95 per cent reduction of borer infestation at developing and ripening stages respectively over control. There was an increase of 76.16 per cent of healthy fruit yield over control and also 3.6 MBCR. These two guidelines were recommended among six eco-friendly management treatments. Results indicated that among the three common cultivated litchi varieties, China 3 was the most tolerant variety to fruit borer. Keywords: Litchi fruit borer, Conopomorpha sinensis, netting, spinosad, imidacloprid, litchi.
{"title":"PROTECTIVE AND CURATIVE MEASURES AGAINST LITCHI FRUIT BORER (CONOPOMORPHA SINENSIS)","authors":"G. Bari","doi":"10.56333/tp.2021.015","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.56333/tp.2021.015","url":null,"abstract":"Infestation of litchi (Litchi chinensis) by fruit borer, Conopomorpha sinensis is severe in Bangladesh. Two separate experiments on varietal susceptibility and management, were conducted inrandomised complete block design (RCBD) with three replications at the Fruit Research Station, Bangladesh Agricultural Research Institute (BARI), Rajshahi, Bangladesh to identify fruit borer tolerant litchi variety and to develop cost effective guidelines for managing this pest in 2018-19. Netting as protection as well as combination of spraying chemicals and bio-chemicals including sanitation was used as curative measures. Among all the management treatments, netting the whole plant with mosquito net of 40 mesh starting from pea stage (fruit setting) as well as sanitation (pruning of shader branches and removal of fallen leaves of the tree) plus spraying of imidacloprid 1 ml (20 SL product) per litre of water at pea stage (fruit setting) and spinosad 1.2 ml (2.5 EC product) at marble stage (developing) and at early ripening stage (twenty days before harvest) of fruit showed higher but statistically similar performance. Netting reduced 89 and 95 per cent borer infestation at developing and ripening stages respectively over control and it showed highest yield performance (4 071 fruits per plant) i.e.76 per cent healthy fruit yield increase over control and also highest (3.7) marginal benefit cost ratio (MBCR). The chemical treatment provided 64.86 and 82.95 per cent reduction of borer infestation at developing and ripening stages respectively over control. There was an increase of 76.16 per cent of healthy fruit yield over control and also 3.6 MBCR. These two guidelines were recommended among six eco-friendly management treatments. Results indicated that among the three common cultivated litchi varieties, China 3 was the most tolerant variety to fruit borer. Keywords: Litchi fruit borer, Conopomorpha sinensis, netting, spinosad, imidacloprid, litchi.","PeriodicalId":22956,"journal":{"name":"The Planter","volume":"12 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79523905","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Based on current trends in climate change, El Nino and La Nina events are likely to become more frequent, with the former having a more significant negative impact on oil palm growth and production. Since 1980, ten El Nino events or prolonged dry periods have been recorded in Indonesia, of which three and five events have been categorised as severe and moderate, respectively. The most severe of the three El Nino events occurred in 1997, followed by a more recent one in 2015. This paper is a case study which examines the impact of the 2015 El Nino event on the fresh fruit bunch (FFB) production of two generations of oil palms planted in two neighbouring estates and oil extraction ratios (OER) of a mill receiving crop from the latter two estates. Four consecutive months of low rainfall in 2015, resulted in annual water deficits of 280 - 313 mm, which was followed by a decline in FFB production over two distinct periods i.e. 4 to 12 months and 24 to 30 months after the El Nino event, respectively. In both cases, a sharp decline in the number of harvestable bunches was the main contributing factor, likely to be due to an increase in inflorescence abortion and lowering of inflorescence sex-ratio. Average bunch weight (ABW) generally remained unaffected. The initial impact of the drought was more severe on the younger palms, but due to a better recovery rate, the overall yield decline (23%) over a 12-month period in the following year, was significantly lower than in older palms (30%). Analysis of 14 years’ yield and climatic data showed that apart from rainfall, other abiotic and biotic factors such as fruiting activity may also be contributing to the 3-year production cycles (peak crop, decline, recovery, peak crop) exhibited by both estates. As such, it was difficult to accurately apportion yield decline primarily due to water deficit from the other influencing factors. The study also indicated a negative effect of drought on mill OER. Extended dry periods in 2015 (4 months) and 2019 (4 months) were consistently correlated with periods of declining OER, 7 to 14 months later. Like FFB, the prolonged decline could also be attributed to multiple factors. Keywords: El Nino, oil palm, OER, rainfall, water deficit.
{"title":"IMPACT OF PROLONGED DRY PERIOD ON OIL PALM YIELD AND MILL EXTRACTION RATIO: A CASE STUDY","authors":"M. Sidhu, A. Aziz, Z. Sinuraya, M. Sharma","doi":"10.56333/tp.2021.014","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.56333/tp.2021.014","url":null,"abstract":"Based on current trends in climate change, El Nino and La Nina events are likely to become more frequent, with the former having a more significant negative impact on oil palm growth and production. Since 1980, ten El Nino events or prolonged dry periods have been recorded in Indonesia, of which three and five events have been categorised as severe and moderate, respectively. The most severe of the three El Nino events occurred in 1997, followed by a more recent one in 2015. This paper is a case study which examines the impact of the 2015 El Nino event on the fresh fruit bunch (FFB) production of two generations of oil palms planted in two neighbouring estates and oil extraction ratios (OER) of a mill receiving crop from the latter two estates. Four consecutive months of low rainfall in 2015, resulted in annual water deficits of 280 - 313 mm, which was followed by a decline in FFB production over two distinct periods i.e. 4 to 12 months and 24 to 30 months after the El Nino event, respectively. In both cases, a sharp decline in the number of harvestable bunches was the main contributing factor, likely to be due to an increase in inflorescence abortion and lowering of inflorescence sex-ratio. Average bunch weight (ABW) generally remained unaffected. The initial impact of the drought was more severe on the younger palms, but due to a better recovery rate, the overall yield decline (23%) over a 12-month period in the following year, was significantly lower than in older palms (30%). Analysis of 14 years’ yield and climatic data showed that apart from rainfall, other abiotic and biotic factors such as fruiting activity may also be contributing to the 3-year production cycles (peak crop, decline, recovery, peak crop) exhibited by both estates. As such, it was difficult to accurately apportion yield decline primarily due to water deficit from the other influencing factors. The study also indicated a negative effect of drought on mill OER. Extended dry periods in 2015 (4 months) and 2019 (4 months) were consistently correlated with periods of declining OER, 7 to 14 months later. Like FFB, the prolonged decline could also be attributed to multiple factors. Keywords: El Nino, oil palm, OER, rainfall, water deficit.","PeriodicalId":22956,"journal":{"name":"The Planter","volume":"48 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91103792","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Jaya Raj, PT Lnk, Kecamatan Selesai, Kabupaten Langka, Medan
Betor is a combination of traditional rick-shaw with a motorcycle. It is widely used in PT LNK for in-field collection of fresh fruit bunches (FFB). It improved the harvester’s productivity by 43 per cent when compared with the usage of conventional wheel barrow. In addition to crop evacuation operations, the betor can also be modified and used for semi-mechanised pest and disease (P&D) spraying and palm circle spraying in immature fields. The semi-mechanised spraying of P&D using betor improved labour productivity by 150 per cent and reduced the cost per hectare by 35 per cent when compared with conventional knapsack spraying. For palm circle weeding, the semi-mechanised betor system resulted in a 32 per cent increase in worker’s productivity and concomitantly reduction of cost by 9 per cent when compared with the conventional knapsack spraying. Betor is the preferred choice by estates and smallholders for in-field crop collection and upkeep works due to its low cost and ease of implementation. Keywords: Betor, in-field crop collection, pest and disease spraying, palm circle spraying.
{"title":"USE OF BETOR FOR IN-FIELD CROP COLLECTION AND SEMI-MACHANISED UPKEEP WORKS IN AN OIL PALM ESTATE: A CASE STUDY AT PT LNK, MEDAN INDONESIA","authors":"Jaya Raj, PT Lnk, Kecamatan Selesai, Kabupaten Langka, Medan","doi":"10.56333/tp.2021.012","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.56333/tp.2021.012","url":null,"abstract":"Betor is a combination of traditional rick-shaw with a motorcycle. It is widely used in PT LNK for in-field collection of fresh fruit bunches (FFB). It improved the harvester’s productivity by 43 per cent when compared with the usage of conventional wheel barrow. In addition to crop evacuation operations, the betor can also be modified and used for semi-mechanised pest and disease (P&D) spraying and palm circle spraying in immature fields. The semi-mechanised spraying of P&D using betor improved labour productivity by 150 per cent and reduced the cost per hectare by 35 per cent when compared with conventional knapsack spraying. For palm circle weeding, the semi-mechanised betor system resulted in a 32 per cent increase in worker’s productivity and concomitantly reduction of cost by 9 per cent when compared with the conventional knapsack spraying. Betor is the preferred choice by estates and smallholders for in-field crop collection and upkeep works due to its low cost and ease of implementation. Keywords: Betor, in-field crop collection, pest and disease spraying, palm circle spraying.","PeriodicalId":22956,"journal":{"name":"The Planter","volume":"17 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-08-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83908080","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
There are 869 Orang Asli communities within Peninsular Malaysia, with the state of Pahang accommodating the highest number of Orang Asli. Despite formal acknowledgement of the government’s responsibility to the Orang Asli (Aboriginal Peoples Act, 1954), the Orang Asli have always been considered relatively unimportant players within the Malaysian political sphere, often marginalised and exploited for their ancestral land. Success stories in Asia and a variety of literature have revealed that community based forestry and management practises have been a proven means to rehabilitate and conserve forests sustainably. Through interviews conducted with Orang Asli in the Pekan Forest Reserve, (neighbouring Bukit Leelau Estate), this paper uses this case study coupled with the rehabilitation works with the same Orang Asli community conducted by the Global Environment Centre (GEC) to reveal the true impacts community based forestry can have. Only when the Orang Asli are recognised as key players, can the combined efforts from both the state authority and the Orang Asli produce an inclusive and effective framework towards better rehabilitation, management and conservation practises. The review shows that at the same time an interview with a few residents of the Orang Asli settlement adjoining a plantation indicates that the residents benefit from the plantation: some having employment in the plantation and the community benefits from the plantations’ infrastructure for access. The interview also reveal that the peatlands was a result of carelessness by fishermen who use fires on poles to attract fish during fishing at night. Keywords: Orang Asli, aborigines, peatland, peat fire, peat rehabilitation.
{"title":"FIRST ON LAND, LAND IN PLAN: THE ORANG ASLI AS KEY PLAYERS IN FOREST REHABILITATION, MANAGEMENT AND CONSERVATION PRACTICES","authors":"N. Abraham, J. Ng, J. Mathews","doi":"10.56333/tp.2021.013","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.56333/tp.2021.013","url":null,"abstract":"There are 869 Orang Asli communities within Peninsular Malaysia, with the state of Pahang accommodating the highest number of Orang Asli. Despite formal acknowledgement of the government’s responsibility to the Orang Asli (Aboriginal Peoples Act, 1954), the Orang Asli have always been considered relatively unimportant players within the Malaysian political sphere, often marginalised and exploited for their ancestral land. Success stories in Asia and a variety of literature have revealed that community based forestry and management practises have been a proven means to rehabilitate and conserve forests sustainably. Through interviews conducted with Orang Asli in the Pekan Forest Reserve, (neighbouring Bukit Leelau Estate), this paper uses this case study coupled with the rehabilitation works with the same Orang Asli community conducted by the Global Environment Centre (GEC) to reveal the true impacts community based forestry can have. Only when the Orang Asli are recognised as key players, can the combined efforts from both the state authority and the Orang Asli produce an inclusive and effective framework towards better rehabilitation, management and conservation practises. The review shows that at the same time an interview with a few residents of the Orang Asli settlement adjoining a plantation indicates that the residents benefit from the plantation: some having employment in the plantation and the community benefits from the plantations’ infrastructure for access. The interview also reveal that the peatlands was a result of carelessness by fishermen who use fires on poles to attract fish during fishing at night. Keywords: Orang Asli, aborigines, peatland, peat fire, peat rehabilitation.","PeriodicalId":22956,"journal":{"name":"The Planter","volume":"30 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-08-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83020532","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Marcella Lennie Michael, Yan Cheong Sung, J. Janaun, K. Chong, J. Dayou
Basal stem rot (BSR) disease caused by Ganoderma boninense remains as one of the most devastating diseases of the oil palm industry especially in South East Asia. Currently there is no remedy mainly due to inability to detect BSR disease at the early stage. Therefore, early diagnostic method is vital to detect the BSR disease effectively. This study examined the potential application of acoustic tomography method to observe the internal parts of the oil palm consisting of different levels of BSR disease severity: i) healthy, ii) moderate and iii) severe. Ten oil palm trees were selected for each level of BSR disease. The tomography data of the cross-section of the oil palm trunk was measured at one meter from the stem base for each palm using acoustic measurement system known as TomoSawit. The palm was then cut down at the tomography measurement height and compared with the acquired tomography image. The results showed that the method can provide tomography images of different BSR disease severity conditions. Detailed examination of the tomography results revealed the differences in acoustic wave speed while travelling across different densities of the cross-section of the palms that contribute to the differences in tomography image characteristics. The difference in the density could be associated with the severity of the BSR disease. All the generated tomography images have shown to be similar with the actual cross-section samples of the palm. In this study, the severely infected sample shows that an estimate of 33.3 per cent and 54.7 per cent of the cross-section was already degraded, respectively. The confirmation of BSR disease was conducted using ergosterol and Ganoderma Selective Medium (GSM) assessment. It can be concluded that the acoustic tomography could be a potential solution for early detection of BSR infection in oil palm especially for field application. Keywords: Acoustic tomography, basal stem rot, early detection, oil palm, Ganoderma boninense.
{"title":"A SHORT REPORT ON APPLICATION OF ACOUSTIC TOMOGRAPHY FOR BASAL STEM ROT DISEASE SEVERITY ASSESSMENT IN OIL PALM","authors":"Marcella Lennie Michael, Yan Cheong Sung, J. Janaun, K. Chong, J. Dayou","doi":"10.56333/tp.2021.011","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.56333/tp.2021.011","url":null,"abstract":"Basal stem rot (BSR) disease caused by Ganoderma boninense remains as one of the most devastating diseases of the oil palm industry especially in South East Asia. Currently there is no remedy mainly due to inability to detect BSR disease at the early stage. Therefore, early diagnostic method is vital to detect the BSR disease effectively. This study examined the potential application of acoustic tomography method to observe the internal parts of the oil palm consisting of different levels of BSR disease severity: i) healthy, ii) moderate and iii) severe. Ten oil palm trees were selected for each level of BSR disease. The tomography data of the cross-section of the oil palm trunk was measured at one meter from the stem base for each palm using acoustic measurement system known as TomoSawit. The palm was then cut down at the tomography measurement height and compared with the acquired tomography image. The results showed that the method can provide tomography images of different BSR disease severity conditions. Detailed examination of the tomography results revealed the differences in acoustic wave speed while travelling across different densities of the cross-section of the palms that contribute to the differences in tomography image characteristics. The difference in the density could be associated with the severity of the BSR disease. All the generated tomography images have shown to be similar with the actual cross-section samples of the palm. In this study, the severely infected sample shows that an estimate of 33.3 per cent and 54.7 per cent of the cross-section was already degraded, respectively. The confirmation of BSR disease was conducted using ergosterol and Ganoderma Selective Medium (GSM) assessment. It can be concluded that the acoustic tomography could be a potential solution for early detection of BSR infection in oil palm especially for field application. Keywords: Acoustic tomography, basal stem rot, early detection, oil palm, Ganoderma boninense.","PeriodicalId":22956,"journal":{"name":"The Planter","volume":"28 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89929990","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A. T. Amirul, H. L. Goh, M. Subramaniam, J. Mathews
Selection for annual increment of short trunk (dwarf) is one of the objectives in this oil palm breeding programme with the expectation of prolonging the economic lifespan of a cycle of field cultivated commercial plantings. Bi-monthly vegetative measurement of seedlings in the main nursery indicates the early inheritance of low height increment trait in the third cycle of duras developed from Nigerian Prospection Material (NPM) of MPOB trial 0.150 as compared to the third cycle of inbred lines Limited Breeding Programme (LBP) dura, which is considered as the traditional Deli dura population. The main nursery measurement showed that the third cycle inbred NPM dura was shorter and the character could have been inherited from the selected second cycle parents. Other agronomical observations related to palm physiology on the uptake of magnesium recorded during the study is also discussed in this paper. Keywords: Oil palm, Nigerian prospection material, nursery growth measures.
{"title":"EARLY SIGN OF DWARF STEM TRAIT INHERITANCE IN THIRD CYCLE DURA DERIVED FROM NIGERIAN PROSPECTION MATERIAL - A STUDY IN LARGE POLYBAG NURSERY","authors":"A. T. Amirul, H. L. Goh, M. Subramaniam, J. Mathews","doi":"10.56333/tp.2021.010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.56333/tp.2021.010","url":null,"abstract":"Selection for annual increment of short trunk (dwarf) is one of the objectives in this oil palm breeding programme with the expectation of prolonging the economic lifespan of a cycle of field cultivated commercial plantings. Bi-monthly vegetative measurement of seedlings in the main nursery indicates the early inheritance of low height increment trait in the third cycle of duras developed from Nigerian Prospection Material (NPM) of MPOB trial 0.150 as compared to the third cycle of inbred lines Limited Breeding Programme (LBP) dura, which is considered as the traditional Deli dura population. The main nursery measurement showed that the third cycle inbred NPM dura was shorter and the character could have been inherited from the selected second cycle parents. Other agronomical observations related to palm physiology on the uptake of magnesium recorded during the study is also discussed in this paper. Keywords: Oil palm, Nigerian prospection material, nursery growth measures.","PeriodicalId":22956,"journal":{"name":"The Planter","volume":"44 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74432036","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The mistletoe ( Scurrula ferruginea ), a parasitic plant, is quite widespread in Malaysia. A severe infestation of S. ferruginea was reported on mature hybrid cocoa (9-12-year-old plantings) in a cocoa estate near Merlimau, Malacca in the 1980s. The effect on crop yield was not known, but the vigour, yield and photosynthetic capability had been greatly reduced. The control measures included: (i) removal of infected trees or their infected branches by pruning or poisoning, and (ii) chemical treatments designed to kill the endophytic system. A total of 588 hectares were pruned manually to remove the mistletoes in the cocoa estate near Merlimau, in May/June 1989. The average cost of pruning was estimated at RM 34.50 per hectare. In a poisoning trial using six herbicides (fluroxypyr, triclopyr, dicamba, paraquat, glufosinate-ammonium and 2,4,5-T) the costs was as high as pruning. Manual pruning was therefore the recommended method of controlling cocoa mistletoe. Integrated Weed Management is perhaps the next step towards more effective and more efficient control of mistletoes over very large areas inclusive of cocoa estates, orchards and other agricultural/non-agricultural areas. Keywords: Scurrula ferruginea, mistletoe, parasitic plant, cocoa, management
{"title":"RUSTY-LEAF MISTLETOE (SCURRULA FERRUGINEA), A PARASITIC PLANT ON COCOA AND ITS MANAGEMENT","authors":"G. F. Chung","doi":"10.56333/tp.2021.009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.56333/tp.2021.009","url":null,"abstract":"The mistletoe ( Scurrula ferruginea ), a parasitic plant, is quite widespread in Malaysia. A severe infestation of S. ferruginea was reported on mature hybrid cocoa (9-12-year-old plantings) in a cocoa estate near Merlimau, Malacca in the 1980s. The effect on crop yield was not known, but the vigour, yield and photosynthetic capability had been greatly reduced. The control measures included: (i) removal of infected trees or their infected branches by pruning or poisoning, and (ii) chemical treatments designed to kill the endophytic system. A total of 588 hectares were pruned manually to remove the mistletoes in the cocoa estate near Merlimau, in May/June 1989. The average cost of pruning was estimated at RM 34.50 per hectare. In a poisoning trial using six herbicides (fluroxypyr, triclopyr, dicamba, paraquat, glufosinate-ammonium and 2,4,5-T) the costs was as high as pruning. Manual pruning was therefore the recommended method of controlling cocoa mistletoe. Integrated Weed Management is perhaps the next step towards more effective and more efficient control of mistletoes over very large areas inclusive of cocoa estates, orchards and other agricultural/non-agricultural areas. Keywords: Scurrula ferruginea, mistletoe, parasitic plant, cocoa, management","PeriodicalId":22956,"journal":{"name":"The Planter","volume":"96 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86584454","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
J. Mathews, S. Mohanaraj, A. M. Sikab, Y. Z. Chia, T. Agus, O. Wanorhessam
A case study of peat drainability assessment based on the tier 1 method of roundtable on sustainable palm oil (RSPO) was conducted in three estates covering over 1 421 hectares of oil palm planted in contiguous deep peat. The objective of the study was to understand whether the land can be replanted with oil palm for future cultivation as per RSPO principle 7, criterion 7.7 and indicator 7.7.5. The factors surveyed and measured were the peat land area cultivated, its elevation, thickness, subsidence, determination of drainage base, daily measuring of mean water level at outlet to nearest waterbody, depth to the drainage base and finally the drainage limit time (DLT) for replanting and cultivation of oil palm. Based on the evaluation in 1 421 hectares, it was measured and observed that the depth to the drainage base was higher than the peat thickness in 526 hectares (37%). In such condition if organic matter is fully subsided, the land is suitable to be cultivated with oil palm on the underlying gleyic alluvium soil. In the rest of the fields of 895 hectares (63%) the peat thickness or depth was higher than the depth to the drainage base while the balance of 204 hectares of land have the DLT of less than 40 years (calculated at 5 cm default value of subsidence). The balance of 690 hectares with DLT more than 40 years can be replanted and cultivated with oil palm, provided that stringent water management programmes are implemented in place to reduce the subsidence of peat for prolonged cultivation. Keywords: Peat subsidence, peat drainage assessment, drainage limit time drainage base.
{"title":"RSPO TIER 1 DRAINABILITY ASSESSMENT IN DEEP PEAT OF KINABATANGAN RIVER BASIN-A CASE STUDY","authors":"J. Mathews, S. Mohanaraj, A. M. Sikab, Y. Z. Chia, T. Agus, O. Wanorhessam","doi":"10.56333/tp.2021.008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.56333/tp.2021.008","url":null,"abstract":"A case study of peat drainability assessment based on the tier 1 method of roundtable on sustainable palm oil (RSPO) was conducted in three estates covering over 1 421 hectares of oil palm planted in contiguous deep peat. The objective of the study was to understand whether the land can be replanted with oil palm for future cultivation as per RSPO principle 7, criterion 7.7 and indicator 7.7.5. The factors surveyed and measured were the peat land area cultivated, its elevation, thickness, subsidence, determination of drainage base, daily measuring of mean water level at outlet to nearest waterbody, depth to the drainage base and finally the drainage limit time (DLT) for replanting and cultivation of oil palm. Based on the evaluation in 1 421 hectares, it was measured and observed that the depth to the drainage base was higher than the peat thickness in 526 hectares (37%). In such condition if organic matter is fully subsided, the land is suitable to be cultivated with oil palm on the underlying gleyic alluvium soil. In the rest of the fields of 895 hectares (63%) the peat thickness or depth was higher than the depth to the drainage base while the balance of 204 hectares of land have the DLT of less than 40 years (calculated at 5 cm default value of subsidence). The balance of 690 hectares with DLT more than 40 years can be replanted and cultivated with oil palm, provided that stringent water management programmes are implemented in place to reduce the subsidence of peat for prolonged cultivation. Keywords: Peat subsidence, peat drainage assessment, drainage limit time drainage base.","PeriodicalId":22956,"journal":{"name":"The Planter","volume":"24 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-05-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81603091","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Y. L. Cheong, Wentricho Manullang, Eng Keong Saw, L. Ooi, Teong Kwee Lim
A weed control trial was carried out in an oil palm planting on peat soil to evaluate the efficacy of several herbicides against Davallia denticulata. Results from 13 weeks’ evaluation showed that tank-mix of 75 ml glufosinate ammonium 15% w/v plus 2.22 g saflufenacil 70% w/w in 10 L water, tank-mix of 50 ml triclopyr BEE 67.0% w/v plus 3 g saflufenacil 70% w/w in 10 L water and tank-mix 15 g metsulfuron-methyl 20% w/w plus 4 g saflufenacil 70% w/w in 10 L water were effective against the weed with more than 90 per cent control when the trial was terminated at the thirteenth week after treatment. Keywords: Davallia denticulata, weed management, saflufenacil
在泥炭土油棕种植区进行了杂草防治试验，评价了几种除草剂对小叶Davallia denticulata的防治效果。结果13周的评价表明,药液中75毫升glufosinate铵15% w / v + 2.22 g saflufenacil 70% w / w 10 L水,药液中50毫升triclopyr蜜蜂67.0% w / w / w v + 3 g saflufenacil 70% 10 L水和药液中15 g metsulfuron-methyl 20% w / w + 4 g saflufenacil 70% w / w 10 L水对超过90%的杂草有效控制试验时在十三周治疗后终止。关键词:小茴香;杂草治理;氟虫酸
{"title":"SCREENING HERBICIDES FOR THE CONTROL OF DAVALLIA DENTICULATA","authors":"Y. L. Cheong, Wentricho Manullang, Eng Keong Saw, L. Ooi, Teong Kwee Lim","doi":"10.56333/tp.2021.007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.56333/tp.2021.007","url":null,"abstract":"A weed control trial was carried out in an oil palm planting on peat soil to evaluate the efficacy of several herbicides against Davallia denticulata. Results from 13 weeks’ evaluation showed that tank-mix of 75 ml glufosinate ammonium 15% w/v plus 2.22 g saflufenacil 70% w/w in 10 L water, tank-mix of 50 ml triclopyr BEE 67.0% w/v plus 3 g saflufenacil 70% w/w in 10 L water and tank-mix 15 g metsulfuron-methyl 20% w/w plus 4 g saflufenacil 70% w/w in 10 L water were effective against the weed with more than 90 per cent control when the trial was terminated at the thirteenth week after treatment. Keywords: Davallia denticulata, weed management, saflufenacil","PeriodicalId":22956,"journal":{"name":"The Planter","volume":"17 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-04-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76890288","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Basal stem rot (BSR) disease caused by Ganoderma species is a threat to the oil palm industry. In our initial study, rhizosphere actinomycetes identified as Streptomyces nigrogriseolus GanoSA1 (Streptomyces GanoSA1) possess competent biological control activity in the growth of Ganoderma in vitro. This study was carried out to evaluate whether Streptomyces GanoSA1 formulated in the vermiculite-bio charcoal powder can reduce disease incidence caused by G. boninense PER71 and promote oil palm growth through nursery and field trial. Mixing of Streptomyces GanoSA1 powder at 108 CFU (colony-forming unit) per gramme in soil resulted in the strain establishment in the applied soil and increased oil palm seedlings height with no observed adverse effect on seedlings growth. The seedlings treated with the powder formulation resulted in a reduced percentage of disease incidence (DI, %) by 51.1 per cent and disease severity index (DSI, %) by 35.0 per cent compared to untreated seedlings and seedlings inoculated with G. boninense PER71 alone (93.3% DI and 75.83 % DSI, respectively). The field trial indicated that, after 36 months of planting, only 6.6 per cent of oil palm treated with the Streptomyces GanoSA1 powder showed symptoms of BSR disease and death due to Ganoderma infection compared to the untreated oil palm at 75.0 per cent. These trials highlight the potential of the Streptomyces GanoSA1 powder to reduce BSR disease in oil palm and promote oil palm growth. Keywords: Streptomyces, Ganoderma, artificial inoculation, seedling baiting technique.
{"title":"NURSERY AND FIELD EVALUATION OF STREPTOMYCES NIGROGRISEOLUS GANOSA1 TO CONTROL BASAL STEM ROT IN OIL PALM SEEDLINGS","authors":"Idris Abu Seman, SHARIFFAH-MUZAIMAH SYED ARIPIN","doi":"10.56333/tp.2021.006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.56333/tp.2021.006","url":null,"abstract":"Basal stem rot (BSR) disease caused by Ganoderma species is a threat to the oil palm industry. In our initial study, rhizosphere actinomycetes identified as Streptomyces nigrogriseolus GanoSA1 (Streptomyces GanoSA1) possess competent biological control activity in the growth of Ganoderma in vitro. This study was carried out to evaluate whether Streptomyces GanoSA1 formulated in the vermiculite-bio charcoal powder can reduce disease incidence caused by G. boninense PER71 and promote oil palm growth through nursery and field trial. Mixing of Streptomyces GanoSA1 powder at 108 CFU (colony-forming unit) per gramme in soil resulted in the strain establishment in the applied soil and increased oil palm seedlings height with no observed adverse effect on seedlings growth. The seedlings treated with the powder formulation resulted in a reduced percentage of disease incidence (DI, %) by 51.1 per cent and disease severity index (DSI, %) by 35.0 per cent compared to untreated seedlings and seedlings inoculated with G. boninense PER71 alone (93.3% DI and 75.83 % DSI, respectively). The field trial indicated that, after 36 months of planting, only 6.6 per cent of oil palm treated with the Streptomyces GanoSA1 powder showed symptoms of BSR disease and death due to Ganoderma infection compared to the untreated oil palm at 75.0 per cent. These trials highlight the potential of the Streptomyces GanoSA1 powder to reduce BSR disease in oil palm and promote oil palm growth. Keywords: Streptomyces, Ganoderma, artificial inoculation, seedling baiting technique.","PeriodicalId":22956,"journal":{"name":"The Planter","volume":"42 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-04-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86970538","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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