Pub Date : 2017-01-02DOI: 10.3109/15622975.2016.1153710
C. Bousman, J. Gunn, M. Potiriadis, I. Everall
Abstract Objective To test the phenotypic plasticity framework using a polygenic approach in a prospective depression cohort of primary care attendees with and without histories of severe childhood abuse. Methods Depressive symptoms were assessed at baseline and annually for 5 years post-baseline using the Primary Care Evaluation of Mental Disorders Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) among 288 adult primary care attendees. Twelve polymorphisms in nine genes were genotyped and polygenic phenotypic plasticity allelic load (PAL) calculated. Linear mixed models assessed differences in depressive symptom severity over the 5-year follow-up period by PAL and history of severe childhood abuse. Results A higher PAL conferred greater depressive symptom severity among those with a history of severe childhood abuse but conferred significantly lower symptom severity among those without this history. Importantly, this interaction withstood adjustments for important covariates (e.g., antidepressant use, comorbid anxiety) and was stable over the 5 years of observation. Conclusions Aligned with the phenotypic plasticity framework, depressive symptom severity was dependent on the interaction between PAL and history of severe childhood abuse in a “for better and for worse” manner. Measures of polygenic phenotypic plasticity, such as ours, may serve as a trait marker of sensitivity to negative and potentially positive environmental influences.
{"title":"Polygenic phenotypic plasticity moderates the effects of severe childhood abuse on depressive symptom severity in adulthood: A 5-year prospective cohort study","authors":"C. Bousman, J. Gunn, M. Potiriadis, I. Everall","doi":"10.3109/15622975.2016.1153710","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3109/15622975.2016.1153710","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Objective To test the phenotypic plasticity framework using a polygenic approach in a prospective depression cohort of primary care attendees with and without histories of severe childhood abuse. Methods Depressive symptoms were assessed at baseline and annually for 5 years post-baseline using the Primary Care Evaluation of Mental Disorders Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) among 288 adult primary care attendees. Twelve polymorphisms in nine genes were genotyped and polygenic phenotypic plasticity allelic load (PAL) calculated. Linear mixed models assessed differences in depressive symptom severity over the 5-year follow-up period by PAL and history of severe childhood abuse. Results A higher PAL conferred greater depressive symptom severity among those with a history of severe childhood abuse but conferred significantly lower symptom severity among those without this history. Importantly, this interaction withstood adjustments for important covariates (e.g., antidepressant use, comorbid anxiety) and was stable over the 5 years of observation. Conclusions Aligned with the phenotypic plasticity framework, depressive symptom severity was dependent on the interaction between PAL and history of severe childhood abuse in a “for better and for worse” manner. Measures of polygenic phenotypic plasticity, such as ours, may serve as a trait marker of sensitivity to negative and potentially positive environmental influences.","PeriodicalId":22963,"journal":{"name":"The World Journal of Biological Psychiatry","volume":"5 1","pages":"75 - 81"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73288434","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-01-02DOI: 10.3109/15622975.2016.1149219
P. Baumann, M. Spies, H. Möller, S. Kasper, I. Bitter, G. Laux
Abstract Objectives Post-graduate training for specialisation in psychiatry and psychotherapy is part of a 4–6-year programme. This paper aims to inform on the general situation of teaching and training of psychopharmacology–psychopharmacotherapy in Europe. It presents the need for a psychopharmacotherapy education in psychiatric training programmes. Arguments as well as a proposal for a catalogue of learning objectives and an outline of a psychopharmacology curriculum are presented. Methods Based on their experience and on an analysis of the literature, the authors, experts in psychopharmacology–pharmacotherapy teaching, critically analyse the present situation and propose the development of a curriculum at the European level. Results Teaching programmes vary widely between European countries and, generally, teaching of psychopharmacology and pharmacotherapy does not exceed two-dozen hours. This is insufficient if one considers the central importance of psychopharmacology. A psychopharmacology–psychopharmacotherapy curriculum for the professional training of specialists in psychiatry and psychotherapy is proposed. Conclusions As the number of hours of theoretical teaching and practical training is insufficient, a catalogue of learning objectives should be established, which would then be part of a comprehensive curriculum at the European level. It could be inspired partly by those few previously proposed by other groups of authors and organisations.
{"title":"A proposal for a psychopharmacology–pharmacotherapy catalogue of learning objectives and a curriculum in Europe","authors":"P. Baumann, M. Spies, H. Möller, S. Kasper, I. Bitter, G. Laux","doi":"10.3109/15622975.2016.1149219","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3109/15622975.2016.1149219","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Objectives Post-graduate training for specialisation in psychiatry and psychotherapy is part of a 4–6-year programme. This paper aims to inform on the general situation of teaching and training of psychopharmacology–psychopharmacotherapy in Europe. It presents the need for a psychopharmacotherapy education in psychiatric training programmes. Arguments as well as a proposal for a catalogue of learning objectives and an outline of a psychopharmacology curriculum are presented. Methods Based on their experience and on an analysis of the literature, the authors, experts in psychopharmacology–pharmacotherapy teaching, critically analyse the present situation and propose the development of a curriculum at the European level. Results Teaching programmes vary widely between European countries and, generally, teaching of psychopharmacology and pharmacotherapy does not exceed two-dozen hours. This is insufficient if one considers the central importance of psychopharmacology. A psychopharmacology–psychopharmacotherapy curriculum for the professional training of specialists in psychiatry and psychotherapy is proposed. Conclusions As the number of hours of theoretical teaching and practical training is insufficient, a catalogue of learning objectives should be established, which would then be part of a comprehensive curriculum at the European level. It could be inspired partly by those few previously proposed by other groups of authors and organisations.","PeriodicalId":22963,"journal":{"name":"The World Journal of Biological Psychiatry","volume":"14 1","pages":"29 - 38"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84457774","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-01-02DOI: 10.3109/15622975.2016.1149218
Nazanin Sonei, Shayan Amiri, I. Jafarian, M. Anoush, Maryam Rahimi-Balaei, H. Bergen, A. Haj-Mirzaian, M. Hosseini
Abstract Objectives Depression is tightly associated with cardiovascular comorbidity and accounts for high financial and social burden worldwide. Mitochondrial dysfunction contributes to the pathophysiology of depression and cardiovascular disorders; its contribution to depression-cardiovascular comorbidity has not yet been investigated. Methods Adolescent rats were subjected to 4 weeks of isolation (social isolation stress or SIS) or social conditions (control), and then they were divided into treatment (fluoxetine, 7.5 mg/kg/day for 21 days) and non-treatment groups. After different housing conditions and treatment, animals were evaluated by behavioural tests (n = 6–8) and mitochondrial assessments (n = 3) of brain and cardiac tissues. Results We found that juvenile SIS induced behavioural abnormalities and mitochondrial dysfunction in adulthood. We showed that juvenile SIS was associated with impaired respiratory chain complex, which leads to reactive oxygen species formation, oxidative damage and ATP abatement in both brain and heart. Administration of FLX (7.5 mg/kg/day) during the isolation period attenuated the effects of SIS on the brain mitochondria and behavioural abnormalities, but had little or no effect on SIS-induced mitochondrial dysfunction in cardiac tissue. Conclusions This suggests that juvenile SIS predisposes the co-occurrence of depression and cardiovascular disease through mitochondrial dysfunction and that therapeutic effect of fluoxetine is partly mediated by its effect on mitochondrial function.
{"title":"Mitochondrial dysfunction bridges negative affective disorders and cardiomyopathy in socially isolated rats: Pros and cons of fluoxetine","authors":"Nazanin Sonei, Shayan Amiri, I. Jafarian, M. Anoush, Maryam Rahimi-Balaei, H. Bergen, A. Haj-Mirzaian, M. Hosseini","doi":"10.3109/15622975.2016.1149218","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3109/15622975.2016.1149218","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Objectives Depression is tightly associated with cardiovascular comorbidity and accounts for high financial and social burden worldwide. Mitochondrial dysfunction contributes to the pathophysiology of depression and cardiovascular disorders; its contribution to depression-cardiovascular comorbidity has not yet been investigated. Methods Adolescent rats were subjected to 4 weeks of isolation (social isolation stress or SIS) or social conditions (control), and then they were divided into treatment (fluoxetine, 7.5 mg/kg/day for 21 days) and non-treatment groups. After different housing conditions and treatment, animals were evaluated by behavioural tests (n = 6–8) and mitochondrial assessments (n = 3) of brain and cardiac tissues. Results We found that juvenile SIS induced behavioural abnormalities and mitochondrial dysfunction in adulthood. We showed that juvenile SIS was associated with impaired respiratory chain complex, which leads to reactive oxygen species formation, oxidative damage and ATP abatement in both brain and heart. Administration of FLX (7.5 mg/kg/day) during the isolation period attenuated the effects of SIS on the brain mitochondria and behavioural abnormalities, but had little or no effect on SIS-induced mitochondrial dysfunction in cardiac tissue. Conclusions This suggests that juvenile SIS predisposes the co-occurrence of depression and cardiovascular disease through mitochondrial dysfunction and that therapeutic effect of fluoxetine is partly mediated by its effect on mitochondrial function.","PeriodicalId":22963,"journal":{"name":"The World Journal of Biological Psychiatry","volume":"68 1","pages":"39 - 53"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79964248","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-01-02DOI: 10.1080/15622975.2016.1237043
A. Erfurth
Conventionally, depression is seen as the main problem in psychiatric services. Depression has been described as being responsible for the largest burden of disease (as measured in disability-adjusted life years) in developed countries (Mathers and Loncar 2006), causing a severe handicap for the individual patients and their relatives as well as a severe financial burden for modern societies. Some authors have questioned this primacy of depression and have alternatively suggested the primacy of mania (Koukopoulos and Ghaemi 2009): this seems bold, as all epidemiological studies show higher values for the prevalence of depressive disorders (or episodes) compared to manic or hypomanic episodes. But in the broader sense this idea has its attractiveness: could it be that our modern world is depressiocentric (or depressio-phobic) as it attaches particular value to energy, to lust for life and to going to the limit (all potential hypomanic symptoms)? Could it be that we therefore easily identify fatigue, anergy, diminished interest or pleasure as abnormal psychiatric symptoms, while neglecting symptoms of over-excitement and agitation? (This might be one of the reasons why depression in males is so difficult to assess (Winkler et al. 2005).) Finally: could it be that overexcitement of the nervous system and agitation are indeed “primary symptoms” as opposed to the downregulation of biological function by melancholia (see, e.g. Michael et al. (2003a, 2003b))? (This concept of “first comes the burn, then the burn-out” is in fact an old idea: according to Aretaeus of Cappadocia [around 80–138 AD] “those who are overexcited by this evil, become melancholics”.) In this context, the WFSBP consensus paper on assessment and management of agitation in psychiatry (Garriga et al. 2016) is an important achievement: it gives the right perspective to the importance in clinical practice of over-excitement, restlessness, irritability as well as heightened responsiveness to internal and external stimuli. This consensus is particularly welcome as it integrates the views and perspectives of psychiatric experts from all over the world. Indeed, the evaluation of the psychopathological phenomena of agitation is linked to cultural interpretation (e.g. Mediterranean cultures seem more tolerant towards increased motor activity – including in children – than countries in Northern Europe). Furthermore, the treatment of agitation is clearly linked to the availability of drugs (e.g. pipamperone, which is widely used in Germany, is not marketed in Austria; chlorpromazine, intramuscularly, is largely used for emergency treatment in Italy but is not available in Germany and Austria) and of psychiatric structures (the management of severe agitation will be different in Belgium, Germany or Norway, countries with many psychiatric beds, as opposed to Italy or Turkey, countries with few beds for psychiatric emergencies). Finally, the perspectives, needs and requests of the patients play a
传统上，抑郁症被视为精神科服务的主要问题。在发达国家，抑郁症被描述为造成最大疾病负担的原因(以残疾调整生命年衡量)(Mathers和Loncar, 2006年)，给患者个人及其亲属造成严重残疾，也给现代社会造成严重的经济负担。一些作者质疑抑郁症的首要地位，并提出躁狂的首要地位(Koukopoulos和Ghaemi 2009):这似乎很大胆，因为所有的流行病学研究都表明，与躁狂或轻躁狂发作相比，抑郁症(或发作)的患病率更高。但从更广泛的意义上讲，这个观点有其吸引力:我们的现代世界是否以抑郁为中心(或抑郁恐惧症)，因为它特别重视精力、对生活的渴望和走向极限(所有潜在的轻度躁狂症状)?我们是否因此很容易将疲劳、精力不足、兴趣减退或愉悦感视为不正常的精神症状，而忽视了过度兴奋和躁动的症状?(这可能是男性抑郁症难以评估的原因之一(Winkler et al. 2005)。)最后:是否神经系统的过度兴奋和躁动确实是“主要症状”，而不是忧郁症导致的生物功能下调(见Michael et al. (2003a, 2003b))?(“首先是燃烧，然后是耗尽”的概念实际上是一个古老的想法:根据卡帕多西亚的阿雷泰乌斯(约公元80-138年)的说法，“那些被这种邪恶过度兴奋的人，会变得忧郁”。)在此背景下，WFSBP关于精神病学中躁动的评估和管理的共识论文(Garriga et al. 2016)是一项重要成就:它为过度兴奋、躁动、易怒以及对内外刺激的高度反应在临床实践中的重要性提供了正确的视角。这个共识是特别受欢迎的，因为它整合了来自世界各地的精神病学专家的观点和观点。事实上，对躁动的精神病理现象的评估与文化解释有关(例如，地中海文化似乎比北欧国家更能容忍运动活动的增加，包括儿童)。此外，躁动的治疗显然与药物的可获得性有关(例如，在德国广泛使用的哌龙在奥地利没有销售;肌注氯丙嗪在意大利主要用于紧急治疗，但在德国和奥地利不提供)和精神病院(比利时、德国或挪威对严重躁动的管理将有所不同，这些国家有许多精神病院床位，而意大利或土耳其只有很少的精神病院床位)。最后，患者的观点、需求和要求起着重要的作用。据描述，各国患者的病理生理和治疗观念各不相同(Qureshi 1989)。德国患者倾向于寻找疾病的外部原因(普通感冒是由外部原因引起的，例如病毒或细菌)。法国患者更经常相信，这种病理与他们自身免疫系统功能下降有关(根据克劳德·伯纳德的“细菌什么都不是，地形就是一切”)。亚裔患者可能认为，“冷”和“热”食物可能会加剧或改善他们的疾病症状。奥地利的病人(确信严重的病症需要认真的治疗)往往要求最初进行静脉注射治疗，他们这样做是为了医学治疗(例如用抗生素治疗)和精神干预。连续静脉药物治疗躁动(如劳拉西泮;用曲唑酮治疗躁动性抑郁症
{"title":"Agitation: a central challenge in psychiatry","authors":"A. Erfurth","doi":"10.1080/15622975.2016.1237043","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15622975.2016.1237043","url":null,"abstract":"Conventionally, depression is seen as the main problem in psychiatric services. Depression has been described as being responsible for the largest burden of disease (as measured in disability-adjusted life years) in developed countries (Mathers and Loncar 2006), causing a severe handicap for the individual patients and their relatives as well as a severe financial burden for modern societies. Some authors have questioned this primacy of depression and have alternatively suggested the primacy of mania (Koukopoulos and Ghaemi 2009): this seems bold, as all epidemiological studies show higher values for the prevalence of depressive disorders (or episodes) compared to manic or hypomanic episodes. But in the broader sense this idea has its attractiveness: could it be that our modern world is depressiocentric (or depressio-phobic) as it attaches particular value to energy, to lust for life and to going to the limit (all potential hypomanic symptoms)? Could it be that we therefore easily identify fatigue, anergy, diminished interest or pleasure as abnormal psychiatric symptoms, while neglecting symptoms of over-excitement and agitation? (This might be one of the reasons why depression in males is so difficult to assess (Winkler et al. 2005).) Finally: could it be that overexcitement of the nervous system and agitation are indeed “primary symptoms” as opposed to the downregulation of biological function by melancholia (see, e.g. Michael et al. (2003a, 2003b))? (This concept of “first comes the burn, then the burn-out” is in fact an old idea: according to Aretaeus of Cappadocia [around 80–138 AD] “those who are overexcited by this evil, become melancholics”.) In this context, the WFSBP consensus paper on assessment and management of agitation in psychiatry (Garriga et al. 2016) is an important achievement: it gives the right perspective to the importance in clinical practice of over-excitement, restlessness, irritability as well as heightened responsiveness to internal and external stimuli. This consensus is particularly welcome as it integrates the views and perspectives of psychiatric experts from all over the world. Indeed, the evaluation of the psychopathological phenomena of agitation is linked to cultural interpretation (e.g. Mediterranean cultures seem more tolerant towards increased motor activity – including in children – than countries in Northern Europe). Furthermore, the treatment of agitation is clearly linked to the availability of drugs (e.g. pipamperone, which is widely used in Germany, is not marketed in Austria; chlorpromazine, intramuscularly, is largely used for emergency treatment in Italy but is not available in Germany and Austria) and of psychiatric structures (the management of severe agitation will be different in Belgium, Germany or Norway, countries with many psychiatric beds, as opposed to Italy or Turkey, countries with few beds for psychiatric emergencies). Finally, the perspectives, needs and requests of the patients play a","PeriodicalId":22963,"journal":{"name":"The World Journal of Biological Psychiatry","volume":"10 1","pages":"3 - 4"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86344684","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-01-02DOI: 10.3109/15622975.2016.1155746
H. Chang, Tzu-Yun Wang, I. Lee, Sheng-Yu Lee, K. Chen, San-Yuan Huang, Yen Kuang Yang, R. Lu, P. Chen
Abstract Objectives We aimed to examine whether the C-reactive protein (CRP) level could be used to differentiate between major depressive disorder (MDD) and bipolar II disorder (BD II). Methods Ninety-six healthy controls, 88 BD II and 72 MDD drug-naïve patients in their major depressive episodes were enrolled. The fasting plasma level of high-sensitivity CRP was assessed at baseline and after treatment. Results The BD II patients presented significantly higher 17-item Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HDRS) scores and CRP levels at baseline when adjustment for age, gender, and body mass index (P < 0.001 and P < 0.001, respectively). After treatment the CRP levels remained significantly different (P < 0.001), although the HDRS score was not significantly different between the BD II and MDD patients. A receiver-operating characteristic analysis showed that a baseline CRP level of 621.6 ng/mL could discriminate between BD II and MDD, with an area under the curve of 0.816 and a sensitivity and specificity of 0.699 and 0.882, respectively. Furthermore, the baseline CRP level greater than 621.6 ng/ml had 28.2 higher odds of a diagnosis of BD II (P < 0.001, 95% confidence interval: 10.96–72.35). Conclusions The level of CRP plays a role of biomarker to differentiate between MDD and BD II depression in both their depressed and euthymic state.
{"title":"C-reactive protein: A differential biomarker for major depressive disorder and bipolar II disorder","authors":"H. Chang, Tzu-Yun Wang, I. Lee, Sheng-Yu Lee, K. Chen, San-Yuan Huang, Yen Kuang Yang, R. Lu, P. Chen","doi":"10.3109/15622975.2016.1155746","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3109/15622975.2016.1155746","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Objectives We aimed to examine whether the C-reactive protein (CRP) level could be used to differentiate between major depressive disorder (MDD) and bipolar II disorder (BD II). Methods Ninety-six healthy controls, 88 BD II and 72 MDD drug-naïve patients in their major depressive episodes were enrolled. The fasting plasma level of high-sensitivity CRP was assessed at baseline and after treatment. Results The BD II patients presented significantly higher 17-item Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HDRS) scores and CRP levels at baseline when adjustment for age, gender, and body mass index (P < 0.001 and P < 0.001, respectively). After treatment the CRP levels remained significantly different (P < 0.001), although the HDRS score was not significantly different between the BD II and MDD patients. A receiver-operating characteristic analysis showed that a baseline CRP level of 621.6 ng/mL could discriminate between BD II and MDD, with an area under the curve of 0.816 and a sensitivity and specificity of 0.699 and 0.882, respectively. Furthermore, the baseline CRP level greater than 621.6 ng/ml had 28.2 higher odds of a diagnosis of BD II (P < 0.001, 95% confidence interval: 10.96–72.35). Conclusions The level of CRP plays a role of biomarker to differentiate between MDD and BD II depression in both their depressed and euthymic state.","PeriodicalId":22963,"journal":{"name":"The World Journal of Biological Psychiatry","volume":"71 4 1","pages":"63 - 70"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83349956","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-07-03DOI: 10.3109/15622975.2015.1102323
A. Del Casale, C. Rapinesi, G. Kotzalidis, P. de Rossi, M. Curto, D. Janiri, Silvia Criscuolo, M. C. Alessi, V. Ferri, R. De Giorgi, G. Sani, S. Ferracuti, P. Girardi, R. Brugnoli
Abstract Objectives: To identify activation changes assessed in functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies of obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD) through Activation Likelihood Estimate meta-analysis. Methods: We included 28 peer-reviewed standard stereotactic space studies assessing adult OCD patients (OCDpts) vs. healthy controls (HCs) with fMRI during executive task performance. Results: In within-group analyses, HCs showed task-related activations in bilateral inferior frontal gyri, right middle frontal gyrus, right inferior parietal lobule, right claustrum, bilateral cingulate gyri, and left caudate body. OCDpts showed task-related left-sided activations in the superior, medial, and inferior frontal gyri, and thalamus, and bilateral activations in the middle frontal gyri, inferior parietal lobule, and insular cortices. Subtraction analysis showed increased left middle frontal gyrus activation in OCDpts. In between-groups analyses, OCDpts hypoactivated the right caudate body, left putamen, left ACC, and right medial and middle frontal gyri. Right caudate hypoactivation persisted also after applying Family‐wise error algorithms. Conclusions: This meta-analysis confirms that during executive functioning OCDpts show a functional deficit of the right caudate body, which could represent a major neural functional correlate of their illness.
{"title":"Executive functions in obsessive–compulsive disorder: An activation likelihood estimate meta-analysis of fMRI studies","authors":"A. Del Casale, C. Rapinesi, G. Kotzalidis, P. de Rossi, M. Curto, D. Janiri, Silvia Criscuolo, M. C. Alessi, V. Ferri, R. De Giorgi, G. Sani, S. Ferracuti, P. Girardi, R. Brugnoli","doi":"10.3109/15622975.2015.1102323","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3109/15622975.2015.1102323","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Objectives: To identify activation changes assessed in functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies of obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD) through Activation Likelihood Estimate meta-analysis. Methods: We included 28 peer-reviewed standard stereotactic space studies assessing adult OCD patients (OCDpts) vs. healthy controls (HCs) with fMRI during executive task performance. Results: In within-group analyses, HCs showed task-related activations in bilateral inferior frontal gyri, right middle frontal gyrus, right inferior parietal lobule, right claustrum, bilateral cingulate gyri, and left caudate body. OCDpts showed task-related left-sided activations in the superior, medial, and inferior frontal gyri, and thalamus, and bilateral activations in the middle frontal gyri, inferior parietal lobule, and insular cortices. Subtraction analysis showed increased left middle frontal gyrus activation in OCDpts. In between-groups analyses, OCDpts hypoactivated the right caudate body, left putamen, left ACC, and right medial and middle frontal gyri. Right caudate hypoactivation persisted also after applying Family‐wise error algorithms. Conclusions: This meta-analysis confirms that during executive functioning OCDpts show a functional deficit of the right caudate body, which could represent a major neural functional correlate of their illness.","PeriodicalId":22963,"journal":{"name":"The World Journal of Biological Psychiatry","volume":"44 1","pages":"378 - 393"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85570599","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-05-18DOI: 10.3109/15622975.2015.1112035
K. Lang, J. Treasure, K. Tchanturia
Abstract Objectives: Inefficient set shifting and poor global processing are thought to be possible traits in anorexia nervosa (AN). This study aimed to investigate the neuropsychological processing style of unaffected mothers of offspring with AN (unaffected AN mothers). Methods: The performance of 21 unaffected AN mothers were compared to 20 mothers of healthy control offspring on neuropsychological measures of set shifting (Wisconsin Card Sorting Test, WCST) and central coherence (Fragmented Pictures Task, FPT, and Rey Osterrieth Complex Figures Task, ROCFT). Associations between neuropsychological performance and clinical measures were examined in the unaffected AN mothers group. Results: There were significant differences in perseverative errors on the WCST (P≤0.01), with the unaffected mothers displaying a more inflexible thinking style compared to the control group. There were also significant differences on the FPT (P ≤ 0.01) and the ROCFT (P ≤ 0.01), whereby unaffected AN mothers showed lower levels of global processing. Conclusions. The results of this study support the idea of the familial nature of cognitive styles in AN. The implications of these findings are discussed.
{"title":"Is inefficient cognitive processing in anorexia nervosa a familial trait? A neuropsychological pilot study of mothers of offspring with a diagnosis of anorexia nervosa","authors":"K. Lang, J. Treasure, K. Tchanturia","doi":"10.3109/15622975.2015.1112035","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3109/15622975.2015.1112035","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Objectives: Inefficient set shifting and poor global processing are thought to be possible traits in anorexia nervosa (AN). This study aimed to investigate the neuropsychological processing style of unaffected mothers of offspring with AN (unaffected AN mothers). Methods: The performance of 21 unaffected AN mothers were compared to 20 mothers of healthy control offspring on neuropsychological measures of set shifting (Wisconsin Card Sorting Test, WCST) and central coherence (Fragmented Pictures Task, FPT, and Rey Osterrieth Complex Figures Task, ROCFT). Associations between neuropsychological performance and clinical measures were examined in the unaffected AN mothers group. Results: There were significant differences in perseverative errors on the WCST (P≤0.01), with the unaffected mothers displaying a more inflexible thinking style compared to the control group. There were also significant differences on the FPT (P ≤ 0.01) and the ROCFT (P ≤ 0.01), whereby unaffected AN mothers showed lower levels of global processing. Conclusions. The results of this study support the idea of the familial nature of cognitive styles in AN. The implications of these findings are discussed.","PeriodicalId":22963,"journal":{"name":"The World Journal of Biological Psychiatry","volume":"226 3","pages":"258 - 265"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-05-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72573694","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-04-29DOI: 10.3109/15622975.2016.1163419
E. Paszyńska, M. Dmitrzak-Węglarz, M. Tyszkiewicz-Nwafor, A. Słopień
Abstract Objectives One novel hypothesis of the pathogenesis of anorexia nervosa (AN) is the possible role of mental stress in hyperactivity of the autonomic nervous system (ANS) and of the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis. Two components of stress response – salivary alpha-amylase (sAA) and free cortisol – have been proposed. They can be determined in saliva, which closely reflects their concentrations in plasma. The purpose of this study was to measure salivary free cortisol, sAA and their correlation to secretory IgA (sIgA) of patients with AN in comparison to the average population. Methods A controlled clinical trial was designed for a matched group of 47 AN patients and 54 healthy individuals. After clinical examination, unstimulated salivary samples were taken during the acute stage of AN (BMI < 15 kg/m2) in the first week of hospitalisation. An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) suitable for measuring sAA, sIgA and free cortisol were used. Results Anorexic patients exhibited disturbances in sAA secretion, and significantly increased cortisol and sIgA levels with a distinct correlation between these two parameters. Conclusions The behaviour of cortisol, sAA and sIgA levels can be assessed as an effect of stress reaction among AN patients with hyperactivity of the HPA axis and ANS dysregulation. The effect of stress response can be assessed reliably in saliva.
{"title":"Salivary alpha-amylase, secretory IgA and free cortisol as neurobiological components of the stress response in the acute phase of anorexia nervosa","authors":"E. Paszyńska, M. Dmitrzak-Węglarz, M. Tyszkiewicz-Nwafor, A. Słopień","doi":"10.3109/15622975.2016.1163419","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3109/15622975.2016.1163419","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Objectives One novel hypothesis of the pathogenesis of anorexia nervosa (AN) is the possible role of mental stress in hyperactivity of the autonomic nervous system (ANS) and of the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis. Two components of stress response – salivary alpha-amylase (sAA) and free cortisol – have been proposed. They can be determined in saliva, which closely reflects their concentrations in plasma. The purpose of this study was to measure salivary free cortisol, sAA and their correlation to secretory IgA (sIgA) of patients with AN in comparison to the average population. Methods A controlled clinical trial was designed for a matched group of 47 AN patients and 54 healthy individuals. After clinical examination, unstimulated salivary samples were taken during the acute stage of AN (BMI < 15 kg/m2) in the first week of hospitalisation. An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) suitable for measuring sAA, sIgA and free cortisol were used. Results Anorexic patients exhibited disturbances in sAA secretion, and significantly increased cortisol and sIgA levels with a distinct correlation between these two parameters. Conclusions The behaviour of cortisol, sAA and sIgA levels can be assessed as an effect of stress reaction among AN patients with hyperactivity of the HPA axis and ANS dysregulation. The effect of stress response can be assessed reliably in saliva.","PeriodicalId":22963,"journal":{"name":"The World Journal of Biological Psychiatry","volume":"1 1","pages":"266 - 273"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-04-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87356384","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-04-28DOI: 10.3109/15622975.2016.1165865
Lin Yang, Jianhua Chen, Yan Li, Yan Wang, Shiqiao Liang, Yongyong Shi, S. Shi, Yifeng Xu
Abstract Objectives: The use of atypical antipsychotics (AAPs) in the treatment of schizophrenia has been relevant because of the high prevalence of metabolic syndrome (MetS). The sterol-regulatory element-binding protein (SREBP) pathway may contribute to the underlying pathophysiology of AAP-induced metabolic adverse effects. We explored the association between the variants of the sterol-regulatory element-binding transcription factor-1 (SREBF1) gene and the SREBP cleavage-activation protein (SCAP) gene with AAP-induced MetS in a genetic case–control study. Methods: Eleven single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of SREBF1 and five of SCAP were genotyped in a Han Chinese population in Beijing, China: a sample of 722 schizophrenia patients on monotherapy with AAPs (clozapine, olanzapine or risperidone). Metabolic parameters were collected and evaluated for MetS criteria. Results: The rs11654081 T-allele of the SREBF1 gene was significantly associated with an increased risk for MetS after correction (P = 0.019, odds ratio, OR =2.56, 95% confidence interval, CI: 1.4 4–4.54). The rs11654081-TT genotype appeared more frequently in MetS than in non-MetS after correction (P = 0.026, OR =2.37, 95% CI: 1.3 6–4.12). SCAP polymorphisms with drug-induced MetS were negative in this study. Conclusions: The genetic polymorphisms of SREBF1 could play a role in the mechanism for interindividual variation of AAP-induced MetS.
{"title":"Association between SCAP and SREBF1 gene polymorphisms and metabolic syndrome in schizophrenia patients treated with atypical antipsychotics","authors":"Lin Yang, Jianhua Chen, Yan Li, Yan Wang, Shiqiao Liang, Yongyong Shi, S. Shi, Yifeng Xu","doi":"10.3109/15622975.2016.1165865","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3109/15622975.2016.1165865","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Objectives: The use of atypical antipsychotics (AAPs) in the treatment of schizophrenia has been relevant because of the high prevalence of metabolic syndrome (MetS). The sterol-regulatory element-binding protein (SREBP) pathway may contribute to the underlying pathophysiology of AAP-induced metabolic adverse effects. We explored the association between the variants of the sterol-regulatory element-binding transcription factor-1 (SREBF1) gene and the SREBP cleavage-activation protein (SCAP) gene with AAP-induced MetS in a genetic case–control study. Methods: Eleven single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of SREBF1 and five of SCAP were genotyped in a Han Chinese population in Beijing, China: a sample of 722 schizophrenia patients on monotherapy with AAPs (clozapine, olanzapine or risperidone). Metabolic parameters were collected and evaluated for MetS criteria. Results: The rs11654081 T-allele of the SREBF1 gene was significantly associated with an increased risk for MetS after correction (P = 0.019, odds ratio, OR =2.56, 95% confidence interval, CI: 1.4 4–4.54). The rs11654081-TT genotype appeared more frequently in MetS than in non-MetS after correction (P = 0.026, OR =2.37, 95% CI: 1.3 6–4.12). SCAP polymorphisms with drug-induced MetS were negative in this study. Conclusions: The genetic polymorphisms of SREBF1 could play a role in the mechanism for interindividual variation of AAP-induced MetS.","PeriodicalId":22963,"journal":{"name":"The World Journal of Biological Psychiatry","volume":"40 1","pages":"467 - 474"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-04-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74834895","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-04-26DOI: 10.3109/15622975.2016.1156742
Avinash Ramyead, E. Studerus, M. Kometer, U. Heitz, U. Gschwandtner, P. Fuhr, A. Riecher-Rössler
Abstract Objectives: In chronic schizophrenic psychoses, oscillatory abnormalities predominantly occur in prefrontal cortical regions and are associated with reduced communication across cortical areas. Nevertheless, it remains unclear whether similar alterations can be observed in patients with a first episode of psychosis (FEP), a state characterised by pathological features occurring in both late prodromal patients and initial phases of frank schizophrenic psychoses. Methods: We assessed resting-state electroencephalographic data of 31 antipsychotic-naïve FEP patients and 29 healthy controls (HC). We investigated the three-dimensional (3D) current source density (CSD) distribution and lagged phase synchronisation (LPS) of oscillations across small-scale and large-scale brain networks. We additionally investigated LPS relationships with clinical symptoms using linear mixed-effects models. Results: Compared to HC, FEP patients demonstrated abnormal CSD distributions in frontal areas of the brain; while decreased oscillations were found in the low frequencies, an increase was reported in the high frequencies (P < 0.01). Patients also exhibited deviant LPS in the high frequencies, whose dynamics changed over increasing 3D cortico-cortical distances and increasing psychotic symptoms. Conclusions: These results indicate that in addition to prefrontal cortical abnormalities, altered synchronised neural oscillations are also present, suggesting possible disruptions in cortico-cortical communications. These findings provide new insights into the pathophysiological mechanisms of emerging schizophrenic psychoses.
{"title":"Neural oscillations in antipsychotic-naïve patients with a first psychotic episode","authors":"Avinash Ramyead, E. Studerus, M. Kometer, U. Heitz, U. Gschwandtner, P. Fuhr, A. Riecher-Rössler","doi":"10.3109/15622975.2016.1156742","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3109/15622975.2016.1156742","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Objectives: In chronic schizophrenic psychoses, oscillatory abnormalities predominantly occur in prefrontal cortical regions and are associated with reduced communication across cortical areas. Nevertheless, it remains unclear whether similar alterations can be observed in patients with a first episode of psychosis (FEP), a state characterised by pathological features occurring in both late prodromal patients and initial phases of frank schizophrenic psychoses. Methods: We assessed resting-state electroencephalographic data of 31 antipsychotic-naïve FEP patients and 29 healthy controls (HC). We investigated the three-dimensional (3D) current source density (CSD) distribution and lagged phase synchronisation (LPS) of oscillations across small-scale and large-scale brain networks. We additionally investigated LPS relationships with clinical symptoms using linear mixed-effects models. Results: Compared to HC, FEP patients demonstrated abnormal CSD distributions in frontal areas of the brain; while decreased oscillations were found in the low frequencies, an increase was reported in the high frequencies (P < 0.01). Patients also exhibited deviant LPS in the high frequencies, whose dynamics changed over increasing 3D cortico-cortical distances and increasing psychotic symptoms. Conclusions: These results indicate that in addition to prefrontal cortical abnormalities, altered synchronised neural oscillations are also present, suggesting possible disruptions in cortico-cortical communications. These findings provide new insights into the pathophysiological mechanisms of emerging schizophrenic psychoses.","PeriodicalId":22963,"journal":{"name":"The World Journal of Biological Psychiatry","volume":"64 1","pages":"296 - 307"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-04-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84982098","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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