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Notifiable diseases are legally designated due to their epidemic potential, requiring mandatory reporting by healthcare professionals to support public health surveillance and control. This narrative review analyzes weaknesses in the compulsory notification process, with emphasis on dengue, revealing critical gaps in surveillance systems and health data reporting globally. A structured literature search was conducted in PubMed, Scopus, and SciELO, including articles in English, Portuguese, and Spanish. Inclusion criteria focused on studies related to dengue surveillance, underreporting, health information systems, and notification policies. The findings demonstrate persistent failures in data collection, diagnostic confirmation, and reporting practices, which compromise the accuracy of epidemiological indicators and hinder timely responses. These limitations reflect broader challenges in dengue control. Strengthening surveillance infrastructure and reporting protocols is essential to mitigate underreporting and improve decision-making in public health.

Hot pepper is a vital vegetable crop traditionally valued for its commercial importance and role in rural economies, with its fruits consumed fresh, dried, processed, or used as condiments. Hot pepper wilt, a complex disease caused by various soilborne pathogens, significantly influenced hot pepper crops. This study is aimed at evaluating the combined effects of compost application, host resistance, and chemical treatments on seeds and seedlings in managing this disease, as well as its effect on yield. Eighteen treatment combinations were tested in a split-split plot design with three replications. The findings showed highly significant differences (p ≤ 0.001) in disease severity, area under disease progress curve (AUDPC), and agronomic traits across the treatment combinations. The study found that the Melka Zala variety, when treated with Apron Star and transplanted into compost-treated plots, exhibited the lowest disease severity (23%), AUDPC (478.33%-days), and disease progress rate (0.0034 units/day). In contrast, the Mareko Fana variety, grown in compost-untreated and control plots, showed the highest disease severity (54%), AUDPC (1426.67%-days), and disease progress rate (0.0114 units/day). Additionally, Melka Zala yielded the highest marketable fruit yield (2.42 t ha^-1) and total fruit yield (2.47 t ha^-1) when the seeds and seedlings were treated with Apron Star Fungicide and transplanted into compost-treated plots. Treating Melka Zala seeds and seedlings with Apron Star fungicide and transplanting them into compost-treated plots resulted in twice the net benefit and marketable fruit yield compared to other treatment combinations. In conclusion, using the Melka Zala variety treated with Apron Star and grown in compost-treated plots effectively controlled the disease and improved yield, suggesting this approach as a viable strategy for farmers in the study area and similar agroecological zones to manage wilt disease.

An ethnobotanical study was conducted to document the plant-based indigenous knowledge of the people on the utilization of these medicinal plant resources in Ensaro District, North Shewa Zone, Ethiopia. A total of 100 informants were sampled from four study sites, and a variety of ethnobotanical methods were applied, including semistructured interviews, field observations, and direct matrix rankings. The vast source of traditional healing knowledge of plant species conveyed from one generation to the next by word of mouth was in a family member. Totally 47 plant species were identified from the study site. These 47 medicinal plants belong to 44 genera and 31 families. Of these, 21 species are used for the treatment of livestock ailments only, and 26 species are reported for the treatment of both human and livestock ailments. These medicinal plants are used to treat about nine types of animal ailments and eight types of animal and human ailments. Family Solanaceae, Lamiaceae, and Asteraceae were represented by the highest number of five medicinal plant species, followed by the Fabaceae with three, Rutaceae two, and the remaining family representing one species. Of the total medicinal plant species, 24 species (51%) were shrubs, 16 species (34%) were herbs, and 2 species (4%) were trees, whereas 4 species (9%) were climbers. Most of them have medicinal properties in their leaf, bark, root, stem, flower, seeds, and fruits. Medicine from these plant parts is prepared in fresh, dried, and both fresh and dried states. Data showed that retained placenta had the highest informant consensus factor (ICF) value (1.00), followed by anthrax and eye infection (0.9), diarrhea (0.896), rabies (0.888), leech infestation (0.808), and snake poisoning (0.750). The highest fidelity level (FL) values were obtained for the plants Sideroxylon oxyacanthum treating leech infestation, Inula confertiflora used to treat eye infection, and Nicotiana tabacum also for leech infestation. Therefore, further phytochemical investigations need to be conducted on the above-listed plants with the highest FL values, which may indicate their higher potential against the respective ailments. Due to high population growth, the expansion of urban areas, and the need for more farming lands, there are significant challenges in conserving ethnoveterinary medicinal plants. The existing conservation efforts undertaken by the local community are insufficient to address the loss of plant species from their natural habitats. Therefore, it is imperative to implement both in situ and ex situ conservation strategies based on the nature of medicinal plants.

The outbreak of COVID-19 took the world by surprise and dealt a serious blow to the global economy. Even today, few drugs against SARS-CoV-2 infection have been proven useful, and repurposing existing antiviral therapies remains a major research area in the treatment of the disease. During previous viral outbreaks, therapies using convalescent plasma and related products have repeatedly been used as empirical approaches. Rapid preparation of convalescent plasma and hyperimmune globulins (hIVIGs) makes these two treatment options useful in dealing with outbreaks of emerging diseases. The current study presents a systematic roadmap concerning the guidelines, criteria, and regulations involved in plasma transfusion and the preparation of hIVIGs applicable to possible future viral outbreaks.

Crop yield prediction is a critical aspect of agricultural planning and resource allocation, with outlier detection algorithms playing a vital role in refining the accuracy of predictive models. This research focuses on optimizing crop yield prediction in the Davangere region through a thorough analysis of outlier detection algorithms applied to the local agricultural dataset. Six prominent algorithms, including isolation forest, elliptic envelope, one-class SVM, iterative R, spatial singular value decomposition (SSVD), and spatial multiview outlier detection (SMVOD), are systematically evaluated. The study emphasizes the significance of accurate crop yield predictions in local agriculture and assesses each algorithm's performance using precision, recall, accuracy, and F1 score metrics. Elliptic envelope demonstrates its efficacy in handling the unique characteristics of the Davangere dataset. This method demonstrated improved performance in refining the crop yield prediction model by identifying and removing outliers, thereby contributing to more accurate predictions and optimized planning in the dynamic landscape of the Davangere region.

Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology (KNUST) established a waste segregation system that provided plastic waste to feed a plastic recycling facility to improve solid waste management in 2017. However, since the establishment of the segregation system, there has not been any assessment to ascertain its efficiency. Hence, this research seeks to assess the efficiency of KNUST's waste segregation system. The study utilized a quantitative research approach method to assess the efficiency of the segregation system. A total of 500 randomly selected participants, including students, lecturers, administrators, cleaners, and other staff, participated in the survey. Also, to ascertain the efficiency of the segregation system, through stratified random sampling, 67 bins were selected for the segregation of plastic waste. The results indicated poor attitudes towards segregation, low adherence, and ineffectiveness. Analysis of the waste components generated on campus revealed that 64.7% of the participants generated paper as part of the total waste produced, a substantial 83.5% generated plastics, 82.5% generated food waste, and 28.2% generated tins/cans. A corresponding 9.4%, 11.24%, and 4.4% generated fiber bags, glass, and other waste types, respectively. The plastic waste stream consists of polyethylene terephthalate (PET), high-density polyethylene (HDPE), low-density polyethylene (LDPE), and polystyrene (PS). Of the participants, 43.9% knew about waste segregation on campus, and 75.5% had seen the bins. Of the participants, 56.5% knew what the color codes of the bins meant. Barriers to effective segregation included low publicity, insufficient bins, and low monitoring. Management should intensify publicity, introduce more bins, and diversify the system.

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1155/2021/8868479.].

The inhabitants of the village of Mampa have developed a rich corpus of knowledge and practices for treating pathologies using plants that are worthy of preservation, perpetuation, and promotion. They draw on the region's rich biodiversity, particularly in the Miombo clear forest. However, to date, no documentation of their ethnomedicinal knowledge exists. This descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted between November 2022 and October 2023. It employed a direct, face-to-face interview with the Mampa village population and a guide questionnaire. A total of 400 respondents were included in the study (sex ratio M/F = 0.9; mean age: 48.0 ± 4.0 years; experience: 14.5 ± 2.0 years), and the majority (93.8%) reported that they learned about plants from their families. These individuals mainly use plants as a first-line treatment (100%) and provided information on 38 plants. The most commonly cited species were Anisophyllea pomifera and Brachystegia boehmii with 46 citations, while the most commonly used plant was Landolphia kirkii with six recorded uses. This is the first report of Entandrophragma delevoyi and Pterocarpus brenanii as medicinal plants. Most of these plants are trees, comprising 29 from 23 genera belonging to 24 families, with a notable prevalence of Fabaceae (10 plants). Thirty-two diseases are indicated for treatment, with a predominance of gastrointestinal disorders (8 recipes, 7 plants, 152 citations). The root is the most used organ, with 21 recipes and 14 plants, while decoction is the most common preparation method, with 41 recipes and 19 plants. This study's findings indicate that a significant number of medicinal plants are used in traditional Mampa medicine to treat various diseases. Some of these species are endemic to the Miombo biodiversity, while others are shared with other cultures and regions. A series of pharmacological studies are currently underway to validate some of the reported plant indications.

Nigerian soils are generally light-textured and have a low cation exchange capacity, crucial for retaining exchangeable cations like calcium, which enhances tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) shelf life. Therefore, screenhouse studies were conducted to assess the effects of calcium fertilizers on soil chemical properties and tomato growth, yield, quality, and shelf life. Five Ca fertilizer sources were tested: no fertilizer, calcium sulfate, calcium nitrate, poultry manure, and cow bone biochar. Each was applied at 160 kg Ca ha^-1 in a completely randomized design replicated three times. The soil used was classified as Alfisol. Results showed that applying different Ca sources improved soil chemical properties (organic matter, N, P, K, Ca, and Mg), plant growth (height and stem diameter), yield (fruit number and weight), and the mineral content of tomatoes. Results showed that calcium sulfate increased the Ca content of the soil by 1.25%, 9.82%, 20.11%, and 704% compared to calcium nitrate, poultry manure, biochar, and the control, respectively. Poultry manure enhances growth and yields the most due to its balanced nutrient supply. Poultry manure increased plant height by 10.1%, 11.2%, 20.3%, and 45.2% compared to calcium nitrate, calcium sulfate, biochar, and the control, respectively. Similarly, tomato fruit yield increased by 22.5%, 20.16%, 83.4%, and 382.5% relative to calcium nitrate, calcium sulfate, biochar, and the control, respectively. Relative to calcium nitrate, poultry manure, biochar, and control, calcium sulfate treatment reduced weight loss of tomato by 24.81%, 55.59%, 61.19%, and 104.99% and increased shelf life by 14.78%, 29.79%, 36.42%, and 69.44%, respectively. This effectiveness was attributed to its high Ca content. While poultry manure was effective in enhancing tomato yield and quality, it was not as effective as calcium sulfate in extending shelf life and reducing weight loss. Thus, future research should focus on the potential integration of poultry manure with calcium sulfate to develop an amendment that could improve yield, quality, and shelf life of tomatoes.

Solanum baumii Chatan and Promprom, a new species from Mukdahan Province, Phu Pha Yol National Park, northeastern Thailand, is morphologically described and illustrated. It is similar to Solanum barbisetum Nees and Solanum praetermissum Kerr ex Barnett, but it clearly differs from two latter species in several ways. Its young stems are armed with very few and thin prickles, which become unarmed as they age, with brownish-green prickles in live plants. The flowers are 4-5-merous, and the calyx tube is 5.0-5.5 mm long with brownish-green prickles, while the corolla is always white. The androecium consists of 4-5 stamens. The ovaries are glabrous except for sparsely glandular hairs near the apex, and the fruits are 1.0-1.2 cm in diameter, green at maturity. A key to these closely related species is presented. The preliminary conservation status was assessed, and the distinct morphological characters between the new and similar species were discussed.