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A CONTRASTIVE STUDY OF SEMANTIC CHANGE IN ENGLISH AND ARABIC 英语和阿拉伯语语义变化对比研究
Pub Date : 2023-09-30 DOI: 10.37867/te150333
Dr. Jagdish Joshi, Iman Hameed Faraj Al Awadi
Semantic change refers to the way in which the meaning of a word changes over long or short stretches of time. It can be internally or externally motivated .The equivalent to the paradigm in morphology is ,in semantics , the word field in which words and their meanings stand in a network of relationships .The alteration of meaning occurs because words are constantly used and what is intended by speakers is not exactly the same each time .If a different intention for a word is shared by the speech community and becomes established in usage then a semantic change has occurred. This study is divided into three sections , the first is devoted to semantic change in English ,while the second is going to discuss it in Arabic ; however ,the third section will shed light on some samples chosen from the two languages to show how semantic change practically takes place across their history .The aim of this research is to state the stages of those two languages` development ,types of semantic change ,reasons and processes of word formation in each language . The following conclusions are shown: 1. Semantic change is , just like other types of linguistic change , continuous, not sudden but gradual and universal . 2. Gaps in the historical record between the identifiable stages called for the loss of the middle stage of Arabic , on the one hand , and produced the illusion of discontinuity between Anglo-Saxon and Middle English and between Middle English and Modern English , on the other hand . 3. Causes of semantic change are either linguistic or extra –linguistic . 4. As far as these two languages are concerned , they have passed different stages and were subject to different political and social factors , yet they have almost the same types .
语义变化是指一个词的意思在长时间或短时间内发生变化的方式。在语义学上,与形态学上的范式相对应的是词场,在这个词场中,词及其意义处于一个关系网络中。意义的变化之所以发生,是因为词被不断地使用,说话者每次的意图并不完全相同。如果一个词的不同意图为言语群体所共有,并在使用中得到确立,那么语义上的变化就发生了。本研究分为三个部分,第一部分研究英语中的语义变化,第二部分讨论阿拉伯语中的语义变化;然而,第三部分将阐明从两种语言中选择的一些样本,以显示语义变化在其历史上是如何发生的。本研究的目的是陈述这两种语言发展的阶段,语义变化的类型,每种语言的构词原因和过程。得出以下结论:1。语义变化和其他语言变化一样,是连续的,不是突然的,而是渐进的,普遍的。2. 在可识别的阶段之间的历史记录的空白一方面要求阿拉伯语中间阶段的丧失,另一方面产生了盎格鲁-撒克逊英语和中世纪英语以及中世纪英语和现代英语之间不连续性的错觉。3.语义变化的原因既有语言上的,也有语言外的。4. 就这两种语言而言,它们经历了不同的阶段,受到不同的政治和社会因素的影响,但它们的类型几乎是相同的。
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引用次数: 0
GERMANY NEEDS SKILLED INDIAN MIGRANT LABOUR 德国需要熟练的印度移民劳工
Pub Date : 2023-09-30 DOI: 10.37867/te150332
Rohit Maurya, Dr. Vinai Kumar Donthula
Germany is the fourth largest economy in the world, after the USA, China, and Japan, but Germany still needs huge amount of skilled labour especially skilled Indian migrant labour. This Study provides a descriptive analysis of the need for skilled Indian migrant labour in Germany, and according to BAMF (the federal office for migration and refugees), most highly educated Indians are shifting to Germany every year, not only for higher education and employment but also for business purposes, and Germany also needs them, for whom the Federal Republic of Germany tries to make an attractive immigration policy as well as act for skilled workers. But question is arising: why does Germany need skilled Indian migrant labour? Why does Germany want the most a greater number of Indian migrants except Chinese migrants? What does Germany do to attract Indian Migrants? What is the policy for them if they want to work there and try to integrate into German society? This Study was carried out using the labour migration and pull and push migration theory as a method, which includes newspapers, magazines, books, documents from government agencies, related articles, annual reports etc.
德国是世界第四大经济体,仅次于美国、中国和日本,但德国仍然需要大量的熟练劳动力,尤其是熟练的印度移民劳动力。本研究提供了对德国熟练印度移民劳工需求的描述性分析,根据BAMF(联邦移民和难民办公室),大多数受过高等教育的印度人每年都转移到德国,不仅是为了高等教育和就业,而且是为了商业目的,德国也需要他们,德意志联邦共和国试图制定有吸引力的移民政策,以及为熟练工人采取行动。但问题来了:为什么德国需要熟练的印度移民劳工?为什么德国想要更多的印度移民,而不是中国移民?德国做了什么来吸引印度移民?如果他们想在德国工作,并试图融入德国社会,对他们的政策是什么?本研究以劳动力迁移和“拉推迁移”理论为研究方法,研究资料包括报纸、杂志、书籍、政府机关文件、相关文章、年度报告等。
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引用次数: 0
ADI SHANKARACHARYA’S HAGIOGRAPHY AND FIVEFOLD DISCIPLINE TO BRING OUT PERFECTION IN HUMAN Adi shankaracharya的圣典和五重戒律带来了人类的完美
Pub Date : 2023-09-30 DOI: 10.37867/te150323
Ujwala U. Kothawade
Homo species in creation have special quality ‘organic capacity’ to explore both the outer and inner worlds, means man has knowledge of secular as well as spiritual knowledge. That’s why human birth is considered as most rare birth, in this life only he gets the opportunity to conquer lower nature and manifest the higher. With the development of science and technology man tries to control nature and become civilized and cultured. He knows the world better but he must know himself is first step is most important for spiritual destiny as well as for the welfare of humanity. Human being has an animal instinct to evolve himself he has to do special efforts which is known as ‘Sadhana’. Through science progress and technology development man achieved comforts in his life but lost the peace of mind due to which he is unable to enjoy life any more. Our ancient seers had given us the most precious tools (Sadhana) as per individual needs, at different times he may require different Sadhana. According to our ancient scriptures to bring out change in human beings Sadhana plays a vital role. Sadhana means continuous endurance with firm determination to realize ultimate goal of human life. Bring out divinity in every individual which help to reform society; ultimately develop peace and harmony will go together hand in hand in the world.
创造中的人具有探索外在和内在世界的特殊“有机能力”,这意味着人既具有世俗知识,又具有精神知识。这就是为什么人的出生被认为是最难得的出生,在这一生中,只有他有机会征服低级的本性,表现出更高的本性。随着科学技术的发展,人类试图控制自然,变得文明和有教养。他更了解世界,但他必须了解自己,这是对精神命运和人类福祉最重要的第一步。人类有一种进化自己的动物本能,他必须做出特殊的努力,这被称为“仪轨”。通过科学的进步和技术的发展,人们获得了生活的舒适,但却失去了内心的平静,无法再享受生活。我们的古代先知给了我们最宝贵的工具(仪轨),每个人的需要,在不同的时间他可能需要不同的仪轨。根据我们古老的经典,为人类带来改变,修行起着至关重要的作用。修行意味着以坚定的决心持续地忍耐,以实现人生的终极目标。激发每个人的神性,帮助改革社会;最终,世界和平与和谐将齐头并进。
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引用次数: 0
THE INFLUENCE OF SCHOOL PRINCIPAL’S LEADERSHIP STYLES ON THE PERFORMANCE OF TEACHERS IN THE TIME OF COVID-19 PANDEMIC 新冠肺炎大流行时期学校校长领导风格对教师绩效的影响
Pub Date : 2023-09-30 DOI: 10.37867/te150315
Peter Lameck Mduwile, Prof. Dulumoni Goswami
The purpose of this study was to determine the leadership styles used by the school principals that enhance the performance of teachers in the time of the Covid-19 pandemic in public high schools in Bandung city. The study employed Mixed Methods approach with an embedded mixed research design. The study sample comprised of 164 teachers and other research informants consisted of 4 school principals and vice-school principals and 40 students. The study employed purposive and simple random sampling techniques. Primary data were collected with the help of online questionnaire. Both qualitative and quantitative data were used sequentially. Quantitative data from the questionnaire were coded and summarized using descriptive statistics, measures of variability, frequency distribution, and percentages. They were analyzed by using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 21. The Path-Goal theory was a leading theory in this study. The results showed the theory was related to the study as far as aims were the performance of teachers was influenced by school principal leadership styles. The results revealed that school principals practiced democratic leadership styles during the Covid-19 pandemic to influence the performance of teachers in the time of Covid-19 Pandemic whereby in democratic leadership style, communication, decision making, and delegation were highly practiced by school principals throughout public schools in Bandung city. The study, therefore, recommends that Online pedagogical training should be introduced and provided to all teachers on how to integrate material resources with media during online teaching, national educational policy should be amended to emphasis much on technological skills during teachers training so to prepare them to have technological skills which will be vital during any crisis like Covid-19 pandemic.
本研究的目的是确定万隆市公立高中校长在Covid-19大流行时期提高教师绩效所使用的领导风格。本研究采用嵌入式混合研究设计的混合方法。研究样本包括164名教师和其他研究信息提供者,包括4名校长和副校长以及40名学生。本研究采用有目的的简单随机抽样技术。通过在线问卷收集初步数据。定性和定量资料依次使用。通过描述性统计、变异性测量、频率分布和百分比对问卷中的定量数据进行编码和总结。使用社会科学统计软件包(SPSS)第21版对其进行分析。路径-目标理论是本研究的主导理论。结果表明,该理论与本研究的目的是相关的,即教师的绩效受到学校校长领导风格的影响。结果显示,学校校长在新冠肺炎大流行期间实行民主领导风格,以影响教师在新冠肺炎大流行期间的表现,万隆市公立学校的校长在民主领导风格、沟通、决策和授权方面得到了高度的实践。因此,该研究建议,应引入在线教学培训,并向所有教师提供如何在在线教学中整合材料资源和媒体的培训,应修改国家教育政策,在教师培训期间更加强调技术技能,使他们做好准备,掌握在Covid-19大流行等任何危机期间至关重要的技术技能。
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引用次数: 0
THE INTERTWINING CRISIS OF PERSONAL AND POLITICAL MEMORY IN THE SELECT NOVELS OF KHALED HOSSEINI 卡勒德·侯赛尼精选小说中个人与政治记忆交织的危机
Pub Date : 2023-09-30 DOI: 10.37867/te150308
M. Anu, Dr. S. Boopathi
The current paper investigates the parallel vision of personal and the political memory of Afghan’s in the novels of Khaled Hosseini. In his novel The Kite Runner and A Thousand Splendid Suns, war was a game changer. He cooked up the novels with his personal childhood memories and added spices of political memory with a pinch of fictional elements. Focusing on the political disaster and the consequences of war, people of Afghan’s suffers from turmoil of war, sexual harassment, patriarchal society, illegitimate child, extramarital affairs, lack of health center and ethnic culture tension. The trauma deals with the flashbulb memories which demystify and comprehend the various ethoses. The interconnecting issues of the political memory affect the normal life of every afghan in the city which was brilliantly penned by the author in both his novels. This study takes up the concern of logical statements towards the eternal pains of the memory of the ethoses due to the devastating war.
本文考察了卡勒德·胡塞尼小说中阿富汗人的个人记忆和政治记忆的平行视野。在他的小说《追风筝的人》和《灿烂千日》中,战争改变了游戏规则。他在小说中加入了自己的童年记忆,并在政治记忆中加入了一些虚构的元素。关注政治灾难和战争的后果,阿富汗人民遭受战争的动荡,性骚扰,男权社会,私生子,婚外情,缺乏医疗中心和民族文化紧张。创伤涉及闪光灯记忆,它揭开了各种精神的神秘面纱并理解了这些精神。政治记忆的相互关联的问题影响着城市中每个阿富汗人的正常生活,作者在他的两部小说中都写得很好。本研究以逻辑陈述的方式,关注因毁灭性的战争而带来的民族记忆的永恒痛苦。
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引用次数: 0
IDENTITY, ETHNIC CUISINE, AND COOKING TECHNIQUES OF THE TAI-KHAMYANG TRIBE IN ASSAM, INDIA 印度阿萨姆邦tai-khamyang部落的身份、民族美食和烹饪技术
Pub Date : 2023-09-30 DOI: 10.37867/te150331
Suprity Shyam, Hemen Sarma
The traditional knowledge of the Tai-Khamyang, a small tribe in Assam, has been presented, with a focus on their food sources, cooking methods, identity, and sociocultural significance. The use of wild plants as healthy and nutritious vegetables is very common among the Tai-Khamyang. These are cooked with rice, which is the most important crop consumed by this community, whether as a sweet and salty dessert or as a staple diet prepared from it. Different varieties of rice (Oryza sativa) are cultivated, viz., lahi, bora, joha and black rice, and consumed in various forms. Bora rice is primarily consumed by making snacks and desserts from it. Lahi rice balls wrapped in Phrynium imbricatum leaves are especially served at special occasions and ceremonies. Fermented foods such as bamboo shoot are commonly used as accompaniments for rice dishes. This article focuses on the use of various plants as ingredients in traditionally prepared foods which reflects the unique identity of this minor group of people.
介绍了阿萨姆邦一个小部落Tai-Khamyang的传统知识,重点介绍了他们的食物来源、烹饪方法、身份和社会文化意义。使用野生植物作为健康和营养的蔬菜在太khamyang中是非常普遍的。这些都是用米饭煮的,米饭是这个社区消费的最重要的作物,无论是作为甜的和咸的甜点,还是作为主食。种植不同品种的水稻(Oryza sativa),即拉米、博拉米、约翰米和黑米,并以各种形式消费。博拉米主要用于制作小吃和甜点。腊喜饭团包在白杨叶子里,特别在特殊场合和仪式上食用。发酵食品,如竹笋,通常被用作米饭的佐餐。本文重点介绍了在传统制备食品中使用各种植物作为成分,这反映了这一少数民族的独特身份。
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引用次数: 0
THE GEOPOLITICS OF GILGIT-BALTISTAN: ANALYSING INDIA, PAKISTAN, AND CHINA PERSPECTIVES 吉尔吉特-巴尔蒂斯坦的地缘政治:分析印度、巴基斯坦和中国的观点
Pub Date : 2023-09-30 DOI: 10.37867/te150327
Sandip Kumar Singh
The region of Gilgit-Baltistan, of significant strategic significance, has been a topic of contention between India and Pakistan since their respective declarations of independence in 1947. The territory stated above, located in the northernmost part of Pakistan, plays a vital role as a key gateway to the Central Asian region. It is generally seen as an important geopolitical asset due to its near proximity to China's Xinjiang province. This article provides a thorough analysis of the contemporary geopolitical dynamics in Gilgit-Baltistan, with a focus on the historical backdrop, the current political and economic circumstances, and the possible implications for the security and stability of the region. The region of Gilgit-Baltistan, located in the northernmost part of Pakistan, has considerable strategic importance. The region in issue, which shares borders with China, Afghanistan, and India, has a complex and contested historical context that has had a substantial influence on its contemporary political and economic conditions. The territory of Gilgit-Baltistan has attracted considerable attention in recent years due to its strategic location along the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) and its crucial role as a gateway to Central Asia. The objective of this essay is to provide a thorough analysis of the strategic importance of Gilgit-Baltistan, including its historical background, geopolitical significance, and prospective implications for regional security and stability. The region of Gilgit-Baltistan, located in the Himalayas and Karakoram mountains, has acquired considerable geopolitical significance due to its strategic location and contested legal standing. The perspectives of India, Pakistan, and China about Gilgit-Baltistan provide valuable insights into the intricate interaction of interests, historical narratives, and geopolitical strategies that shape the dynamics of the region. This article engages in a comprehensive analysis of the viewpoints espoused by three influential actors, evaluating the possible ramifications for the stability of the region. The geopolitical landscape of Gilgit-Baltistan is a complex and intricate puzzle, characterised by the intricate interaction of historical narratives, strategic considerations, and regional dynamics. The Indian position focuses considerable stress on the notion of sovereignty, whereas Pakistan's standpoint is largely centred on the concept of self-determination. In contrast, China's approach is primarily focused on the concepts of connectivity and economic growth. Given the convergence and intersection of the aforementioned perspectives, the trajectory of the region's future remains ambiguous, thereby making it an illustrative instance of broader global dynamics concerning power struggles and cooperative endeavours.
吉尔吉特-巴尔蒂斯坦地区具有重要的战略意义,自1947年印度和巴基斯坦各自宣布独立以来,该地区一直是两国争论的话题。上述领土位于巴基斯坦最北端,作为通往中亚地区的关键门户,发挥着至关重要的作用。由于靠近中国新疆省,它通常被视为一项重要的地缘政治资产。本文对吉尔吉特-巴尔蒂斯坦的当代地缘政治动态进行了全面分析,重点关注历史背景、当前的政治和经济环境,以及对该地区安全与稳定的可能影响。吉尔吉特-巴尔蒂斯坦地区位于巴基斯坦最北部,具有相当重要的战略意义。该地区与中国、阿富汗和印度接壤,具有复杂而有争议的历史背景,对其当代政治和经济状况产生了重大影响。吉尔吉特-巴尔蒂斯坦的领土近年来吸引了相当多的关注,因为它位于中巴经济走廊(CPEC)沿线的战略位置,以及作为通往中亚门户的关键作用。本文的目的是对吉尔吉特-巴尔蒂斯坦的战略重要性进行全面分析,包括其历史背景、地缘政治意义以及对地区安全与稳定的潜在影响。吉尔吉特-巴尔蒂斯坦地区位于喜马拉雅山和喀喇昆仑山脉,由于其战略位置和有争议的法律地位,已经获得了相当大的地缘政治意义。印度、巴基斯坦和中国对吉尔吉特-巴尔蒂斯坦的看法,为塑造该地区动态的利益、历史叙述和地缘政治战略之间错综复杂的相互作用提供了宝贵的见解。本文全面分析了三个有影响力的行动者所支持的观点,评估了对该地区稳定可能产生的影响。吉尔吉特-巴尔蒂斯坦的地缘政治景观是一个复杂而错综复杂的谜题,其特点是历史叙述、战略考虑和地区动态之间错综复杂的相互作用。印度的立场相当强调主权的概念,而巴基斯坦的立场主要集中在自决的概念上。相比之下,中国的做法主要侧重于互联互通和经济增长的概念。鉴于上述观点的汇合和交叉,该区域未来的轨迹仍然不明确,从而使其成为有关权力斗争和合作努力的更广泛的全球动态的一个说明实例。
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引用次数: 0
CLASSICAL FOLK ART & MARTIAL ART: THE SOUL, STRENGTH & SCIENCE OF LIFE OF INDIA 古典民间艺术武术:灵魂,力量和;印度的生命科学
Pub Date : 2023-09-30 DOI: 10.37867/te150321
Dr. Heena L. Patel
Art, Culture, Traditions, Customs, Trends one and the other ways reflecting the human life. Thousands of years before scholars of the Art and literature had created them for the wisdom of human being and social welfare. Art and literature are the source of innate peace and pleasure. They many of the times teaches the art of ‘Yagna’ and ‘Yudhha’. They give proof of the existence of the different Eras come in human life. They are the witness of the rules and various rulers. They connect the modern man with the Ancient and the Spiritual life left behind centuries to centuries. The religious scriptures play important roles in creation of the Art and the literature. Presented research paper focuses on the extreme valuable role of the classical art aand Classical war Art (Martial Art of India) which were the part of Spiritual culture of ‘Bharat Varsha’. It has immense knowledge of the health, prosperity, worshipping, religion, science, the peace, pleasure and strength of human life and which is the ultimate goal of the Art. Years and years various rulers came and they establish their own colours of the culture with Ancient Art of India. Thus it got the changed colours century by century. Art became dead, the artists became worthless, aimless and some of them changed their ways to be with the art thus by pleasing and respecting the rulers changed the form of Art. However, the intentions of the art changed, the worth got changed, the art became full of life with the modern time too. Tradition of leading the art of Gayan, Vadan, Nritya made live not only thousands of families generation to generation but also gave the Classical Art with new form, meaning, wisdom, worth and spirituality. The wars got ended yet the war of modern life doesn’t get ended. As a reason the aim of life doesn’t become goal of life but pursuing the potential identification and giving mode to the human life as per that.
艺术、文化、传统、习俗、趋势等反映人类生活的方式。早在几千年前,文艺界的学者们就为了人类的智慧和社会的福祉而创造了它们。艺术和文学是天生的平静和快乐的源泉。他们很多时候教导“Yagna”和“Yudhha”的艺术。它们证明了人类生活中不同时代的存在。他们是规则和各种统治者的见证。它们将现代人与古人以及几个世纪以来遗留下来的精神生活联系起来。宗教经典在艺术和文学创作中发挥着重要作用。所提出的研究论文侧重于古典艺术和古典战争艺术(印度武术)的极端有价值的作用,这是“Bharat Varsha”精神文化的一部分。它对健康、繁荣、崇拜、宗教、科学、和平、快乐和人类生活的力量有着丰富的知识,这是艺术的最终目标。年复一年,不同的统治者来了,他们用古老的印度艺术建立了自己的文化色彩。因此,它的颜色一个世纪一个世纪地变化着。艺术死了,艺术家变得毫无价值,漫无目的,他们中的一些人改变了与艺术相处的方式,因此,通过取悦和尊重统治者,改变了艺术的形式。然而,随着时代的发展,艺术的意图发生了变化,价值发生了变化,艺术也变得富有生命力。Gayan, Vadan, Nritya引领艺术的传统不仅使千家万户代代相传,而且赋予了古典艺术新的形式、意义、智慧、价值和灵性。战争结束了,但现代生活的战争并没有结束。因此,人生的目的并没有成为人生的目标,而是追求人生的潜在认同和赋予人生模式。
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引用次数: 0
A STUDY OF MULTIPLE ENTRY AND EXIT FACILITY OFFERED BY NATIONAL EDUCATION POLICY 2020 2020年国家教育政策提供的多重出入境设施研究
Pub Date : 2023-09-30 DOI: 10.37867/te150322
Dr. Padmavati S. Undale
The present research paper describes the multiple entry and exit facility given in National Education Polity 2020. Higher education is the platform, where the youth can develop their expertise and become ready to contribute in the nation development. It is the role of higher education institution to provide the quality education to gain wisdom, to inculcate skills to become financial independent and to develop proper attitude to use this knowledge and skills for the betterment of the society. National Education Policy 2020 has been designed to bridge the gap between the current state of learning outcomes and the required learning outcomes. This policy is aligned with Sustainable Development Goal 4. There are some challenges while implementing multiple entry and exit policy such as designing curriculum and syllabus, controlling drop-out rate, storing and maintaining the records, coordinating with multiple higher education institutions, Multiple exits may create lack of assurance of continuity in learning. Beside these challenges, there are some opportunities also such as facility to utilize credits earned, flexibility in learning may encourage to get more learning experiences, enrich learning experiences, increase in inclusion in education.
本研究描述了《国家教育政策2020》中给出的多重进出设施。高等教育是一个平台,年轻人可以在这里发展他们的专业知识,为国家的发展做贡献。高等教育机构的角色是提供获得智慧的优质教育,灌输经济独立的技能,并培养正确的态度,利用这些知识和技能来改善社会。《2020年国家教育政策》旨在弥合学习成果现状与所需学习成果之间的差距。这项政策符合可持续发展目标4。在实施多进多出政策的过程中,存在着课程与教学大纲的设计、辍学率的控制、记录的存储与维护、与多所高校的协调等方面的挑战,多出多出可能造成学习连续性的保障不足。除了这些挑战,也有一些机会,如便利地利用所获得的学分,学习的灵活性可能会鼓励获得更多的学习经验,丰富学习经验,增加教育的包容性。
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引用次数: 0
METAFICTIONAL EXPLORATIONS IN DETECTIVE FICTION: JULIAN BARNES'S ARTHUR & GEORGE AND POSTMODERN INTRICACIES 侦探小说中的元虚构探索:朱利安·巴恩斯的《亚瑟》乔治和后现代的错综复杂
Pub Date : 2023-09-30 DOI: 10.37867/te150350
Poojaba G Jadeja, Dr. Dilip Barad
This research paper delves into the intricate realm of postmodern detective fiction through an in-depth analysis of Julian Barnes's novel, Arthur & George. Detective fictions of Arthur Conan Doyle and Agatha Christie were formed following the notions of modernity and enlightenment ideals. However, postmodernism emerged as a counterforce to Enlightenment concepts, and detective fiction is no exception. Postmodern detective fiction subverts traditional detective story conventions through techniques such as metafiction, parody, and intertextuality. The present paper also explores fictions of postmodern authors like John Fowles, Umberto Eco, Paul Auster, and Jorge Luis Borges and their metafictional techniques to challenge the traditional detective's role and disrupt the boundary between fiction and reality with detailed analysis of these metafictional techniques in Julian Barnes’s novel Arthur & George.
本文通过对朱利安·巴恩斯(Julian Barnes)的小说《亚瑟》(Arthur &乔治。柯南·道尔和阿加莎·克里斯蒂的侦探小说是在现代性观念和启蒙理想的指引下形成的。然而,后现代主义作为启蒙思想的反作用力而出现,侦探小说也不例外。后现代侦探小说通过元小说、戏仿和互文性等手法颠覆了传统侦探小说的传统。本文还探讨了约翰·福尔斯、昂贝托·艾柯、保罗·奥斯特和豪尔赫·路易斯·博尔赫斯等后现代作家的小说及其元虚构手法,并详细分析了朱利安·巴恩斯的小说《亚瑟》中的元虚构手法,这些元虚构手法挑战了传统侦探的角色,打破了小说与现实的界限。乔治。
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引用次数: 0
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