Tieraerztliche Praxis Ausgabe Grosstiere Nutztiere最新文献

The aim of the presented study was to evaluate some selected biochemical values of a group of newborn Holstein calves after colostrum intake.Fifteen newborn Holstein calves of both sexes fed with high quality (Brix≥22%) colostrum were participated in our study. Blood samples were taken at birth (before colostrum intake) and after 24^th hours of feeding with colostrum. Serum samples were analyzed with Reflotron Plus biochemistry device. Analysis results were evaluated at SigmaPlot statistical program.It was observed that gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT), globulin (GLOB), total protein (TP), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), and total cholesterol (TCHOL) concentrations increased, albumin (ALB) concentration and albumin/globulin ratio (ALB/GLOB) decreased and calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), phosphorus (P), blood urea nitrogen (BUN) concentrations did not change after colostrum consumption.Although TP, GLOB and GGT levels are commonly used to determine passive immunity status in calves, changes in ALB, AST and TCHOL levels and ALB/GLOB may also be used to determine passive immune transfer in calves.

Vaccination is one of the most important measures for preventing infectious diseases. Vaccinations against tetanus and West-Nile-Virus are essential to protect the individual horse. These infections are not contagious and are not transmitted from animal to animal. By contrast, Equine Influenza and Equine-Herpes-Virus infections are highly contagious, transmissible diseases. In addition to protecting the vaccinated individual, vaccinating as many horses as possible aims at inducing a broad herd immunity, which interrupts infection chains and thus additionally protects the individual. Vaccination against tetanus, Equine Influenza and Equine-Herpes-Virus infections are core vaccinations for horses. The immunization against West-Nile-Virus is currently considered non-core and only recommended in the outbreak areas in eastern parts of Germany and, since 2024, in the entire lowlands of Northern Germany. Prospectively, depending on the future development of the epidemic, vaccination against West-Nile-Virus is likely to become core-component. It will then be recommended for the entire country. In addition to those already mentioned, there are marketing authorizations for vaccines against dermatomycosis, strangles, rotavirus infections, equine viral arteritis and rabies. Depending on the risk of exposure, the use of these vaccines can be highly advisable for individual cases.

Equine piroplasmosis (EP) is caused by Babesia (B.) caballi and Theileria (T.) equi and is transmitted by hard ticks. Predominantly, the Mediterranean region is known as being endemic for both pathogens in Europe. However, autochthonous infections in central European countries such as Germany can no longer be ruled out due to individual case reports in horses without any stays abroad as well as the geographical expansion of the habitats of different tick species. The case reports presented underline the risk of infection for horses travelling to endemic areas and in horses imported from such areas to non-endemic countries. Clinical signs are often unspecific and include fever, icterus, lethargy, inappetence, weight loss, and reduced performance. Mild to severe anemia is the most common hematologic abnormality, but thrombocytopenia has also been described. Direct (polymerase chain reaction, microscopical analysis of blood smears) and indirect detection methods (detection of antibodies) are available for the diagnosis of pathogen contact and/or infection. Imidocarb-dipropionate is recommended as treatment of choice against EP. Infections with B. caballi can be cleared, while infections with T. equi often result in a life-long carrier status despite treatment. Prevention is limited to controlling or avoiding tick contact. Aside from potentially severe and life-threatening clinical signs, equine piroplasmosis has a significant economic impact on the international trade of horses worldwide. EP is classified as a notifiable disease according to WOAH guidelines, which recommend serological screening for B. caballi and T. equi according to the respective national guidelines when travelling across borders. To date, EP is not classified as a notifiable nor reportable disease in Germany.

This case report describes the clinical findings, diagnostic procedures, therapeutic options, and the outcome in a llama suffering from idiopathic, necrolytic, neutrophilic hyperkeratosis (INNH) around the nares. The exact pathogenesis and etiology of this disease remains unknown up to now . To date, only a few reports on this condition are available in the scientific literature. Information regarding prevalence of this disease among South American camelids is lacking.The multimodal therapeutic measures (surgically, medically, physically) and the course of the disease are presented. A lasting clinical improvement was achieved, although complete healing did not occur.

In this study, a decision tree derived from scientific literature on selective dry cow therapy (ST), which was developed as a knowledge base for a digital expert system, was evaluated. The decision tree merges algorithmic (based on cell count results) and cultural (based on milk sample findings) approaches.During a two-year project period (August 2021-September 2023), ST was carried out on 19 dairy farms in southern Germany according to the decision tree, without specific requirements being placed on the herd's udder health before the start. A total of 1,369 dry-off observations were recorded. The dry-off cases were evaluated regarding implementation of the recommendations, cell count at the first milk recording after calving, proportion of new infections and cures during the dry period depending on the implementation of the dry-off recommendation and the udder health status of the herd.Across all farms, 38.4% of cows were dried off without the use of an antibiotic. The potential for saving antibiotics varied greatly between farms (range: 2.4-71.3%). In 75.9% of cases, a dry-off recommendation could be made based on the available udder health data; only in around 25% of cows did the dry-off recommendation require a microbiological examination of quarter milk samples. On average, the milk cell count after the dry period was less than 100,000 cells/ml in animals that were dried off with and without an antibiotic dry-off preparation. The proportions of new infections and cures during the dry period did not differ significantly between animals with and without an antibiotic dry-off preparation.The results show that with the help of the developed decision tree, ST can be carried out safely in dairy farms without endangering udder health. This decision tree can therefore serve as a reliable knowledge base for a digital expert system to optimize dry-off management in dairy farms.

The increasing population of alpacas in Germany requires comprehensive studies on potential disease. Borna Disease, an infection believed to be primarily transmitted by the bicolored, white-toothed- shrew (Crocidura leucodon) to animals and humans, poses significant concerns. This study aimed to assess the occurrence of Borna Disease virus (BoDV) antibodies in alpacas in Bavaria, Germany, and explore associated epidemiological factors.A total of 424 serum samples were collected from 65 alpaca farms in Bavaria, which were selected voluntarily. In addition, questionnaires were filled out by the animal owners gathering information on husbandry and disease awareness of the owners.The results revealed an occurrence rate of nearly 9%, with one in every fourth farm housing at least one antibody-positive animal. While no significant differences were observed in breed, age, or gender, regional endemic areas were identified, coinciding with the presence of the shrew.This study underscores the widespread occurrence of BoDV antibodies in alpacas in Bavaria, emphasizing the importance of hygiene management and increased awareness of the disease among animal owners and veterinarians.

Objective: The objective of the study was to investigate the age dependent occurrence of different infectious agents in foals with diarrhea.

Material and methods: Fecal samples, which were submitted to a commercial laboratory for a PCR-profile "Foal Diarrhea Pathogens" from 01.01.2021 up to 31.12.2022 (n=144), were examined for Equine Coronavirus (ECoV), Lawsonia (L.) intracellularis, Rhodococcus (R.) hoagii (=R. equi), Clostridium (Cl.) perfringens toxin-encoding genes cpa, cpe, cpb, etx and netF, Clostridioides (C.) difficile toxin-encoding genes tcdA and tcdB, as well as Rotavirus A via PCR.

Results: Pathogens could be detected in a high proportion (42.9%) of the samples. Rotavirus A was the most prevalent pathogen in the current study, followed by clostridial species. Especially in foals younger than one month, netF-producing Cl. perfringens was detected frequently. In this age group, netF-producing Cl. perfringens was as prevalent as Rotavirus A. In comparison, R. hoagii, L. intracellularis and ECoV were detected rarely. Cl. perfringens toxin-encoding genes cpb and etx were not present in the examined samples. In general, the previously known age dependency of the investigated pathogens could be confirmed. Nevertheless, Rotavirus A and netF-positive Cl. perfringens could also be detected outside of the most susceptible age group. Coinfections with the examined pathogens had a low prevalence in the current study.

Conclusions: In general, the examined pathogens showed an age dependent occurrence, but infections in foals outside of the common age group could not be ruled out with certainty due to small sample numbers in some of the age groups. Although Rotavirus A was the most prevalent pathogen in this study, netF-producing Cl. perfringens is an important differential diagnosis, especially in newborn foals. The diagnostic approach in diarrheic foals should contain a broad spectrum of pathogens. This is not only important to detect coinfections, but also to detect shedders, in order to protect other horses in the stable.