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Diagnostic imaging is an important part of the diagnostic approach in equine spinal ataxia especially with the cervical spine being commonly involved. The spinal cord may be affected by a variety of conditions including cervical vertebral malformations, osteoarthritis of the articular process joints or less commonly neoplasia. Advanced imaging techniques such as myelography are more accurate in diagnosing spinal cord compression and may be performed under general anesthesia in neutral, flexed and extended positions of the cervical spine. The use of ultrasound is non-invasive and allows ultrasound-guided injections in the area of the articular process joints and spinal nerve roots. Nuclear bone scan is widely used and is a highly sensitive, but not very specific modality. Scintigraphic changes in the equine cervical spine are influenced by age, breed and discipline and should be interpreted with caution. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the cervical spine is the preferred imaging modality in companion animals, but its use is currently limited to ponies and foals due to the lack of availability of suitable equipment for larger horses. This review provides an overview of the literature on advanced diagnostic imaging for the equine cervical spine and the current state of knowledge regarding significant findings.

The aim of the study is to describe the situation concerning dystocia in cattle using a retrospective analysis of hospital data.1345 cases of cows with dystocia presented at a university obstetrics clinic between 2007 and 2019 were evaluated retrospectively. The age, breed or direction of use, causes for the difficult birth, the chosen intervention, complications that occurred and mortality rates were recorded. In addition, correlations between individual parameters were analyzed.29.9% of the affected cows were younger than 2.5 years and 49.0% were in their first parity. The most common causes consisted of the following: anomalies in position and posture (46.3%), large fetus (41.3%), uterine torsion (26.5%) as well as an inadequately opened cervix (19.3%). Missed miscarriage births occurred in 7.6% of cases. Uterine torsion particularly affected dairy breeds (p<0.0001) and cows between 2.5 and 3.5 years of age (p<0.0001). Large fruits (p<0.0001) and narrowing of the soft (p=0.0082) and bony birth canals (p<0.0001) occurred mainly in cows younger than 2.5 years and in beef breeds (p<0.0001). Cervical cuffs were most common in the age groups<2.5 years (18.5%),>2.5-3.5 years (19.7%) and>3.5-4.5 years (18.5%) and in the group of>6.5-year-old cows (20.6%) (p<0.0001). Twin pregnancy was most frequently detected in cows older than 6.5 years (p<0.0001).The cows' mortality rate amounted to 9.4%. When complications occurred during the procedure, the mortality rate was increased (p<0.0001). The mortality rate for calves after removal and caesarean section was 46.0%. The proportion of calves that survived was higher following conservative obstetrics than caesarean sections (p=0.005). 41.7% of the stillborn calves had been dead for a longer period of time.The data show that there is a need for optimization with regard to the prevention of problematic births. This applies in particular to the high proportion of excessively young cows with large fetuses. Avoidable risk factors include too early mating. The high proportion of calves that had been dead for some time suggests that numerous dystocias are recognized too late in the course of parity. The risk of missed miscarriage births should therefore be reduced by intensifying birth monitoring.

Feeding disorders in horses may have various underlying causes. A thorough clinical examination of the oral cavity is essential for clarification and is often supplemented by imaging techniques such as oral endoscopy, radiography, and computed tomography (CT) of the head. Sonographic examinations of the head and oral cavity are less commonly described diagnostic methods for the investigation of feeding disorders. This case report describes 2 horses presented to the clinic due to impaired feed intake. In both cases the radiographic examination of the head did not reveal any abnormalities related to the clinical presentation. However, in both cases ultrasonography of the tongue identified an abscess in the mid to caudal section of the tongue both via direct (oral) and an indirect (transcutaneous) approach. Both horses underwent surgical treatment via ultrasound-guided abscess drainage. In the first case, the procedure was performed orally under general anesthesia, while in the second case, it was conducted transcutaneously under sedation. Both horses recovered without postoperative complications and were able to resume normal feeding within a few days. Sonographic examination of the tongue proves to be a valuable and easy-to-use method for detecting lingual abscesses. Oral ultrasonography is particularly suitable for the assessment of the rostral and midsections of the tongue, whereas transcutaneous ultrasonography is advantageous for an examination of the middle and caudal portions of the tongue.

Since 28.01.2022, veterinary medicinal products must be used in accordance with the conditions of authorization (Regulation (EU) 2019/6, Article 106). This entails further restrictions on therapeutic freedom, e. g., with regard to dose deviations. To date, there is no data available in equine medicine on the scope of off-label use as any use deviating from the expert information for antibiotics, on the basis of which the feasibility of implementing the new regulations in Germany can be assessed.To collect data on the off-label use of antibiotics, a Germany-wide anonymous online survey was therefore conducted as a quantitative cross-sectional study, which included up to 105 questions. The survey was preceded by expert interviews and pilot surveys.A total of 111 equine veterinarians answered the survey in full. 88.3% (98/111) stated that they had used antibiotics off-label. Enrofloxacin, marbofloxacin, broad-spectrum cephalosporins, doxycycline and metronidazole were frequently repurposed. Approved drugs for horse such as gentamicin, potentiated sulfonamides, benzylpenicillin-procaine and oxytetracycline were also used off-label, often with regard to indication, dose interval and treatment duration. Antibiotics were usually used in higher doses, rarely prophylactically or for non-antibacterial purposes. Popular combinations were gentamicin with benzylpenicillin or with amoxicillin. Human medical antibiotics were rarely used.As this survey confirms, there is a frequent need for repurposing of antibiotics according to animal species and indication in equine medicine, which should be taken into account in future further regulations and the revision of the positive list. In many cases, special conditions in the infection process justify the off-label use of approved preparations for horses. This survey indicates that some dose revisions are to be recommended for antibiotics that have been used for decades and are approved as medicinal products for horses. As there are few financial incentives for pharmaceutical companies to do so, the creation of therapy guidelines for certain indications in horses could alternatively contribute to greater certainty in equine practice with regard to the justification of off-label use.

In cattle and small ruminants, vaccinations are one of the most important measures for preventing infectious diseases. Many animal diseases that caused tremendous losses in the past, such as IBR, BVD or FMD, have been eradicted through long-term vaccination campaigns. Regular vaccinations against these diseases could meanwhile be suspended and are now reserved for exceptional situations only under the auspice of competent authorities. The concept of core and non-core vaccinations, which has proven successful in companion animals such as small animals and horses, does not work for farm animals because for these vaccination concepts depend to a great extent on the respective farm situation. Nevertheless, there are vaccinations important for many ruminants - regardless of breed and farm situation. Most important at the moment is bluetongue virus serotype 3. This vaccination is currently recommended with high urgency for all susceptible ruminants. In addition, vaccinations against diseases affecting young animals are of general relevance in cattle. While the vaccination against neonatal diarrhoea is mainly used as a dam vaccination, the vaccination against enzootic bronchopneumonia is primarily recommended as a calf vaccination. The vaccination against Coxiellosis is becoming increasingly important in ruminants. Immunization against Pasteurellosis is important in lambs, while vaccination against Clostridiosis almost counts as a core vaccination in sheep and especially in goats. In addition to those mentioned, there are a number of other vaccinations that should be recommended depending on the region or herd situation. The synopsis published here briefly discusses different vaccination indications, those for which authorized vaccines are available in Germany and those for which alternative application modalities must be used. The complete vaccination guideline, which can be downloaded as a PDF file from the StIKo Vet homepage at www.stiko-vet.de, contains further information on the diseases, possible vaccination strategies and the usual, updated tables of approved vaccines.

The aim of the present observational study in veterinary practice was to determine the efficacy and the duration of the effect of a vitamin E-selenium injection treatment for the treatment of a laboratory-proven selenium deficiency in comparison to an orally administered trace element bolus in weanling lambs.75 weanling lambs were randomly divided into 3 equal groups, weighed and treated as follows after blood sample collection: Group 1 remained untreated as a control group, group 2 received an injection treatment with 3ml of a vitamin E-selenium preparation (all-rac-alpha-tocopherol acetate 150 mg+sodium selenite 1.1 mg/ml) and group 3 received an oral trace element bolus (48g bolus with calcium iodate, cobalt carbonate and sodium selenate). Samples for serological control using atomic absorption spectroscopy took place on days "0", "7", "14" and "42". The results were then evaluated descriptively and statistically comparatively.On day "0" before treatment, all lambs showed proven selenium deficiency without showing any clinical symptoms. The serum selenium content of the control group remained in the range of selenium deficiency (<80 µg/l) over the entire period. The injection group showed an increase in serum selenium levels on average on day "7", but remained below the reference value of 80 µg/l and then fell back to almost the pre-treatment baseline over days "14" to "42". The bolus group recorded an average serum selenium content on day "7" that was slightly above the reference value of 80 µg/l. This continued to increase over days "14" to "42" and stabilized in the lower reference range (80-500 µg/l). Statistical significance between the groups (p<0.001) was demonstrated.The injection treatment for proven selenium deficiency only resulted in a short-term, but not lasting, increase in the selenium serum concentration. The oral trace element bolus used in this study, on the other hand, released sufficient selenium to correct the selenium deficiency and to maintain the serum selenium content continuously in the reference range over a longer period of time. Injection treatment with one of the approved vitamin E-selenium preparations provided only a very short-term booster. For the long-term, sufficient selenium supply of weanling lambs in deficiency situations, an appropriate oral bolus seems preferrable.

The present report describes an 8-week-old warmblood foal presented following two episodes of epistaxis. The foal had a history of an umbilical infection, which had been treated with antibiotics when it was 8 days old. Four days before admission the filly showed severe, self-limiting epistaxis. The second hemorrhage occurred on the day of admission. The foal was lethargic and the remainder of the clinical examination unremarkable. A latero-lateral radiograph of the head revealed a fluid line within the guttural pouch. Endoscopy showed large amounts of blood within the pharynx and the upper third of the trachea. Following cessation of the hemorrhage, the left guttural pouch was identified as the origin of the bleeding. A black-gray, plaque-like deposit upon the internal carotid artery of the left guttural pouch was discerned endoscopically. This led to the diagnosis of unilateral guttural pouch mycosis. Consequently, the internal carotid artery was closed using a transendoscopic clip application proximal and distal to the mycotic granuloma. The foal was discharged from the hospital and a re-examination 17 days later showed a satisfactory healing process and no remaining mycotic growth within the guttural pouch. The foal was in good general health. There was no further bleeding at the age of 7 months following closure of the internal carotid artery. A treatment complication in this case was temporary dysphagia with respiratory signs and fever, successfully treated with antibiotics.

A number of indications exist that necessitate radiologic examination of the equine cervical spine. Different neurologic and pain-associated clinical signs within the scope of lameness or poor performance may be associated to pathologies of the cervical spine. Moreover, the number of requests for radiographic examinations of the cervical spine, for example as part of the pre-purchase examination, has increased significantly in recent years. However, the interpretation of radiographs represents a challenge, particularly in the case of clinically sound horses, as it often necessitates the resolution of a prognostic question. At present, a number of radiologic findings of the equine cervical spine lack clear clinical significance, as some findings (e. g. osteochondrosis dissecans [OCD] of the facet joints) also occur in clinically healthy horses. In acute neurologic cases, such as spinal ataxia, radiographic examination of the cervical spine is the imaging procedure of choice. The subjective and objective assessment of radiographs frequently leads to a diagnosis of cervical static myelopathy. Acute trauma, fractures or degenerative processes, may be distinguished from this entity. This literature review presents a summary of the current state of knowledge regarding the interpretation and clinical relevance of radiological findings of the equine cervical spine.

Aim was to characterize birth-relevant hormone profiles of reproductively productive hybrid sows in the peripartum period. It was examined whether there are deviations in the hormone profile depending on the birth process (eutocia:dystocia) and the type of housing (box stall BS vs. farrowing pen FP vs. group housing GH).A total of 40 healthy, heavily pregnant hybrid sows (German Landrace x Large White) with a gestation number≥ 2 were available. The distribution between the housing types was: BS n=18, FP n=15, GH n=7. All births occurred after the biologically completed gestation period. Blood samples were taken via indwelling catheters (113th day ante partum to 4th day post partum). Progesterone (P4), oestradiol (E2), prostaglandin F2α and its metabolites (PGFM), relaxin, oxytocin, cortisol, adrenaline and noradrenaline were determined.The ratio of eutocia:dystocia was 15:25. Dystocia occurred regardless of type of housing. The only reason for dystocia was a weak labor (>60 min). The litter size was 17.73± 3.85 piglets. Differences in the hormone profiles between eutocia and dystocia were as follows: P4 tended to be higher in dystocia p=0.0776; oxytocin higher in eutocia (not significant), 12.5% of sows permanently with hypoxytocinemia; cortisol p=0.0503; noradrenaline p=0.0098. The type of housing had the following influence on the hormone profile: P4 p=0.046; E2 p=0.0009; PGFM p=0.0108; relaxin p=0.0022; noradrenaline p=0.0078.The parturition-relevant hormones are related to the parturition and to the type of housing during birth. The hormone profiles obtained could be of use in the discussion about the animal welfare-oriented housing system in the peripartum phase in pigs. The proportion of sows of the hyperproliferative line studied with permanent hypoxytocinaemia in stage II of parturition is remarkable. The ratio of eutocia:dystocia is unevenly distributed. Dystocia occurred regardless of the type of housing.

The population of sheep and goats has significantly decreased during the last few years. The aim of this study is to identify opportunities for an improvement of the support of this part of livestock farming.A questionnaire was developed in cooperation with the Hessian Sheep Breeders' Association and the Hessian Goat Breeders' Association to record the situation of sheep and goat farming in Hesse. The survey was made publicly available online and sent to livestock farmers in written form.112 sheep farmers and 66 goat farmers participated in the survey. Most small ruminants are kept on small farms (median herd size sheep: 35.5 animals (deviation±74.8); median herd size goats: 14.5 animals (deviation±25.4)). The majority of farms keep the animals as a hobby or as a side business. It is noticeable that numerous breeds that are kept face the threat of extinction. A significant proportion of farms wants to increase their number of animals (sheep farmers 23.4%; goat farmers: 28%). The three most important uses are the production of meat, landscape management as well as the sale of the animals. Milk and wool production only play a minor role. Direct marketing of products is the most important sales channel. The most common obstacles in marketing are the lack of regional slaughter and marketing possibilities as well as marketing problems.Based on the survey of sheep and goat farmers, obstacles and opportunities for the targeted promotion of small ruminant husbandry were identified.The survey of sheep and goat farmers shows that hobby farming plays a major role for these animal species. This creates a new field of activity for veterinarians, in which the treatment individual animals is the focus of interest.