Pub Date : 2022-12-30DOI: 10.47470/0869-7922-2022-30-6-395-402
Natalya E. Fedorova, A. A. Ivchenkova, Nataliya Andreevna Stepanova, S. D. Dobrev
Introduction. Traditionally, the hygienic assessment of working conditions when using glyphosate preparations, an extremely popular herbicide in the world, is based on the use of thin layer chromatography. In this paper, alternative approaches are considered. On the basis of experimental data, the conditions for the analysis of glyphosate content in air by high performance liquid chromatography were optimized. Material and methods. All work with glyphosate solutions was carried out in polypropylene vessels. Sampling from the air medium was carried out on a medium filtration filter (“blue ribbon”). Subsequent extraction was carried out with water. The measurements were performed by high performance liquid chromatography with a fluorimetric detector at an excitation wavelength of 270 nm and an emission wavelength of 313 nm. To transfer glyphosate to a molecule with fluorimetric properties after derivatization of glyphosate in an alkaline medium using 9-fluorenylmethyl chloroformate by heating and washing off the excess of the reagent with toluene. A C18 reverse phase column was used; ammonium acetate with the addition of acetic acid and acetonitrile were used as eluents. Results. Approbation of the developed technique was carried out on real samples taken during ground treatment of fallow fields and lands of industrial territories with glyphosate preparations. The detected levels of glyphosate did not exceed the lower limit of quantitative determination: 0.5 mg/m3 in the air of the working area and 0.025 mg/m3 in the atmospheric air (with maximum allowable concentrations of 1.0 and 0.1 mg/m3, respectively). Limitations. The study considers a limited number of chromatographic columns. The study is performed on 25 model samples of the air of the working area and atmospheric air. Conclusion. Based on the results of the work performed, methodological instructions “Measurement of glyphosate concentrations in the air by high-performance liquid chromatography” were formed and sent for metrological certification in the approved manner.
{"title":"Methodical approaches to scale-up measurement of glyphosate concentration using HPLC-FLD","authors":"Natalya E. Fedorova, A. A. Ivchenkova, Nataliya Andreevna Stepanova, S. D. Dobrev","doi":"10.47470/0869-7922-2022-30-6-395-402","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47470/0869-7922-2022-30-6-395-402","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction. Traditionally, the hygienic assessment of working conditions when using glyphosate preparations, an extremely popular herbicide in the world, is based on the use of thin layer chromatography. In this paper, alternative approaches are considered. On the basis of experimental data, the conditions for the analysis of glyphosate content in air by high performance liquid chromatography were optimized. Material and methods. All work with glyphosate solutions was carried out in polypropylene vessels. Sampling from the air medium was carried out on a medium filtration filter (“blue ribbon”). Subsequent extraction was carried out with water. The measurements were performed by high performance liquid chromatography with a fluorimetric detector at an excitation wavelength of 270 nm and an emission wavelength of 313 nm. To transfer glyphosate to a molecule with fluorimetric properties after derivatization of glyphosate in an alkaline medium using 9-fluorenylmethyl chloroformate by heating and washing off the excess of the reagent with toluene. A C18 reverse phase column was used; ammonium acetate with the addition of acetic acid and acetonitrile were used as eluents. Results. Approbation of the developed technique was carried out on real samples taken during ground treatment of fallow fields and lands of industrial territories with glyphosate preparations. The detected levels of glyphosate did not exceed the lower limit of quantitative determination: 0.5 mg/m3 in the air of the working area and 0.025 mg/m3 in the atmospheric air (with maximum allowable concentrations of 1.0 and 0.1 mg/m3, respectively). Limitations. The study considers a limited number of chromatographic columns. The study is performed on 25 model samples of the air of the working area and atmospheric air. Conclusion. Based on the results of the work performed, methodological instructions “Measurement of glyphosate concentrations in the air by high-performance liquid chromatography” were formed and sent for metrological certification in the approved manner.","PeriodicalId":23128,"journal":{"name":"Toxicological Review","volume":"68 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76929704","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-12-30DOI: 10.47470/0869-7922-2022-30-6-386-394
Y. Ryabova, I. Minigalieva, L. Privalova, M. Sutunkova, R. R. Sakhautdinova, S. Klinova, A. V. Tazhigulova, T. Bushueva, O. Makeev, B. Katsnelson
Introduction. Occupational contact with selenium and its compounds, including nanoscale forms, occurs in the glass production, rubber industry, metallurgy (metallurgical processes of copper sludge processing, copper pyrite roasting, manganese, selenium and tellurium production). There are scarce data on the toxicity of selenium nanoparticles. Material and methods. Stable suspensions of nanoparticles or deionized water (control group) were administered to male rats 3 times a week for 6 weeks. A single dose of selenium oxide nanoparticles was 0.2 or 1 or 2 mg/kg of body weight). The condition of the animal organism was assessed with a number of indicators of toxic action at the end of the experiment. The statistical significance of intergroup differences was assessed by Student's t-test. Results. Activity of succinate dehydrogenase in blood lymphocytes reflecting the intensity of energy processes in the organism was decreased. The number of eosinophils in smears-imprints of parenchymal organs and mesenteric lymph nodes increased, indicating the ability of selenium nanooxide to trigger signaling cascades in immunocompetent cells. The number of degenerated cells in the proximal and distal tubules in smears of the kidneys was increased. A tendency to a decrease in all hemodynamics parameters was found. A change in the QT duration, together with an increase in the amplitude of the T wave, probably indicates a violation of the processes of myocardial repolarization. The coefficient of fragmentation of genomic DNA in nucleated blood cells decreased. Limitations. The research was limited to the study of indicators of toxic action in only one study using a limited dose range. Conclusion. An ambiguous effect of selenium oxide nanoparticles on rats was found. Along with negative impact of nanoparticles we have demonstrated, for the first time, some beneficial outcomes, in particular, genome -protective action which is in a striking contrast with the genotoxicity of all elemental and element-oxide nanoparticles previously studied in our laboratory.
{"title":"About combination of positive and negative outcomes of a subchronic exposure of rats to selenium oxide nanoparticles","authors":"Y. Ryabova, I. Minigalieva, L. Privalova, M. Sutunkova, R. R. Sakhautdinova, S. Klinova, A. V. Tazhigulova, T. Bushueva, O. Makeev, B. Katsnelson","doi":"10.47470/0869-7922-2022-30-6-386-394","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47470/0869-7922-2022-30-6-386-394","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction. Occupational contact with selenium and its compounds, including nanoscale forms, occurs in the glass production, rubber industry, metallurgy (metallurgical processes of copper sludge processing, copper pyrite roasting, manganese, selenium and tellurium production). There are scarce data on the toxicity of selenium nanoparticles. Material and methods. Stable suspensions of nanoparticles or deionized water (control group) were administered to male rats 3 times a week for 6 weeks. A single dose of selenium oxide nanoparticles was 0.2 or 1 or 2 mg/kg of body weight). The condition of the animal organism was assessed with a number of indicators of toxic action at the end of the experiment. The statistical significance of intergroup differences was assessed by Student's t-test. Results. Activity of succinate dehydrogenase in blood lymphocytes reflecting the intensity of energy processes in the organism was decreased. The number of eosinophils in smears-imprints of parenchymal organs and mesenteric lymph nodes increased, indicating the ability of selenium nanooxide to trigger signaling cascades in immunocompetent cells. The number of degenerated cells in the proximal and distal tubules in smears of the kidneys was increased. A tendency to a decrease in all hemodynamics parameters was found. A change in the QT duration, together with an increase in the amplitude of the T wave, probably indicates a violation of the processes of myocardial repolarization. The coefficient of fragmentation of genomic DNA in nucleated blood cells decreased. Limitations. The research was limited to the study of indicators of toxic action in only one study using a limited dose range. Conclusion. An ambiguous effect of selenium oxide nanoparticles on rats was found. Along with negative impact of nanoparticles we have demonstrated, for the first time, some beneficial outcomes, in particular, genome -protective action which is in a striking contrast with the genotoxicity of all elemental and element-oxide nanoparticles previously studied in our laboratory.","PeriodicalId":23128,"journal":{"name":"Toxicological Review","volume":"52 6 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88418830","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-12-30DOI: 10.47470/0869-7922-2022-30-6-359-369
Vladimir Alexandrovsky, Mariya Vladimirovna Kareva, P. Rozhkov
Introduction. Aim of the study. To summarize the authors’ many years of experience in the diagnosis and treatment of acute poisoning with barbituric acid derivatives and to present the results of a detailed study of the clinic of barbituric intoxication, which prove a toxic damaging effect on the body, causing a deep inhibition of the functions of the central nervous system (CNS) with a predominant effect on the cortex and autonomic centers of the brain trunk. Material and methods. The analysis of 385 patients with acute poisoning with barbiturates of varying severity who were treated in the emergency toxicology department of the N.V. Sklifosovsky Research Institute for Emergency Medicine was carried out. The clinical and encephalographic picture of acute poisoning was assessed. The EEG data of two groups of patients were considered and analyzed, with the possibility of determining the type of bioelectric activity of the brain. The informative value of these types of EEG for a physician is in comparison with the characteristics of clinical and toxicological data. Results. Summarizing the obtained results of clinical and electroencephalographic changes in barbiturate poisoning, it was noted that the identified types of brain bioelectrical activity correspond to certain clinical symptoms and indicate different degrees of poisoning severity. This makes it possible for a practicing physician, after recording an EEG in a patient in a coma, to make a preliminary diagnosis of acute barbiturate poisoning, to purposefully conduct a toxicological study, and to begin specific treatment before receiving an analysis. Analeptic bemegrid causes a direct stimulating effect on the central nervous system. With the introduction of small doses of bеmegrid, a moderate activation of the bioelectrical activity of the brain was noted. Our experience in treating patients with this poisoning showed a negative effect of large doses of bemegrid on the central nervous system, which can lead to an inhibitory phase of parabiotic inhibition (according to N.E. Vvedensky). Conclusion. Poisoning with barbituric acid derivatives currently poses a serious danger to the life and health of patients. This makes the issue of timely diagnosis and treatment measures in the early stages of the disease relevant.
{"title":"Acute poisoning with ваrbituric acid derivatves. Barbituric coma","authors":"Vladimir Alexandrovsky, Mariya Vladimirovna Kareva, P. Rozhkov","doi":"10.47470/0869-7922-2022-30-6-359-369","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47470/0869-7922-2022-30-6-359-369","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction. Aim of the study. To summarize the authors’ many years of experience in the diagnosis and treatment of acute poisoning with barbituric acid derivatives and to present the results of a detailed study of the clinic of barbituric intoxication, which prove a toxic damaging effect on the body, causing a deep inhibition of the functions of the central nervous system (CNS) with a predominant effect on the cortex and autonomic centers of the brain trunk. Material and methods. The analysis of 385 patients with acute poisoning with barbiturates of varying severity who were treated in the emergency toxicology department of the N.V. Sklifosovsky Research Institute for Emergency Medicine was carried out. The clinical and encephalographic picture of acute poisoning was assessed. The EEG data of two groups of patients were considered and analyzed, with the possibility of determining the type of bioelectric activity of the brain. The informative value of these types of EEG for a physician is in comparison with the characteristics of clinical and toxicological data. Results. Summarizing the obtained results of clinical and electroencephalographic changes in barbiturate poisoning, it was noted that the identified types of brain bioelectrical activity correspond to certain clinical symptoms and indicate different degrees of poisoning severity. This makes it possible for a practicing physician, after recording an EEG in a patient in a coma, to make a preliminary diagnosis of acute barbiturate poisoning, to purposefully conduct a toxicological study, and to begin specific treatment before receiving an analysis. Analeptic bemegrid causes a direct stimulating effect on the central nervous system. With the introduction of small doses of bеmegrid, a moderate activation of the bioelectrical activity of the brain was noted. Our experience in treating patients with this poisoning showed a negative effect of large doses of bemegrid on the central nervous system, which can lead to an inhibitory phase of parabiotic inhibition (according to N.E. Vvedensky). Conclusion. Poisoning with barbituric acid derivatives currently poses a serious danger to the life and health of patients. This makes the issue of timely diagnosis and treatment measures in the early stages of the disease relevant.","PeriodicalId":23128,"journal":{"name":"Toxicological Review","volume":"2 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79069887","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-10-30DOI: 10.47470/0869-7922-2022-30-5-307-314
V. V. Safandeev, T. A. Sinitskaya
Introduction. Neurotoxins are a class of chemicals that damage neurons. Some pesticides have a similar effect. The increase in areas with developed heavy industry and agriculture, uncontrolled use of pesticides contribute to the emergence and progression of Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s disease (PD). The insidiousness of PD is that it is still incurable, since there is no early diagnosis: for decades it has been asymptomatic, and by the time of manifestation there are no target neurons for therapy. Considering that the diagnosis is made at the late stages of PD development, the treatment of the disease is ineffective. It follows that in order to increase the effectiveness of treatment, it should be started as early as possible - before the appearance of motor symptoms, at the preclinical stage. To do this, it is first necessary to develop an early (preclinical) diagnosis of PD based on an in-depth study of the cellular and molecular mechanisms of pathogenesis. In order to develop early diagnosis and preventive therapy of PD, proneurotoxin 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) was used in this study. Material and methods. To simulate the preclinical and clinical stages of PD, inbred lines of animals were injected with MPTP according to certain schemes. The behavior of experimental animals was assessed, and after their decapitation, the content of monoamines in the structures of the brain, peripheral organs, and blood plasma was determined by HPLC, and a morphofunctional analysis of the studied tissues and organs was performed. Results. The clinical stage of PD was modeled in animals, which corresponds to the key characteristics of PD in humans. A hypothetical preclinical stage of PD was modeled in animals, on which the method of early diagnosis was successfully tested. This model shows a number of important biochemical changes in peripheral organs, indicating the systemic nature of the disease and preceding the onset of the clinical stage of PD. Research limitations. The results of this study can only be applied to humans only after similar results have been obtained in monkeys. Limitations. Only after obtaining similar results in monkeys the results of this study can be translated to humans. Conclusion. Knowledge about the mechanisms of action of some neurotoxins is expanding, which are successfully used for the needs of fundamental, medical and biological sciences.
{"title":"The use of neurotoxins in fundamental, medical and biological sciences on the example of the 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine","authors":"V. V. Safandeev, T. A. Sinitskaya","doi":"10.47470/0869-7922-2022-30-5-307-314","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47470/0869-7922-2022-30-5-307-314","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction. Neurotoxins are a class of chemicals that damage neurons. Some pesticides have a similar effect. The increase in areas with developed heavy industry and agriculture, uncontrolled use of pesticides contribute to the emergence and progression of Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s disease (PD). The insidiousness of PD is that it is still incurable, since there is no early diagnosis: for decades it has been asymptomatic, and by the time of manifestation there are no target neurons for therapy. Considering that the diagnosis is made at the late stages of PD development, the treatment of the disease is ineffective. It follows that in order to increase the effectiveness of treatment, it should be started as early as possible - before the appearance of motor symptoms, at the preclinical stage. To do this, it is first necessary to develop an early (preclinical) diagnosis of PD based on an in-depth study of the cellular and molecular mechanisms of pathogenesis. In order to develop early diagnosis and preventive therapy of PD, proneurotoxin 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) was used in this study. Material and methods. To simulate the preclinical and clinical stages of PD, inbred lines of animals were injected with MPTP according to certain schemes. The behavior of experimental animals was assessed, and after their decapitation, the content of monoamines in the structures of the brain, peripheral organs, and blood plasma was determined by HPLC, and a morphofunctional analysis of the studied tissues and organs was performed. Results. The clinical stage of PD was modeled in animals, which corresponds to the key characteristics of PD in humans. A hypothetical preclinical stage of PD was modeled in animals, on which the method of early diagnosis was successfully tested. This model shows a number of important biochemical changes in peripheral organs, indicating the systemic nature of the disease and preceding the onset of the clinical stage of PD. Research limitations. The results of this study can only be applied to humans only after similar results have been obtained in monkeys. Limitations. Only after obtaining similar results in monkeys the results of this study can be translated to humans. Conclusion. Knowledge about the mechanisms of action of some neurotoxins is expanding, which are successfully used for the needs of fundamental, medical and biological sciences.","PeriodicalId":23128,"journal":{"name":"Toxicological Review","volume":"44 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79153715","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-10-30DOI: 10.47470/0869-7922-2022-30-5-332-342
D. N. Rabikova, Khalidya Khizbulaevna Khamidulina, E. Tarasova
Introduction. The world practice of classifying wastes according to the degree of danger involves the simultaneous consideration of the physicochemical, toxic and ecotoxic properties of the waste components. According to Directive 2008/98/EC, waste is divided into hazardous, non-hazardous and mirror, i.e. waste that can be classified as hazardous or non-hazardous depending on the percentage of components. In order to implement part 2 of subparagraph "d" of paragraph 1 of the list of instructions of the President of the Russian Federation dated January 24, 2017 No. Pr-140GS on the harmonization of legislation in the field of environmental protection and legislation in the field of ensuring the sanitary and epidemiological welfare of the population and the development of unified approaches to the classification of waste with taking into account the world experience Russian Register of Potentially Hazardous Chemical and Biological Substances together with the Federal state budgetary institution "Ural state research institute of regional environmental problems", carried out research work to identify wastes with carcinogenic, mutagenic and reprotoxic properties. The aim of the study was to prepare lists of substances contained in production and consumption waste that have a carcinogenic, mutagenic and reprotoxic effects, indicating the forms and preferred route of entry into the body, and develop a methodology for coding waste by hazardous factors. Materials and methods. The analysis of domestic and foreign normative-legal acts on the regulation of waste hazards has been carried out. Results. A method for coding production and consumption wastes has been developed, taking into account carcinogenic, mutagenic and reprotoxic effects. The 905 of the 6130 wastes included in the FWC were coded according to these types of hazard, which requires a revision of their classification. Conclusion. The introduction of the developed coding methodology into the practice of waste management will make it possible to harmonize the classifications of wastes according to their impact on human health and the environment. Coding is an effective tool for waste management regulation, including disposal, recycling and reuse.
{"title":"Development of principles for coding production and consumption waste by hazardous properties (carcinogenicity, mutagenicity and reprotoxicity)","authors":"D. N. Rabikova, Khalidya Khizbulaevna Khamidulina, E. Tarasova","doi":"10.47470/0869-7922-2022-30-5-332-342","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47470/0869-7922-2022-30-5-332-342","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction. The world practice of classifying wastes according to the degree of danger involves the simultaneous consideration of the physicochemical, toxic and ecotoxic properties of the waste components. According to Directive 2008/98/EC, waste is divided into hazardous, non-hazardous and mirror, i.e. waste that can be classified as hazardous or non-hazardous depending on the percentage of components. In order to implement part 2 of subparagraph \"d\" of paragraph 1 of the list of instructions of the President of the Russian Federation dated January 24, 2017 No. Pr-140GS on the harmonization of legislation in the field of environmental protection and legislation in the field of ensuring the sanitary and epidemiological welfare of the population and the development of unified approaches to the classification of waste with taking into account the world experience Russian Register of Potentially Hazardous Chemical and Biological Substances together with the Federal state budgetary institution \"Ural state research institute of regional environmental problems\", carried out research work to identify wastes with carcinogenic, mutagenic and reprotoxic properties. The aim of the study was to prepare lists of substances contained in production and consumption waste that have a carcinogenic, mutagenic and reprotoxic effects, indicating the forms and preferred route of entry into the body, and develop a methodology for coding waste by hazardous factors. Materials and methods. The analysis of domestic and foreign normative-legal acts on the regulation of waste hazards has been carried out. Results. A method for coding production and consumption wastes has been developed, taking into account carcinogenic, mutagenic and reprotoxic effects. The 905 of the 6130 wastes included in the FWC were coded according to these types of hazard, which requires a revision of their classification. Conclusion. The introduction of the developed coding methodology into the practice of waste management will make it possible to harmonize the classifications of wastes according to their impact on human health and the environment. Coding is an effective tool for waste management regulation, including disposal, recycling and reuse.","PeriodicalId":23128,"journal":{"name":"Toxicological Review","volume":"68 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73851359","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-10-30DOI: 10.47470/0869-7922-2022-30-5-297-306
V. E. Kriyt, V. L. Reinyuk, Yu. N. Sladkova, Alexander O. Pyatibrat
Introduction. In the course of their work, firefighters are exposed to many harmful and dangerous factors, among which the chemical factor takes the leading place. Carbon monoxide is an integral part of any combustion, and its leading role in the toxic effect of combustion products is confirmed by numerous experimental data. The results obtained in the experiment on animals are of great importance in the study of combined effects. The purpose of the study was to study the behavioral activity of animals under combined exposure to carbon monoxide and harmful physical factors. Material and methods. The study was performed on outbred white male rats 3 months of age, in two directions: the study of the combined effects of carbon monoxide and elevated air temperature and the study of the combined effects of carbon monoxide and vibroacoustic factor. In each of the experimental models, rats were randomly divided into 6 groups: the first group was exposed to a single physical factor under study, the second group was exposed to multiple physical factors (for 14 days), the third group was exposed to a single exposure to carbon monoxide, the fourth group was exposed to multiple exposures to monoxide carbon, the fifth group was subjected to a single combined effect of a physical factor and carbon monoxide; the sixth group was subjected to multiple combined effects of the physical factor and carbon monoxide. The study of the behavioral activity of animals was carried out using the “Open field” and “Elevated plus maze” methods. Results. The data obtained indicate that the combined effect of carbon monoxide and harmful physical factors causes a change in the indicators of behavioral reactions of animals, while if with a single exposure most of the indicators return to the background values in a day, then with repeated exposure they remain significantly changed. Conclusion. The data obtained can be applied in studying the long-term effects of the combined effects of carbon monoxide and harmful physical factors on the body of firefighters.
{"title":"The effect of the combined effects of carbon monoxide and harmful physical factors on the behavioral activity of animals","authors":"V. E. Kriyt, V. L. Reinyuk, Yu. N. Sladkova, Alexander O. Pyatibrat","doi":"10.47470/0869-7922-2022-30-5-297-306","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47470/0869-7922-2022-30-5-297-306","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction. In the course of their work, firefighters are exposed to many harmful and dangerous factors, among which the chemical factor takes the leading place. Carbon monoxide is an integral part of any combustion, and its leading role in the toxic effect of combustion products is confirmed by numerous experimental data. The results obtained in the experiment on animals are of great importance in the study of combined effects. The purpose of the study was to study the behavioral activity of animals under combined exposure to carbon monoxide and harmful physical factors. Material and methods. The study was performed on outbred white male rats 3 months of age, in two directions: the study of the combined effects of carbon monoxide and elevated air temperature and the study of the combined effects of carbon monoxide and vibroacoustic factor. In each of the experimental models, rats were randomly divided into 6 groups: the first group was exposed to a single physical factor under study, the second group was exposed to multiple physical factors (for 14 days), the third group was exposed to a single exposure to carbon monoxide, the fourth group was exposed to multiple exposures to monoxide carbon, the fifth group was subjected to a single combined effect of a physical factor and carbon monoxide; the sixth group was subjected to multiple combined effects of the physical factor and carbon monoxide. The study of the behavioral activity of animals was carried out using the “Open field” and “Elevated plus maze” methods. Results. The data obtained indicate that the combined effect of carbon monoxide and harmful physical factors causes a change in the indicators of behavioral reactions of animals, while if with a single exposure most of the indicators return to the background values in a day, then with repeated exposure they remain significantly changed. Conclusion. The data obtained can be applied in studying the long-term effects of the combined effects of carbon monoxide and harmful physical factors on the body of firefighters.","PeriodicalId":23128,"journal":{"name":"Toxicological Review","volume":"42 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73806017","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-10-30DOI: 10.47470/0869-7922-2022-30-5-323-331
N. Fedorova, Marina Valentinovna Egorova, Aleksandr Sergeevich Rodionov, Yuliya Yurevna Bogdanova, Khalidya Khizbulaevna Khamidulina, E. Tarasova, Andrey Konstantinovich Nazarenko
Introduction. Determination of low concentrations of lead in paint and varnishes is one of the actual problems in ensuring the safety of these products. The requirements set out in the draft Technical Regulation of the Eurasian Economic Union «on the Safety of Paint and Coating Materials» for a standard of 0.009% lead on a dry weight basis stipulate the availability of precision methods for determining lead in paint and varnishes with low detection limits. Materials and methods. Nine different types of paint samples were selected as test objects. The study was carried out by atomic absorption spectrometry with electrothermal atomisation with pre-microwave sample preparation. Paint samples were preliminarily applied on a sheet of sanded FC plywood, dried and taken from the surface with a spatula in the form of fine shavings. The absolutely dry chips were microwaved, centrifuged to separate the undecomposed sludge and analysed. The efficiency of the developed approach was proven by validating the method on 20 model samples of one of the paint types investigated. Results. Validation of the proposed method of lead determination in paints gave satisfactory results in terms of recovery rate and repeatability, so it can be concluded that the method is suitable for the solution of the posed analytical problem. Having analysed the results obtained by measuring lead content in 9 samples of paint products according to the proposed scheme in the described methodology, one can make a confident conclusion about the absence of exceeding the maximum permissible lead content, considering the expected reduction of the standard to 0.009%. Conclusion. The usage of the proposed method will make it possible to successfully control the lead content in paintwork materials at levels that comply with international standards and, in the long term, ensure that the requirements of the Technical Regulation of the Eurasian Economic Union «on the Safety of Paint and Coating Materials» are met in terms of reducing the regulatory indicator to 0.009%.
{"title":"Development of guidelines for the control of lead content in paint and varnishes","authors":"N. Fedorova, Marina Valentinovna Egorova, Aleksandr Sergeevich Rodionov, Yuliya Yurevna Bogdanova, Khalidya Khizbulaevna Khamidulina, E. Tarasova, Andrey Konstantinovich Nazarenko","doi":"10.47470/0869-7922-2022-30-5-323-331","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47470/0869-7922-2022-30-5-323-331","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction. Determination of low concentrations of lead in paint and varnishes is one of the actual problems in ensuring the safety of these products. The requirements set out in the draft Technical Regulation of the Eurasian Economic Union «on the Safety of Paint and Coating Materials» for a standard of 0.009% lead on a dry weight basis stipulate the availability of precision methods for determining lead in paint and varnishes with low detection limits. Materials and methods. Nine different types of paint samples were selected as test objects. The study was carried out by atomic absorption spectrometry with electrothermal atomisation with pre-microwave sample preparation. Paint samples were preliminarily applied on a sheet of sanded FC plywood, dried and taken from the surface with a spatula in the form of fine shavings. The absolutely dry chips were microwaved, centrifuged to separate the undecomposed sludge and analysed. The efficiency of the developed approach was proven by validating the method on 20 model samples of one of the paint types investigated. Results. Validation of the proposed method of lead determination in paints gave satisfactory results in terms of recovery rate and repeatability, so it can be concluded that the method is suitable for the solution of the posed analytical problem. Having analysed the results obtained by measuring lead content in 9 samples of paint products according to the proposed scheme in the described methodology, one can make a confident conclusion about the absence of exceeding the maximum permissible lead content, considering the expected reduction of the standard to 0.009%. Conclusion. The usage of the proposed method will make it possible to successfully control the lead content in paintwork materials at levels that comply with international standards and, in the long term, ensure that the requirements of the Technical Regulation of the Eurasian Economic Union «on the Safety of Paint and Coating Materials» are met in terms of reducing the regulatory indicator to 0.009%.","PeriodicalId":23128,"journal":{"name":"Toxicological Review","volume":"5 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78171432","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-10-30DOI: 10.47470/0869-7922-2022-30-5-271-276
N. Ilyushina
The article discusses the directions of research in the field of genetic toxicology, which allow solving problems important for hygiene, aimed at ensuring the genetic health of the population. The main areas of research are: assessment of the genetic hazard of environmental factors and the level of pollution by genotoxicants; analysis of the total mutagenic activity of mixtures of chemical pollutants; control over mutational events in the somatic cells of people working in hazardous production conditions, which is necessary to improve the prevention, diagnosis and treatment of occupational diseases and multifactorial pathology; study of individual genetically determined human sensitivity to the impacts of adverse environmental factors in order to improve professional selection and development of personalized preventive medicine; assessment of mutagenicity in short-term tests to predict the carcinogenicity of the studied substances; search for antimutagens. The methods used in genetic toxicology are described. The main directions and results of the work of the Department of Genetic Toxicology of the FBES “Federal Scientific Center of Hygiene named after F.F. Erisman” of the Rospotrebnadzor are given. Conclusion. The results of genotoxicological studies allow us to evaluate and establish hazard classes of the tested substances, predict possible long-term effects. Monitoring of mutational events in the somatic cells of people exposed to various environmental factors, assessment of individual human sensitivity to specific factors or their combinations make it possible to identify and evaluate potentially dangerous factors for genetic health, develop preventive measures and carry out reasonable professional selection of persons to work in harmful production conditions.
{"title":"Genetic toxicology in hygiene","authors":"N. Ilyushina","doi":"10.47470/0869-7922-2022-30-5-271-276","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47470/0869-7922-2022-30-5-271-276","url":null,"abstract":"The article discusses the directions of research in the field of genetic toxicology, which allow solving problems important for hygiene, aimed at ensuring the genetic health of the population. The main areas of research are: assessment of the genetic hazard of environmental factors and the level of pollution by genotoxicants; analysis of the total mutagenic activity of mixtures of chemical pollutants; control over mutational events in the somatic cells of people working in hazardous production conditions, which is necessary to improve the prevention, diagnosis and treatment of occupational diseases and multifactorial pathology; study of individual genetically determined human sensitivity to the impacts of adverse environmental factors in order to improve professional selection and development of personalized preventive medicine; assessment of mutagenicity in short-term tests to predict the carcinogenicity of the studied substances; search for antimutagens. The methods used in genetic toxicology are described. The main directions and results of the work of the Department of Genetic Toxicology of the FBES “Federal Scientific Center of Hygiene named after F.F. Erisman” of the Rospotrebnadzor are given. Conclusion. The results of genotoxicological studies allow us to evaluate and establish hazard classes of the tested substances, predict possible long-term effects. Monitoring of mutational events in the somatic cells of people exposed to various environmental factors, assessment of individual human sensitivity to specific factors or their combinations make it possible to identify and evaluate potentially dangerous factors for genetic health, develop preventive measures and carry out reasonable professional selection of persons to work in harmful production conditions.","PeriodicalId":23128,"journal":{"name":"Toxicological Review","volume":"47 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88639394","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-10-30DOI: 10.47470/0869-7922-2022-30-5-277-285
O. Egorova, N. S. Averyanova, L. A. Kara, Natalya Alexandrovna Ilyushina
Introduction. Carbendazim is a systemic benzimidazole fungicide used against a wide range of crop diseases. The ability of carbendazim to induce the incidence of chromosomal aberrations and micronuclei in mammalian cells by influencing the processes of mitotic spindle formation in the cell cycle have been shown in various in vitro and in vivo tests. Contradictory data were obtained in the bacterial test system Salmonella/microsomes, indicating both the absence and the presence of mutagenic activity of carbendazim. The discrepancy in the results may stem from the presence of impurities. The aim of the study was a comparative evaluation of the genotoxicity of various technical products of carbendazim. Materials and methods. The genotoxicity of carbendazim was studied using the plate incorporation version of the Ames test on 5 strains of Salmonella typhimurium in the presence and the absence of metabolic activation system (+S9/-S9) and in a micronucleus test in CD-1 mice. Two technical grade active ingredients (TGAI) and an analytical standard for carbendazim were tested. Results. In the Ames test, the analytical standard of carbendazim possessed no mutagenic activity (±S9) on any of the strains. The most pronounced mutagenic effect was observed for the TGAI I in TA98 strain, the number of revertants at the maximum concentration was 5-7 times higher than that in the negative control. The positive effects of carbendazim TGAIs in the Ames test are likely mediated by the presence of impurities. Under in vivo conditions, all tested TGAIs of carbendazim induced a statistically significant and dose-dependent formation of micronuclei in polychromatic erythrocytes (PCE) of mouse bone marrow. The mean frequency of PCE with micronuclei at the maximum dose exceeded this rate in the negative control by 21-24 times. Research limitations. The study is limited to testing the mutagenic activity of two samples of carbendazim technical products and one sample of its analytical standard in both in vivo and in vitro tests. Conclusion. Taking into account the high content of the active substance in the tested TGAIs, the bacterial reverse mutation test is a highly sensitive method for assessment of the equivalence of carbendazim generic products. The use of a micronucleus test for evaluating of the equivalence of carbendazim TGAIs to the original substance is inappropriate due to the pronounced aneugenic effect.
{"title":"Comparative evaluation of the genotoxicity of carbendazim technical grade active ingredients in the Ames test and micronucleus in vivo test","authors":"O. Egorova, N. S. Averyanova, L. A. Kara, Natalya Alexandrovna Ilyushina","doi":"10.47470/0869-7922-2022-30-5-277-285","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47470/0869-7922-2022-30-5-277-285","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction. Carbendazim is a systemic benzimidazole fungicide used against a wide range of crop diseases. The ability of carbendazim to induce the incidence of chromosomal aberrations and micronuclei in mammalian cells by influencing the processes of mitotic spindle formation in the cell cycle have been shown in various in vitro and in vivo tests. Contradictory data were obtained in the bacterial test system Salmonella/microsomes, indicating both the absence and the presence of mutagenic activity of carbendazim. The discrepancy in the results may stem from the presence of impurities. The aim of the study was a comparative evaluation of the genotoxicity of various technical products of carbendazim. Materials and methods. The genotoxicity of carbendazim was studied using the plate incorporation version of the Ames test on 5 strains of Salmonella typhimurium in the presence and the absence of metabolic activation system (+S9/-S9) and in a micronucleus test in CD-1 mice. Two technical grade active ingredients (TGAI) and an analytical standard for carbendazim were tested. Results. In the Ames test, the analytical standard of carbendazim possessed no mutagenic activity (±S9) on any of the strains. The most pronounced mutagenic effect was observed for the TGAI I in TA98 strain, the number of revertants at the maximum concentration was 5-7 times higher than that in the negative control. The positive effects of carbendazim TGAIs in the Ames test are likely mediated by the presence of impurities. Under in vivo conditions, all tested TGAIs of carbendazim induced a statistically significant and dose-dependent formation of micronuclei in polychromatic erythrocytes (PCE) of mouse bone marrow. The mean frequency of PCE with micronuclei at the maximum dose exceeded this rate in the negative control by 21-24 times. Research limitations. The study is limited to testing the mutagenic activity of two samples of carbendazim technical products and one sample of its analytical standard in both in vivo and in vitro tests. Conclusion. Taking into account the high content of the active substance in the tested TGAIs, the bacterial reverse mutation test is a highly sensitive method for assessment of the equivalence of carbendazim generic products. The use of a micronucleus test for evaluating of the equivalence of carbendazim TGAIs to the original substance is inappropriate due to the pronounced aneugenic effect.","PeriodicalId":23128,"journal":{"name":"Toxicological Review","volume":"4 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88965213","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-10-30DOI: 10.47470/0869-7922-2022-30-5-286-296
A. Radilov, A. Ukolov
Introduction. This paper considers aspects of the development of a toxicokinetically based model for scaling the limit concentrations of toxic compounds in the air, estimating the coefficients of their material cumulation, as well as estimating the concentrations of toxicants in biological media expected in the course of biological control. The results of testing the model on the example of organophosphorus pesticides (OP) and volatile industrial pollutants (VIP) are presented. Material and methods. For experimental modeling of intoxication, male chinchilla rabbits obtained from the Rappolovo nursery were used. Blood sampling was carried out from the marginal vein of the ear. For the highly sensitive determination of OP and VIP in biological samples, previously developed highly sensitive gas chromatographic techniques were used. Calculation of toxicokinetic parameters was made using a two-compartment model. Results. A toxicokinetically based model for scaling the limit concentrations of toxic compounds in the air, estimating the coefficients of their material cumulation, and estimating the concentrations of toxicants in biological media expected in the course of biological control is proposed. Research limitations. The proposed algorithm for scaling toxicokinetic parameters can be applied under the condition that the bioavailability of chemical compounds for the animal and human body is close, as well as the area under the toxicokinetic curve that is close to a linear dependence on the dose. Conclusion. Using the proposed toxicokinetically substantiated model for scaling the threshold concentrations, recommendations were made on chemical-analytical methods of biological control in the working area and atmospheric air for OP and VIP.
{"title":"Toxicometabolomics — integration of preventive and analytical toxicology","authors":"A. Radilov, A. Ukolov","doi":"10.47470/0869-7922-2022-30-5-286-296","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47470/0869-7922-2022-30-5-286-296","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction. This paper considers aspects of the development of a toxicokinetically based model for scaling the limit concentrations of toxic compounds in the air, estimating the coefficients of their material cumulation, as well as estimating the concentrations of toxicants in biological media expected in the course of biological control. The results of testing the model on the example of organophosphorus pesticides (OP) and volatile industrial pollutants (VIP) are presented. Material and methods. For experimental modeling of intoxication, male chinchilla rabbits obtained from the Rappolovo nursery were used. Blood sampling was carried out from the marginal vein of the ear. For the highly sensitive determination of OP and VIP in biological samples, previously developed highly sensitive gas chromatographic techniques were used. Calculation of toxicokinetic parameters was made using a two-compartment model. Results. A toxicokinetically based model for scaling the limit concentrations of toxic compounds in the air, estimating the coefficients of their material cumulation, and estimating the concentrations of toxicants in biological media expected in the course of biological control is proposed. Research limitations. The proposed algorithm for scaling toxicokinetic parameters can be applied under the condition that the bioavailability of chemical compounds for the animal and human body is close, as well as the area under the toxicokinetic curve that is close to a linear dependence on the dose. Conclusion. Using the proposed toxicokinetically substantiated model for scaling the threshold concentrations, recommendations were made on chemical-analytical methods of biological control in the working area and atmospheric air for OP and VIP.","PeriodicalId":23128,"journal":{"name":"Toxicological Review","volume":"75 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83822727","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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