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Analysis of the toxicological situation in Moscow in the first three months of the COVID-19 pandemic 2019冠状病毒病大流行头三个月莫斯科毒理学情况分析
Pub Date : 2021-10-30 DOI: 10.36946/0869-7922-2021-29-5-49-57
Anastasiya Yurevna Simonova, P. Rozhkov, Mariya Vladimirovna Belova, Kapitolina Konstsntinovna Ilyashenko, M. M. Potskhveriya, Y. Ostapenko, Y. S. Goldfarb, Anna Ivanovna Fetisova, A. N. Elkov, Tatyana Anatolevna Sokolova
Introduction. On March 11, 2020, WHO announced the global COVID-19 pandemic. According to literature data, the spread of coronavirus infection COVID-19 affected the structure of acute chemical poisoning. The aim. Assessment of the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic and restrictive measures on the peculiarities of seeking advice and the structure of acute chemical poisoning in Moscow. Material and methods. The data of the registration forms “Card of recording of a consultation of a patient with acute poisoning of chemical etiology” in the period from March 30 to June 30, 2020 and 2019 were studied. The analysis indicators of a hospitalization of patients in the department of acute poisoning and somatopsychiatric disorders of N.V. Sklifosovsky, the Research Institute of Emergency Medicine. Results. It was found that in the analyzed period of 2020 compared to 2019, the proportion of injured people of working age decreased by 11.2%, while it increased at the age of 0-17 years by 3.2 times. An increase in the number of consultations for individuals by 2.1 times was noted. There was an increase in the number of complaints about poisoning with antibiotics, drugs from the T45 group (anticoagulants, vitamins, etc.), T37 (antiviral, anti-microbial, etc.) by 1.7-2 times. In March-June 2020, there was an increase in the number of complaints about the toxic effects of alcohol (T51), an increase in hospitalized patients with acute alcohol poisoning by 4 times, and with combined alcohol poisoning - by 2.7 times. The number of complaints about poisoning with detergents and disinfectants in the first three months of the pandemic increased by 2.7 times. Conclusion. The pandemic and the introduction of restrictive measures for COVID-19 have affected the toxicological situation in Moscow, which must be taken into account when determining the guidelines for organizational measures for the provision of medical care for acute chemical poisoning during the COVID-19 pandemic.
介绍。2020年3月11日,世卫组织宣布全球COVID-19大流行。根据文献资料,冠状病毒感染COVID-19的传播影响了急性化学中毒的结构。的目标。评估2019冠状病毒病大流行和限制措施对莫斯科寻求咨询的特殊性和急性化学中毒的结构的影响材料和方法。研究了2020年3月30日至2019年6月30日《急性化学性中毒患者会诊记录卡》登记表的数据。急诊医学研究所N.V. Sklifosovsky急性中毒与躯体精神疾患部1例患者住院分析指标结果。研究发现,与2019年相比,2020年分析期内劳动年龄人群受伤比例下降11.2%,而0-17岁人群受伤比例上升3.2倍。注意到个人咨询次数增加了2.1倍。抗生素中毒投诉增加了1.7-2倍,T45组(抗凝血剂、维生素等)、T37组(抗病毒、抗微生物等)药物中毒投诉增加了1.7-2倍。2020年3月至6月,关于酒精毒性作用的投诉数量增加(T51),急性酒精中毒住院患者增加了4倍,合并酒精中毒患者增加了2.7倍。在大流行的头三个月里,有关洗涤剂和消毒剂中毒的投诉增加了2.7倍。结论。大流行和针对COVID-19采取的限制性措施影响了莫斯科的毒理学状况,在确定COVID-19大流行期间为急性化学中毒提供医疗服务的组织措施准则时,必须考虑到这一点。
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引用次数: 2
About the threshold concentration of nickel oxide nanoparticles in long-term inhalation exposure of rats 关于大鼠长期吸入暴露氧化镍纳米颗粒的阈浓度
Pub Date : 2021-10-30 DOI: 10.36946/0869-7922-2021-29-5-34-42
B. Katsnelson, I. N. Chernyshov, S. Solovyeva, I. Minigalieva, V. Gurvich, I. E. Valamina, O. Makeyev, R. R. Sahautdinova, L. Privalova, A. E. Tsaregorodtseva, A. V. Korotkov, E. Shuman, V. Panov, M. Sutunkova
Introduction. Nickel oxide nanoparticles are of interest for toxicological science, not only as engineered nanoparticles, producing for industrial and scientific needs, but also as spontaneous pollutants of the atmosphere and the working area in industrial processes related to metallurgy and welding. Materials and methods. Rats were exposed to nickel-oxide aerosol at a concentration of 2.4 ± 0.4 µg/m3 in a “nose only” inhalation setup for 4 hours at a time, 5 times a week, during an overall period of 2 weeks to 6 months. Results. Of the several dozen examined parameters, only a few statistically significant manifestations associated with the reaction of the deep airways to inhaled nanoparticles were noted. However, in the biochemical and morphometric parameters of the lungs, even at the longest periods of exposure, the intergroup differences were insignificant. At the same time, even from the first weeks of the exposure period, genotoxic and allergic indices shifts are detected. Conclusion. For most of the evaluated effects, this level of exposure to nickel oxide nanoparticles may be considered as close to LOAEL, or even to NOAEL. However, according to some indicators, there are effects that suggest a non-threshold nature.
介绍。氧化镍纳米颗粒是毒理学研究的兴趣所在,它不仅是为工业和科学需要而生产的工程纳米颗粒,而且是与冶金和焊接有关的工业过程中大气和工作区域的自发污染物。材料和方法。大鼠在“仅鼻子”吸入装置中暴露于浓度为2.4±0.4 μ g/m3的氧化镍气溶胶中,每次4小时,每周5次,总时间为2周至6个月。结果。在几十个被检查的参数中,只有少数与吸入纳米颗粒的深气道反应相关的统计学显著表现被注意到。然而,在肺部的生化和形态计量参数中,即使在最长的暴露时间,组间差异也不显著。同时,即使从接触期的头几周开始,也可检测到遗传毒性和过敏指数的变化。结论。对于大多数已评估的影响,这种暴露于氧化镍纳米颗粒的水平可被认为接近低ael,甚至接近无ael。然而,根据一些指标,有些影响表明非阈值性质。
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引用次数: 0
Toxicological assessment of Capparis spinosa L. seed’s oil 刺毛椒籽油的毒理学评价
Pub Date : 2021-10-30 DOI: 10.36946/0869-7922-2021-29-5-58-63
Susanna B Poghosyan, Natalya S Tadevosyan, Susanna A Muradyan, Siranush Hovhannes Ter-Zakaryan, Ashot Norayr Jzhandzhapanyan, G. Kirakosyan
Introduction. Herbal medicines are unique therapeutic agents that represent multicomponent complexes of biologically active substances. They have low toxicity, a wide spectrum of therapeutic action with a minimum of side effects and a relatively low cost. Capparis spinosa L. has been widely used in traditional medicine for the treatment of various diseases and health conditions. Material and methods. An assessment of the toxicometric parameters of Capparis spinosa L. seed’s oil was done by a single oral and dermal exposure, the average lethal doses have been calculated for both routes, sensitivity by sex has been studied. The local irritant, skin resorptive, effect on the mucous membranes of the eyes of experimental animals was investigated. Sensitizing activity was studied according to the complex sensitization scheme. Processing of the results was carried out by the method of variation statistics. Standard errors and other indicators were calculated using the Litchfield-Wilcoxon probabilistic analysis method modified by Prozorovsky. The difference in mean values was estimated using Student’s t-test. Results. The acute toxicity of the oil was not expressed, death of animals was not observed. Average lethal dose for a single oral exposure was above 7000 mg/kg and dermal more than 3000 mg/kg. Sensitivity by sex in an acute experiment has not been established. The oil had a mild irritating effect on the mucous membranes of the eyes. It did not show skin-irritating, resorptive-toxic and sensitizing effects. Conclusion. Capparis spinosa L seed’s oil belongs to the 4th hazard class (low hazard) according to the hygienic classification and safety requirements of substances.
介绍。草药是一种独特的治疗药物,代表了生物活性物质的多组分复合物。它们毒性低,治疗作用范围广,副作用最小,成本相对较低。芒草在传统医学中被广泛用于治疗各种疾病和健康状况。材料和方法。通过单次口服和皮肤接触,对刺毛椒籽油的毒理学参数进行了评估,计算了两种途径的平均致死剂量,并研究了性别敏感性。研究了局部刺激、皮肤吸收对实验动物眼粘膜的影响。采用复合增敏方案对其增敏活性进行了研究。采用变异统计的方法对结果进行处理。采用Prozorovsky修正的Litchfield-Wilcoxon概率分析法计算标准误差等指标。使用学生t检验估计平均值的差异。结果。该油未表现出急性毒性,未观察到动物死亡。单次口服接触的平均致死剂量超过7000毫克/公斤,皮肤接触超过3000毫克/公斤。在急性实验中,性别敏感性尚未确定。这种油对眼睛的粘膜有轻微的刺激作用。它没有皮肤刺激、吸收毒性和致敏作用。结论。根据物质的卫生分类和安全要求,红椒籽油属于第4类危害(低危害)。
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引用次数: 0
Universality of the phenomenon of «neurotoxicity» (literature review) “神经毒性”现象的普遍性(文献综述)
Pub Date : 2021-10-30 DOI: 10.36946/0869-7922-2021-29-5-4-16
A. I. Golovko, Jury Jurievich Ivnitsky, M. B. Ivanov, VL Rejnyuk
Introduction. The neurotoxic effect is considered as one of the variants of the toxicity of many xenobiotics. Neurotoxic effects develop not only in poisoning, but also when exposed to biological (for example, pathogens of infectious diseases) and physical (for example, ionizing and non-ionizing radiation) factors. Materials and methods. The subject of the analysis was the phenomenon of neurotoxicity. The information was obtained by studying the databases Scopus, Web of Science, PubMed, RSCI. Results. The absence of a single definition of the concept of «neurotoxicant» is noted. In addition to chemicals, other factors have neurotoxicity: biological, physical. The mechanisms of neurodegeneration under the influence of neurotoxicants with different mechanisms of action are similar and include excitotoxicity, neuroinflammation, suppression of mitochondrial function, inhibition of neurogenesis and gliogenesis, oxidative stress, increased BBB permeability and apoptosis. The presented features allow us to speak about the universality of the phenomenon of «neurotoxicity». Conclusion. When considering the phenomenon of «neurotoxicity», certain difficulties arise. A clear idea of the etiological factors of this phenomenon is not fully formulated. A comprehensive classification of neurotoxicants has not been created. At the same time, the processes of neurodegeneration are very similar in cases of poisoning with neurotoxicants with different mechanisms of action, which proves the universality of the phenomenon of «neurotoxicity».
介绍。神经毒性作用被认为是许多外源性药物毒性的变体之一。神经毒性不仅在中毒时产生,而且在暴露于生物(例如传染病病原体)和物理(例如电离和非电离辐射)因素时也会产生。材料和方法。分析的主题是神经毒性现象。研究结果来源于Scopus、Web of Science、PubMed、RSCI等数据库。结果。注意到缺乏“神经毒物”概念的单一定义。除了化学物质,其他因素也有神经毒性:生物的、物理的。不同作用机制的神经毒物影响下的神经变性机制相似,包括兴奋性毒性、神经炎症、线粒体功能抑制、神经发生和胶质发生抑制、氧化应激、血脑屏障通透性增加和细胞凋亡。所呈现的特征使我们能够谈论“神经毒性”现象的普遍性。结论。在考虑“神经毒性”现象时,出现了某些困难。对这一现象的病因还没有完全明确的认识。神经毒物的全面分类尚未形成。与此同时,不同作用机制的神经毒物中毒的神经变性过程非常相似,这证明了“神经毒性”现象的普遍性。
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引用次数: 0
Carbon monoxide: modern concepts to the treatment of acute poisonings (literature review) 一氧化碳:急性中毒治疗的现代概念(文献综述)
Pub Date : 2021-10-30 DOI: 10.36946/0869-7922-2021-29-5-17-24
A. Grebenyuk, V. N. Bykov
Introduction. Carbon monoxide (CO) is one of the most common causes of chemical injuries and the main toxic factor in the people death in fires. The mechanism of the toxic effect of CO, associated with the formation of carboxyhemoglobin and the development of hypoxia, determines the rapid development of the clinical picture of acute intoxication and the need for emergency first aid and medical care to the poisoned. Material and methods. Literature sources, summarized in the bibliographic databases eLIBRARY.RU, PubMed and Scopus, were the material for analysis. Results. First aid is based on quickly removing the victim from the fire zone or other area with a high concentration of CO and providing him with oxygen as soon as possible. During medical evacuation, it is necessary to carry out continuous inhalation of 80-100% oxygen, to ensure rest and warmth of the victim. In the emergency department of the hospital, oxygen inhalation and maintenance therapy should be continued, clinical and laboratory diagnostic measures aimed at assessing the severity of intoxication, identifying complications and concomitant pathology should be performed. In the case of severe CO poisoning, medical care continues to be provided to the victims in the intensive care unit or in the oxygen-barotherapy unit. The main antidote for CO poisoning is oxygen, which can be used in two versions - normobaric or hyperbaric oxygenation. As a pharmacological antidote to CO, zinc bisvinylimidazole diacetate (acizol) which can accelerate the breakdown of carboxyhemoglobin, improve the oxygen-binding and gas-transport properties of blood, as well as the dissociation of oxyhemoglobin in tissues is used. Along with antidotes, an important role in the treatment of CO poisoning is played by pathogenetic and symptomatic therapy aimed at the prevention and treatment of toxic encephalopathy, brain edema, cognitive dysfunction, toxic myocardiodystrophy and arrhythmia, prevention of pneumonia, correction of the acid-base state, compensation of the energy needs of the body, etc. Conclusion. Further improvement of existing means and methods for the treatment of intoxication, the development and introduction of new antidots into medical practice will increase the effectiveness of therapeutic measures, reduce the number of deaths and disabilities after acute poisoning with carbon monoxide.
介绍。一氧化碳(CO)是造成化学伤害最常见的原因之一,也是火灾中造成人员死亡的主要有毒因素。一氧化碳毒性作用的机制,与碳氧血红蛋白的形成和缺氧的发展有关,决定了急性中毒的临床图景迅速发展,需要对中毒患者进行紧急急救和医疗护理。材料和方法。文献来源,归纳于书目数据库eLIBRARY。RU、PubMed和Scopus为分析材料。结果。急救的基础是迅速将受害者从火区或其他一氧化碳浓度高的地区带走,并尽快为他提供氧气。在医疗后送过程中,需要进行80-100%的连续吸氧,以保证伤员的休息和保暖。在医院的急诊科,应继续吸氧和维持治疗,应采取临床和实验室诊断措施,以评估中毒的严重程度,确定并发症和伴随病理。在严重一氧化碳中毒的情况下,继续在加护病房或氧气治疗室向受害者提供医疗护理。一氧化碳中毒的主要解药是氧气,它有两种形式——常压氧合或高压氧合。双乙烯酰咪唑二乙酸锌(acizol)是一种CO的药理学解毒剂,它可以加速碳氧血红蛋白的分解,改善血液的氧结合和气体输送性能,以及组织中氧合血红蛋白的解离。除解毒剂外,针对中毒性脑病、脑水肿、认知功能障碍、中毒性心肌营养不良和心律失常的防治、肺炎的预防、酸碱状态的纠正、机体能量需求的补偿等病原对症治疗在CO中毒的治疗中起着重要作用。结论。进一步改进现有的治疗中毒的手段和方法,开发和引进新的抗药剂用于医疗实践,将提高治疗措施的有效性,减少急性一氧化碳中毒后死亡和残疾的人数。
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引用次数: 1
Study of toxicity and peculiarities of biological effects of nanocomposite pectin-Ag: results of a subchronic experiment 纳米复合果胶-银的毒性及生物效应特性研究:亚慢性实验结果
Pub Date : 2021-10-30 DOI: 10.36946/0869-7922-2021-29-5-25-33
V. Vasilkevich, R. Bogdanov, K. S. Gilevskaya, Victoria Igorevna Kulikouskaya
Introduction. Nanocomposites synthesized by the “green chemistry” method do not contain toxic chemicals (reducing agents and organic solvents) as carriers and/or stabilizing shells. One of the representatives of this group of materials are nanocomposites based on silver, which are increasingly used in medical practice, veterinary medicine, and in some other fields. Material and methods. The nanocomposite is Ag0 nanoparticles coated with a highly methoxylated pectin shell. The concentration of Ag0 nanoparticles in the hydrosol of the pectin-Ag nanocomposite is 1.65 mmol/l, and the pectin content is 7.5 mg/ml. The size of the synthesized pectin-Ag nanocomposite is ~20-30 nm, more than 90% of the particles have a diameter of less than 20 nm, the value of the ξ-potential is 45.3 ± 0.7 mV. Toxicological studies were carried out on outbred rats. The main goal of the research was to study the toxic effects of the pectin-Ag nanocomposite in a subchronic experiment (90 days). At the end of the experiment, a complex of behavioral and clinical and laboratory parameters was determined, which made it possible to assess the biological effect of the nanocomposite on animals. The research results were statistically processed. Results. With subchronic intragastric administration of the pectin-Ag nanocomposite to laboratory animals (rats) for 3 months at doses of 50, 500, and 5000 mg/kg, it was found that the nanocomposite exhibits a dose-dependent general toxic effect with critical target organs - the liver and spleen and the main biochemical markers of toxicity effect - aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase and lactate dehydrogenase. Conclusion. Experimental studies have made it possible to substantiate the threshold doses of the hydrosol of the pectin-Ag nanocomposite for the intragastric route of intake.
介绍。通过“绿色化学”方法合成的纳米复合材料不含有毒化学物质(还原剂和有机溶剂)作为载体和/或稳定壳。这类材料的代表之一是基于银的纳米复合材料,它越来越多地应用于医疗实践、兽医医学和其他一些领域。材料和方法。该纳米复合材料是包裹有高度甲氧基化果胶外壳的Ag0纳米颗粒。果胶-银纳米复合材料的纯溶胶中Ag0纳米粒子的浓度为1.65 mmol/l,果胶含量为7.5 mg/ml。所合成的果胶-银纳米复合材料的粒径为~20 ~ 30 nm, 90%以上的颗粒直径小于20 nm,其ξ电位为45.3±0.7 mV。对近亲繁殖的大鼠进行了毒理学研究。本研究的主要目的是在亚慢性实验(90天)中研究果胶-银纳米复合材料的毒性作用。在实验结束时,确定了一系列行为、临床和实验室参数,这使得评估纳米复合材料对动物的生物学效应成为可能。对研究结果进行统计处理。结果。实验动物(大鼠)亚慢性灌胃50、500和5000 mg/kg剂量的果胶-银纳米复合物3个月后,发现该纳米复合物对关键靶器官(肝脏和脾脏)以及毒性作用的主要生化指标(转氨酶、碱性磷酸酶和乳酸脱氢酶)表现出剂量依赖性的一般毒性作用。结论。实验研究已经能够证实果胶-银纳米复合材料的纯溶胶在胃内摄入的阈值剂量。
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引用次数: 0
Development of enzyme immunoassay for detecting I and II types of shiga-like toxins 志贺样毒素ⅰ型和ⅱ型检测酶免疫分析法的建立
Pub Date : 2021-10-30 DOI: 10.36946/0869-7922-2021-29-5-43-48
G. V. Kuklina, D. Pechenkin, S. S. Ipatov, Andrei Valentinovich Eremkin, Aleksei Aleksandrovich Kytmanov, O. V. Tikhvinskaya
Introduction. The aim of the work was development of enzyme immunoassay for detecting I and II types of shiga-like toxins and assessment of it diagnostic properties. Materials and methods. For the research, we used hybridomas producing monoclonal antibodies to shiga-like toxins of types I and II, obtained at the branch of the Federal State Budgetary Institution “48 Central Research Institute” of the Ministry of Defense of Russian Federation (Kirov); BALB/c mice; shiga-like toxins of types I and II. Hybridoma cells were cultured in culture flasks and in the peritoneal cavity of BALB/c mice. Monoclonal antibodies were isolated from ascitic fluids by precipitation with a saturated solution of ammonium sulfate, followed by purification by ion exchange chromatography. The obtained preparations of monoclonal antibodies were used to develop enzyme immunoassay for the detection of shiga-like toxins of types I and II. Specific components of enzyme immunoassay were freeze-dried in a protective environment. Results. As a result of research, preparative quantities of monoclonal antibodies against I and II types of shiga-like toxins were obtained and purified; selection of monoclonal antibodies for sorption on the solid phase and for the synthesis of immunoperoxidase conjugates was carried out. Conclusion. experimental enzyme immunoassay allowing to identify 1 ng/ml I and II types of shiga-like toxins in «sandwich»-ELISA was developed.
介绍。本研究的目的是建立一种检测ⅰ型和ⅱ型志贺样毒素的酶免疫分析法,并评估其诊断特性。材料和方法。在这项研究中,我们使用的杂交瘤产生单克隆抗体的志贺样毒素的I型和II型,从俄罗斯联邦国防部的联邦国家预算机构“48中央研究所”的分支机构(基洛夫)获得;BALB / c小鼠;志贺样I型和II型毒素。在培养瓶和BALB/c小鼠腹腔内培养杂交瘤细胞。采用饱和硫酸铵沉淀法从腹水中分离单克隆抗体,并用离子交换色谱法纯化。所得单克隆抗体用于ⅰ型和ⅱ型志贺样毒素的酶免疫检测。酶免疫测定的特定组分在保护环境中冷冻干燥。结果。通过研究,获得并纯化了抗ⅰ型和ⅱ型志贺样毒素的单克隆抗体;选择单克隆抗体用于固相吸附和免疫过氧化物酶偶联物的合成。结论。建立了“三明治”中1 ng/ml I型和II型志贺样毒素的实验酶免疫分析法-ELISA法。
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引用次数: 0
To the procedure of confirmation of the laboratory’s competence in performing mutagenicity assessment using the Ames test 确认实验室使用Ames试验进行致突变性评估的能力的程序
Pub Date : 2021-08-30 DOI: 10.36946/0869-7922-2021-29-4-4-13
O. Egorova
Introduction. The test for the induction of reverse gene mutations (Ames test, OECD* guideline No. 471) is one of the most popular methods for assessing mutagenicity due to its ease of execution and the ability to detect up to 70-80% of substances with carcinogenic activity. The experimental protocol requires a minimum amount of test substance and standard microbiological laboratory equipment. To obtain the primary data, several days from the start of the experiment are required. Despite the existence of publications devoted to the detailed description of the standard Ames test protocol, there is a gap affecting a number of aspects of the procedure for confirming the competence of a testing center using this method in its practice. Materials and methods. When preparing this article, we used the literature data published in domestic and foreign literature over the past 20 years concerning experimental approaches to the implementation of the Ames test. The literature search was carried out in the Scopus, Medline, Google Scholar, RSCI databases. Results. In the FBES “Federal Scientific Center of Hygiene named after F.F. Erisman” of the Federal Service for Surveillance on Consumer Rights Protection and Human Wellbeing the method for assessing the bacterial reverse mutation has found application in assessing the safety of technical products of pesticides, their mixtures and preparative forms, as well as in the examination of equivalence. Testing laboratory center on the basis of the FBES “Federal Scientific Center of Hygiene named after F.F. Erisman” of the Federal Service for Surveillance on Consumer Rights Protection and Human Wellbeing is accredited for compliance with the state standard GOST ISO / IEC 17025-2019 ”General requirements for the competence of testing and calibration laboratories.“ In this article, based on new published data and our own practical experience, a number of necessary conditions are considered for demonstrating the competence of a testing laboratory using the test for the induction of reverse gene mutations in its practice, its ability to obtain reliable results and take actions to manage the risks of laboratory activities. The main attention is paid to ensuring such parameters of the test quality as indicator cultures, metabolic activation system, control of the background of spontaneous mutation, etc. Conclusion. The discussed practical issues can be useful for specialists from research laboratories planning to introduce this method into practice.
介绍。诱导反向基因突变试验(Ames试验,OECD*指南第471号)是评估致突变性最常用的方法之一,因为它易于执行,并且能够检测到高达70-80%具有致癌活性的物质。实验方案需要最少量的测试物质和标准微生物实验室设备。为了获得原始数据,从实验开始需要几天的时间。尽管已有出版物专门对标准Ames测试方案进行了详细描述,但在确认测试中心在实践中使用该方法的能力的程序的许多方面存在差距。材料和方法。在准备本文时,我们参考了近20年来国内外发表的有关Ames检验实施的实验方法的文献资料。文献检索在Scopus、Medline、Google Scholar、RSCI数据库中进行。结果。在联邦消费者权利保护和人类福利监督局的FBES“以F.F. Erisman命名的联邦卫生科学中心”中,评估细菌反向突变的方法已应用于评估农药技术产品、其混合物和制剂形式的安全性以及等效性检查。以联邦消费者权益保护和人类福利监督局FBES“以F.F. Erisman命名的联邦卫生科学中心”为基础的测试实验室中心,通过了国家标准GOST ISO / IEC 17025-2019“测试和校准实验室能力的一般要求”的认证。“在本文中,基于新发表的数据和我们自己的实践经验,考虑了一些必要条件,以证明测试实验室在实践中使用诱导反向基因突变的测试的能力,其获得可靠结果的能力以及采取措施管理实验室活动风险的能力。”主要关注指标培养物、代谢激活系统、自发突变背景控制等检测质量参数的保证。结论。所讨论的实际问题对于计划将该方法引入实践的研究实验室的专家来说是有用的。
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引用次数: 0
Analysis of banned or severely restricted chemicals and pesticides entering the Russian market under the Rotterdam Convention on the prior informed consent procedure for certain hazardous chemicals and pesticides in international trade 分析根据《关于在国际贸易中对某些危险化学品和农药采用事先知情同意程序的鹿特丹公约》进入俄罗斯市场的禁用或严格限制化学品和农药
Pub Date : 2021-08-30 DOI: 10.36946/0869-7922-2021-29-4-30-39
K. Khamidulina, E. Tarasova, A. S. Proskurina, E. Guseva
Introduction. In recent years, due to the stricter requirements for compliance with the provisions of the Rotterdam Convention, the volume of export notifications on the permission to import dangerous chemicals into the Russian Federation has increased significantly. Therefore, the purpose of our research was to analyze the nomenclature, volume, toxicity and danger of industrial chemicals and pesticides entering the Russian market, despite prohibitions or restrictions on their use at the international and national levels. Materials and methods. The materials used are applications for the import of chemical products (export notifications) of the National Designated authorities of the European Union, China, Great Britain, Serbia to the Russian Register of Potentially Dangerous Chemical and Biological Substances-a branch of the Federal State Scientific Research Center named after F.F. Erisman - in the period from 2018 to 2020. The year 2019 was considered in the most detail. Results and discussion. The analysis of applications showed an ever-increasing number of chemical supplies; for example, 130 notifications were received in 2018, 539 in 2019, and 565 in 2020. In 2019, the number of tin compounds prevailed in the nomenclature of imported products to the territory of the Russian Federation. As for the substances from Annex III of the Rotterdam Convention, most of the imported chemicals by tonnage were substances included in this document - 1,2-dibromoethane (EDB), carbofuran, ethylene oxide, ethylene dichloride (1,2-dichloroethane), which are imported for industrial use, and not for use as pesticides, as they are declared in the convention. Chemicals and pesticides imported into the country under the PIC procedure, with the exception of numerous derivatives of dibutyl - and dioctyltin, creosote, have an established hygienic standard in at least one human habitat. In most cases, they are assigned to hazard classes 1 and 2 according to the maximum permissible concentration. Conclusion. Chemical products that are highly dangerous for human health and the environment, which are banned or severely restricted in many states, caused specific and long-term effects on the body, and having high toxicity to natural biota are used in the Russian Federation economy. In this regard, there is a need to develop regulatory decisions at the national level and within the framework of the Eurasian Economic Commission on the prohibition or restriction of the circulation of substances and pesticides characterized by an unacceptable risk of exposure.
介绍。近年来,由于对遵守《鹿特丹公约》规定的要求更加严格,关于准许向俄罗斯联邦进口危险化学品的出口通知的数量大大增加。因此,我们研究的目的是分析进入俄罗斯市场的工业化学品和农药的命名、数量、毒性和危险,尽管它们在国际和国家层面上被禁止或限制使用。材料和方法。所使用的材料是欧盟、中国、英国、塞尔维亚国家指定机构在2018年至2020年期间向俄罗斯潜在危险化学和生物物质登记处(以F.F. Erisman命名的联邦国家科学研究中心分支机构)提交的化学产品进口申请(出口通知)。2019年被考虑得最为详细。结果和讨论。对应用的分析表明,化学品供应的数量不断增加;例如,2018年收到130份通知,2019年收到539份通知,2020年收到565份通知。2019年,在俄罗斯联邦境内进口产品的命名中,锡化合物的数量占主导地位。至于《鹿特丹公约》附件三所列的物质,按吨位计算,大部分进口化学品是本文件所列的物质- 1,2-二溴乙烷(EDB)、呋喃、环氧乙烷、二氯乙烷(1,2-二氯乙烷),这些物质进口是为了工业用途,而不是像公约所声明的那样用作杀虫剂。根据事先知情同意程序进口到该国的化学品和农药,除了二丁基和二辛基和杂酚油的许多衍生物外,至少在一个人类栖息地具有既定的卫生标准。在大多数情况下,根据最大允许浓度,它们被划分为危害等级1和2。结论。在俄罗斯联邦经济中使用的是对人类健康和环境具有高度危险的化学品,这些化学品在许多国家被禁止或严格限制使用,对人体产生特定和长期的影响,对自然生物群具有很高的毒性。在这方面,有必要在国家一级和在欧亚经济委员会的框架内制定管制决定,禁止或限制具有不可接受的接触危险的物质和农药的流通。
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引用次数: 0
On the issue of analytical control of quinone derivatives in habitats 生境中醌类衍生物的分析控制问题
Pub Date : 2021-08-30 DOI: 10.36946/0869-7922-2021-29-4-45-50
M. S. Grechina, Alena V. Suslova, Viktoriya V. Belitskaya
Introduction. In the direction of normative and methodological assurance of the safety of environmental objects and imported food products, analytical approaches to the determination of a fungicide of the quinone class - dithianone in the air and citrus fruits were optimized. Materials and methods. Measurements were performed by tandem liquid mass spectrometry with a triple quadrupole mass detector (HPLC-MS/MS) in multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) mode using electrostatic spray as the ionization source. The substance from the air was concentrated on Tenax TA sorption tubes based on a porous polymer sorbent, followed by extraction of dithianone from the tubes with acetone. The preparation of samples of citrus fruits was carried out by extraction of acidified acetonitrile (selected optimal pH 2) in the presence of salts of magnesium sulfate, sodium chloride and sodium citrate two- and three-substituted, followed by centrifugation and filtration of the extract through disposable syringe membrane filters (QuEChERS technology). Results. The developed techniques were tested on real samples using the pesticide in agricultural practice. The revealed levels of dithianon do not exceed the lower limit of quantitative determination: 0.000071 mg/m3 in ambient air (with an RISL value of 0.0001 mg/m3) and 0.01 mg/kg in citrus fruits (with an established MRL value of 3 mg/kg). Conclusion. The developed methods are approved as official documents and supplement the base of analytical methods in terms of control of atmospheric air and imported food products.
介绍。从环境物和进口食品安全的规范性和方法学保证的角度出发,对空气和柑橘类水果中醌类杀菌剂二硫菊酮的分析方法进行了优化。材料和方法。采用多反应监测(MRM)模式,以静电喷雾为电离源,采用三重四极杆质量检测器(HPLC-MS/MS)串联液相质谱法进行测量。将空气中的物质浓缩在基于多孔聚合物吸附剂的Tenax TA吸附管中,然后用丙酮从管中提取二硫菊酮。在硫酸镁盐、氯化钠盐、二代和三代柠檬酸钠盐存在下,提取酸化乙腈(选择最佳pH为2),离心,并通过一次性注射器膜过滤器(QuEChERS技术)过滤,制备柑橘类水果样品。结果。所开发的技术在农业实践中对实际样品进行了试验。所显示的二硫磷水平不超过定量测定的下限:环境空气中的0.000071 mg/m3 (RISL值为0.0001 mg/m3)和柑橘类水果中的0.01 mg/kg (MRL值为3 mg/kg)。结论。所开发的方法已被批准为官方文件,并补充了大气空气和进口食品控制分析方法的基础。
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引用次数: 0
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Toxicological Review
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