Topics in companion animal medicine最新文献

The objective of this retrospective case series is to evaluate clinical outcomes associated with the use of a bioresorbable polymeric wound matrix (MicroLyte Vet; Imbed Biosciences) for the management of soft tissue wounds of various etiologies in dogs. Medical records were reviewed between August 2019 and November 2021 for signalment, wound etiology, location, size, initial wound management, antibiotic therapy, time to initial application, number of applications, time between applications, secondary dressing used, time to wound closure, complications, and clinical outcomes. Time to initial application ranged from 1 to 61 days (median, 7.5). The number of applications ranged from 1 to 15 (median, 4.5). Time between applications ranged from 1 to 8 days (median, 3.7). Additional surgical interventions were implemented in 3 dogs. Wound closure by second intention healing (n=14) ranged from 2 to 12 weeks (median, 5). There were no adverse events attributed to the use of bioresorbable polymeric wound matrix. Complete wound healing occurred with use of the bioresorbable polymeric wound matrix in all dogs.

A 7-month-old female spayed domestic short hair cat was presented for evaluation of inadequate clinical response to medical management for hepatic encephalopathy (HE). An abdominal computed tomography (CT) was to be performed but the cat developed 2 grand mal seizures shortly after presentation. Minimal handling and no drugs had been administered before the seizures. A single dose of diazepam (0.3 mg/kg, IV) was administered after each seizure. Another seizure occurred 24 hours after hospitalization and diazepam (0.5 mg/kg, IV) was once again administered. Seizures ceased but neurological signs worsened and included head pressing, loss of menace response, and a stuporous mentation. Due to unresponsiveness to treatment that included administration of intravenous fluids, levetiracetam, ampicillin/sulbactam, and retention enemas (water with lactulose), a dose of flumazenil (0.01 mg/kg) was administered IV and resulted in immediate but transient improvement of clinical signs. The stuporous state returned after 60 min post-treatment and an additional dose of IV flumazenil (0.01 mg/kg) was administered with the same outcome. Based on this positive clinical response, IV infusion of flumazenil was initiated at 0.01 mg/kg/h following a loading dose of 0.005 mg/kg. Due to minimal improvement in neurological signs, flumazenil IV infusion was increased gradually until reaching the effective dose of 0.1 mg/kg/h. Flumazenil IV infusion was continued for 24 hours with improvements in neurological signs, which did not return upon gradual decrease of the flumazenil dose. This is the first report describing the use of a flumazenil IV infusion to improve neurological signs in a cat with a PSS and HE treated with diazepam.

Acute pancreatitis can be a complication of massive hemolysis, above all when intravascular in nature. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the association between canine immune mediated hemolytic anemia (IMHA) and clinically suspected acute pancreatitis (CSAP) and the role of calculated free plasma hemoglobin (Hbfp) in CSAP occurrence/development. In this cohort study the records of 95 dogs with IMHA and 95 sick dogs with pathologies other than IMHA were compared for CSAP occurrence/development. At presentation, 12/95 dogs with IMHA met criteria for CSAP, while only 3/95 sick control dogs met these criteria (χ² =1.58, P = .008). Within 7 days of hospitalization 9 additional dogs with IMHA had developed CSAP. The Hbfp was calculated and compared for dogs with IMHA that had/developed CSAP and for those without CSAP. In dogs with IMHA, a calculated Hbfp concentration ≥ 0.08 g/dL resulted in an increased relative risk (RR) of having/developing CSAP (RR = 2.54, 95% CI, 1.51-4.29; P = .003). No significant effect on short-term prognosis in dogs with IMHA was found between those having/developing CSAP and those without CSAP. This study showed that dogs with IMHA have an increased risk of having CSAP and Hbfp concentration may be involved in the pathogenesis of acute pancreatitis.

A 3-month-old female French Bulldog presented with hematuria, severe pollakiuria, and urinary incontinence lasting for 1.5 months. Broad-spectrum empirical antibiotic therapy and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs were initiated by the referring veterinarian. Due to a lack of improvement, the dog was referred. At referral examination, urinary clinical signs persisted (hematuria, severe pollakiuria) and a firm bladder was noted. Abdominal ultrasonography revealed severe, diffuse bladder wall thickening with a significant reduction in the bladder lumen. Urinary tract endoscopy showed whitish exophytic proliferations throughout the entire bladder wall. Histological bladder wall analysis led to a diagnosis of bladder malakoplakia. Prolonged antibiotic therapy with fluoroquinolones was prescribed and resulted in clinical remission despite persistent bacteria in the bladder wall. This report describes a case of successfully medically managed bladder malakoplakia, a very rare condition in veterinary medicine, well documented in humans.

The ultrasonographic assessment of the caudal vena cava-to-aorta ratio (CVC:Ao) appears to be a promising method for early recognition of alterations of intravascular volume status in veterinary medicine. The primary objective of this study was to establish the reference intervals of the CVC:Ao ratio with ultrasound in nonsedated healthy dogs. Secondary objectives were to determine the influence of the respiratory cycle and to evaluate correlations between ultrasonographic measurements, signalment and physical exam findings. Ultrasonographic measurements of Ao and CVC diameters were successfully obtained for all sixty dogs included. No evidence of a difference was observed between the measurements of Ao and CVC diameters, and CVC:Ao ratio between inspiration and expiration (P = .373, P = .318, and P = .537, respectively). The reference interval for CVC:Ao ratio (95% CI), generated from US measurements performed at any moment of the respiratory cycle was defined as 0.93 (0.91-0.95) −1.32 (1.30-1.34). The CVC:Ao ratio was significantly negatively correlated with age (r = −0.341, P = .008) and positively correlated with respiratory rate (r = 0.423, P < .001), but not with heart rate (P = .573) or arterial systolic blood pressure (P = .166). A low inter- and intraoperator variability in repeated measurements was observed for each operator and between operators. The ultrasonographic measurement of the CVC:Ao ratio appears as a simple method with low inter- and intraoperator variability using the ultrasonographic protocol described in the current study. With the reference interval established in the present study in healthy nonsedated dogs, further studies should evaluate the utility of this simple method in assessing and monitoring volume status in hypo- and hypervolemic dogs.

Primary hemostatic disorders such as thrombocytopenia and thrombocytopathia are commonly encountered in small animal practice. The key stages of primary hemostasis include platelet adhesion, activation, and aggregation. Understanding the interaction between tissues, platelets, and signaling molecules not only helps clinicians comprehend clot formation but also better recognize thrombocytopathias. Although congenital thrombocytopathia is rare, commercially available platelet function tests allow veterinarians to narrow differentials in many clinical settings. Thrombocytopenia can be easily diagnosed in any clinical setting. In this paper, we review the current understanding of primary hemostasis in veterinary medicine, including the clinical presentation and available diagnostics to identify platelet abnormalities.

Acute diarrhea is a common reason for non-wellness veterinary visits in dogs. Treatment for acute diarrhea usually consists of supportive care with nutritional intervention, fluid therapy, anthelmintics, and often an antibiotic - commonly metronidazole in North America. The empirical use of metronidazole for acute diarrhea in dogs has been a common practice in veterinary medicine for many decades; however, recent studies evaluating its use suggest it may be inappropriately utilized in many cases. Herein, we review the evidence evaluating the use of metronidazole and other antibiotics in acute diarrhea in the human and veterinary literature. Recommendations on the use of metronidazole and other antibiotics as well as other therapeutic considerations in the treatment of acute diarrhea are also provided.

This study aimed to evaluate the effects of the repeated administration of tramadol subcutaneously on postoperative analgesia, liver, kidneys, and oxidative status in the postoperative period of cats undergoing ovariohysterectomy. Thirty-seven cats were randomly assigned to 5 groups, according to the postoperative analgesic treatment: NaCl 0.9%, GC; tramadol at 2 mg/kg, T2B (q12h) and T2T (q8h); or 4 mg/kg, T4B (q12h) and T4T (q8h). Oxidative status was assessed at baseline, 12 hours and 24 hours after the final administration of tramadol by the activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), myeloperoxidase (MPO), butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE), and lipoperoxidation (MDA). Total blood count, serum biochemistry and urinalysis were compared between baseline and 12 hours posttramadol. Postoperative pain was evaluated by applying the Glasgow Feline Composite Measure Pain Scale at baseline, 3 (T3), 6 (T6), 8 (T8), 12 (T12), 24 (T24) e 36 (T36) hours after extubation. No side effects were observed. Tramadol increased SOD activity while CAT varied among groups in all time points but not over time. MDA levels increased from baseline to 12 hours in all groups but T4T. MPO activity decreased from baseline to 24 hours in some groups, including GC. Creatinine and phosphatase alkaline decreased in T2T, T4B, and T4T at 12 hours. Higher pain scores were observed from T3 to T8, except for GC. Rescue analgesia was administered only at T3. No difference in pain scores was observed from T8 onwards. Based on the findings, it is suggested that tramadol at 2 mg/kg every 8 hours is recommended for postoperative analgesia of cats undergoing ovariohysterectomy.

A green iguana (Iguana iguana) was presented for severe pruritus, dysecdysis, reduced appetite, lethargy, and the presence of dark red spots on the entire body. A pruritic dermatitis was present on the owner's arms as well. Parasitological examination (light microscopy) performed on the affected iguana, via skin scraping and acetate tape test, revealed numerous Hirstiella spp. mites. Resolution of clinical signs occurred 3 weeks after daily water bath and 3 weekly applications of a 0.25% fipronil solution (sprayed on a glove and then rubbed on the skin of the lizard) along with application of diluted fipronil (1:5 in water). This is the first case report of potential Hirstiella spp. dermatitis in an adult human. Although uncommon, Hirstiella spp. infestation should be considered as a possible differential in pruritic pet lizards specifically in cases in which the owner presents a papular dermatitis.

Cat reproduction is important for research and commercial cat breeding operations, as well as the control of feral cat populations. This review describes studies examining reproductive performance in laboratory cats, privately-owned breeding cats, and feral cats, including sexual maturity, the estrous cycle (timing, behavior, and hormonal changes), seasonal effects, gestation length, parturition (litter size, litter weight, and parity effects), mortality, and stillbirth. Because the studies highlighted in this review vary in the location where they were conducted and the region's management practices, these factors should be considered depending on the goal of the reader when interpreting these data. Furthermore, standard practices were lacking in some earlier studies of cat reproduction, so they should be considered for historical context only and may not reflect the actual reproductive potential of cats as described in the new studies due to advancements in husbandry practices and nutrition. The objective of this manuscript is to review scientific studies examining reproductive performance in laboratory cats, privately-owned breeding cats, and feral cats. The data sources for this manuscript included original research publications and scientific reviews from the veterinary literature. All reviews or studies that augmented the knowledge of the reproduction of domestic cats in laboratories, catteries, and feral colonies were included. Most studies on laboratory cats have been conducted under the conditions of controlled light cycles, temperature, and diet. The environmental effects on reproductive behavior are subtler than those in feral cat studies, but the effects are still distinguishable. Cat breeding studies focus on genetic effects and rely heavily on surveys or questionnaires from cat breeders. However, the reliability of these data can be variable, in part because the methodology of record-keeping and other protocols are generally not reported. In addition, laboratory animal management standards, specific pathogen-free cat colonies, and nutritional requirements for cats were not fully established until the 1970s. Reproductive outcomes of earlier studies may not be a true representation of the modern cat due to more advanced, regulated husbandry practices, including improvements in nutrition, resulting in diets formulated to meet feline requirements for every life stage.