Pub Date : 2022-10-02DOI: 10.1080/15569543.2021.2001829
Mir Mohammad Ali, Mohammad Lokman Ali, M. J. Rakib, M. Islam, A. Habib, Shaharior Hossen, Khalid A. Ibrahim, A. M. Idris, K. Phoungthong
Abstract River water and sediment embody environmental characteristics that give valuable information about the eco-environment. Due to rapid unplanned urbanization and industrialization, the aquatic environment of any urban river can be seriously polluted by heavy metals. Four heavy metals (As, Cr, Cd, and Pb) were analyzed in surface sediments and water from the Kirtankhola River located in the coastal area of Bangladesh. The decreasing pattern of metals was observed as Cr > Pb > As > Cd in both water and sediment. The heavy metal ranges were 1.67–7.31, 12.64–45.69, 0.01–1.59, and 8.03–35.68 μg/L in the water and 2.09–6.89, 14.76–47.08, 0.01–1.77 and 6.37–41.43 mg/kg in sediments for As, Cr, Cd, and Pb. The number of metals tested in water samples surpassed the acceptable limits of drinking water quality, indicating that water from this river is not safe for drinking and cooking and could pose a risk to the riverine ecosystem. The pollution load index (PLI) values were close to one, indicating that the sediment of the study river was low contamination. Contamination factor (CF) has reported that As, Cd, and Pb have been moderate to extremely polluted by sediment samples and metals level implied that the condition is much alarming and probably severely affecting the aquatic ecology of this riverine ecosystem.
{"title":"Contamination and ecological risk assessment of heavy metals in water and sediment from hubs of fish resource river in a developing country","authors":"Mir Mohammad Ali, Mohammad Lokman Ali, M. J. Rakib, M. Islam, A. Habib, Shaharior Hossen, Khalid A. Ibrahim, A. M. Idris, K. Phoungthong","doi":"10.1080/15569543.2021.2001829","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15569543.2021.2001829","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract River water and sediment embody environmental characteristics that give valuable information about the eco-environment. Due to rapid unplanned urbanization and industrialization, the aquatic environment of any urban river can be seriously polluted by heavy metals. Four heavy metals (As, Cr, Cd, and Pb) were analyzed in surface sediments and water from the Kirtankhola River located in the coastal area of Bangladesh. The decreasing pattern of metals was observed as Cr > Pb > As > Cd in both water and sediment. The heavy metal ranges were 1.67–7.31, 12.64–45.69, 0.01–1.59, and 8.03–35.68 μg/L in the water and 2.09–6.89, 14.76–47.08, 0.01–1.77 and 6.37–41.43 mg/kg in sediments for As, Cr, Cd, and Pb. The number of metals tested in water samples surpassed the acceptable limits of drinking water quality, indicating that water from this river is not safe for drinking and cooking and could pose a risk to the riverine ecosystem. The pollution load index (PLI) values were close to one, indicating that the sediment of the study river was low contamination. Contamination factor (CF) has reported that As, Cd, and Pb have been moderate to extremely polluted by sediment samples and metals level implied that the condition is much alarming and probably severely affecting the aquatic ecology of this riverine ecosystem.","PeriodicalId":23211,"journal":{"name":"Toxin Reviews","volume":"41 1","pages":"1253 - 1268"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2022-10-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45127276","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-09-20DOI: 10.1080/15569543.2022.2124419
K. Kowalczyk, J. Roszak, Z. Sobańska, M. Stępnik
Abstract Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are a large group of organic compounds that have always been present in the environment. With the technological and civilization development, exposure to this class of compounds has considerably increased. Dibenzo[def,p]chrysene (DBC), formerly known as dibenzo[a,l]pyrene, is one of the most important and probably the most carcinogenic among all PAHs tested so far. Its carcinogenic and mutagenic effects on mammalian cell systems and animals have been documented, and hence it was classified as “possibly carcinogenic to humans.” This review presents the most important aspects of mechanisms of genotoxicity after exposure to DBC.
{"title":"Review of mechanisms of genotoxic action of dibenzo[def,p]chrysene (formerly dibenzo[a,l]pyrene)","authors":"K. Kowalczyk, J. Roszak, Z. Sobańska, M. Stępnik","doi":"10.1080/15569543.2022.2124419","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15569543.2022.2124419","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are a large group of organic compounds that have always been present in the environment. With the technological and civilization development, exposure to this class of compounds has considerably increased. Dibenzo[def,p]chrysene (DBC), formerly known as dibenzo[a,l]pyrene, is one of the most important and probably the most carcinogenic among all PAHs tested so far. Its carcinogenic and mutagenic effects on mammalian cell systems and animals have been documented, and hence it was classified as “possibly carcinogenic to humans.” This review presents the most important aspects of mechanisms of genotoxicity after exposure to DBC.","PeriodicalId":23211,"journal":{"name":"Toxin Reviews","volume":"42 1","pages":"460 - 477"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2022-09-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44093826","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-09-20DOI: 10.1080/15569543.2022.2124421
C. B. D. da Costa, Vanessa Ramos de Carvalho, L. L. C. Ferreira, Jorge Luiz Schirmer de Mattos, Leila de Mendonça Garcia, Marcia de Souza Antunes, F. J. Martins, N. Ratcliffe, R. Cisne, H. Castro
Abstract Several scientific studies to evaluate the process of digestion and fractionation of immunoglobulins have been carried out in order to improve the production of hyperimmune sera. Today, quality, safety, and production efficiency, along with the development of optimized, robust, and cost-effective processes are priorities. Thus, this work analyzed previous studies of enzymatic digestion of heterologous immunoglobulin G, as well as studies of protein fractionation with caprylic acid, to verify the experimental conditions and their impacts on production processes. The establishment of possible variables; such as concentration, pH, time, and temperature; may allow optimization of the production of hyperimmune sera. Most of the digestive processes evaluated took place at 37° C, pH 3.2, with times longer than 90 minutes, and pepsin inactivation between pH 7.0 and 7.2, while fractionation with caprylic acid used a concentration of 5%, 37° C, and pH 5.0–5.8, for 60 minutes. This work aimed to establish, the ideal conditions to be applied in the production of hyperimmune sera.
{"title":"Production of hyperimmune sera: a study of digestion and fractionation methodologies for the purification process of heterologous immunoglobulins","authors":"C. B. D. da Costa, Vanessa Ramos de Carvalho, L. L. C. Ferreira, Jorge Luiz Schirmer de Mattos, Leila de Mendonça Garcia, Marcia de Souza Antunes, F. J. Martins, N. Ratcliffe, R. Cisne, H. Castro","doi":"10.1080/15569543.2022.2124421","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15569543.2022.2124421","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Several scientific studies to evaluate the process of digestion and fractionation of immunoglobulins have been carried out in order to improve the production of hyperimmune sera. Today, quality, safety, and production efficiency, along with the development of optimized, robust, and cost-effective processes are priorities. Thus, this work analyzed previous studies of enzymatic digestion of heterologous immunoglobulin G, as well as studies of protein fractionation with caprylic acid, to verify the experimental conditions and their impacts on production processes. The establishment of possible variables; such as concentration, pH, time, and temperature; may allow optimization of the production of hyperimmune sera. Most of the digestive processes evaluated took place at 37° C, pH 3.2, with times longer than 90 minutes, and pepsin inactivation between pH 7.0 and 7.2, while fractionation with caprylic acid used a concentration of 5%, 37° C, and pH 5.0–5.8, for 60 minutes. This work aimed to establish, the ideal conditions to be applied in the production of hyperimmune sera.","PeriodicalId":23211,"journal":{"name":"Toxin Reviews","volume":"42 1","pages":"478 - 490"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2022-09-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47834864","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-09-19DOI: 10.1080/15569543.2022.2124422
Ali Asghar Haghgoo, M. Cheraghi, S. Sobhanardakani, B. Lorestani, V. Izadkhah
Abstract In this study, rice straw was used for synthesizing AC/KOH and AC/Fe3O4/ZnO as fresh adsorbents for the elimination of Cyclophosphamide (CP) from water samples. In so doing, the crystalline form, the chemical compound and the morphology of the adsorbents were characterized utilizing scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD) spectrometry, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), vibrating sample magnetometry (VSM), pHpzc, and Brunauer, Emmett, and Teller (BET) methods. Then, the optimum conditions for removal efficiency of CP onto AC/Fe3O4/ZnO nanocomposite were obtained at CP concentration of 20 mg L−1, AC/Fe3O4/ZnO nanocomposite dose of 0.01 g, solution pH of 7, equilibrium time of 45 min, and temperature of 25 °C. The CP adsorption data was modeled by isotherm models (Langmuir, Freundlich, and Temkin) and kinetic models (pseudo-first-order, pseudo-second-order, and intraparticle diffusion) using the origin nonlinear software version 6.1. Based on the results obtained, the maximum adsorption capacities of CP on AC/KOH and AC/Fe3O4/ZnO were 185.6 and 224.3 mg g−1, respectively. In addition, the results of the desorption tests showed that AC/KOH and AC/Fe3O4/ZnO were comfortably regenerated using methanol and sodium hydroxide.
{"title":"Preparation of AC/KOH and AC/Fe3O4/ZnO nanocomposite from waste rice straw for the removal of cyclophosphamide from aqueous solutions","authors":"Ali Asghar Haghgoo, M. Cheraghi, S. Sobhanardakani, B. Lorestani, V. Izadkhah","doi":"10.1080/15569543.2022.2124422","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15569543.2022.2124422","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract In this study, rice straw was used for synthesizing AC/KOH and AC/Fe3O4/ZnO as fresh adsorbents for the elimination of Cyclophosphamide (CP) from water samples. In so doing, the crystalline form, the chemical compound and the morphology of the adsorbents were characterized utilizing scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD) spectrometry, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), vibrating sample magnetometry (VSM), pHpzc, and Brunauer, Emmett, and Teller (BET) methods. Then, the optimum conditions for removal efficiency of CP onto AC/Fe3O4/ZnO nanocomposite were obtained at CP concentration of 20 mg L−1, AC/Fe3O4/ZnO nanocomposite dose of 0.01 g, solution pH of 7, equilibrium time of 45 min, and temperature of 25 °C. The CP adsorption data was modeled by isotherm models (Langmuir, Freundlich, and Temkin) and kinetic models (pseudo-first-order, pseudo-second-order, and intraparticle diffusion) using the origin nonlinear software version 6.1. Based on the results obtained, the maximum adsorption capacities of CP on AC/KOH and AC/Fe3O4/ZnO were 185.6 and 224.3 mg g−1, respectively. In addition, the results of the desorption tests showed that AC/KOH and AC/Fe3O4/ZnO were comfortably regenerated using methanol and sodium hydroxide.","PeriodicalId":23211,"journal":{"name":"Toxin Reviews","volume":"42 1","pages":"275 - 284"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2022-09-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47073379","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-09-09DOI: 10.1080/15569543.2022.2120897
Mohammad Samare-Najaf, A. Samareh, B. Namavar Jahromi, N. Jamali, S. Vakili, Majid Mohsenizadeh, C. Clark, A. Abbasi, Nastaran Khajehyar
Abstract The etiology of female infertility includes a variety of causes, all of which could be induced by environmental pollutants. Organophosphates (OPs) are major constituents of pollutants that cause infertility in aquatic and terrestrial organisms. However, no study has comprehensively reviewed the female fertility-related consequences of exposure to OPs. In this study, the reviewed studies revealed that OPs exposure could elicit detrimental alterations in organ histomorphology, sex hormone levels, and related signaling pathways. Furthermore, preconceptional exposure was associated with poor pregnancy outcomes, where prenatal exposure negatively impacted newborn health. Therefore, it is necessary to restrict the current widespread application of OPs or to alter their chemical structure so not to negatively impact female fertility.
{"title":"Female infertility caused by organophosphates: an insight into the latest biochemical and histomorphological findings","authors":"Mohammad Samare-Najaf, A. Samareh, B. Namavar Jahromi, N. Jamali, S. Vakili, Majid Mohsenizadeh, C. Clark, A. Abbasi, Nastaran Khajehyar","doi":"10.1080/15569543.2022.2120897","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15569543.2022.2120897","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The etiology of female infertility includes a variety of causes, all of which could be induced by environmental pollutants. Organophosphates (OPs) are major constituents of pollutants that cause infertility in aquatic and terrestrial organisms. However, no study has comprehensively reviewed the female fertility-related consequences of exposure to OPs. In this study, the reviewed studies revealed that OPs exposure could elicit detrimental alterations in organ histomorphology, sex hormone levels, and related signaling pathways. Furthermore, preconceptional exposure was associated with poor pregnancy outcomes, where prenatal exposure negatively impacted newborn health. Therefore, it is necessary to restrict the current widespread application of OPs or to alter their chemical structure so not to negatively impact female fertility.","PeriodicalId":23211,"journal":{"name":"Toxin Reviews","volume":"42 1","pages":"419 - 446"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2022-09-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48557074","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-09-02DOI: 10.1080/15569543.2022.2111444
R. Ramasubramanian, S. Karthi, S. Senthil-Nathan, H. Sivanesh, N. Shyam Sundar, Vethamonickam Stanley-Raja, G. Ramkumar, K. Chanthini, P. Vasantha-Srinivasan, K. M. Alarjani, Mohamed S. Elshikh, A. Abdel-Megeed, Patcharin Krutmuang
Abstract In recent times, controlling agricultural diseases and pests using chemical pesticides is broadly applied and is considered effective but it is not considered as eco-friendly. For pest control, biological ways have been considered sustainable and safe. As bio-control agents, the Bacillus species exhibit a large spectrum of biological activity. The application of Bacillus subtilis as a potential bio-control agent against the lepidopteran pest, the rice leaffolder, Cnaphalocrocis medinalis is the focus of our study. The strain B. subtilis-MW365355 was identified by morphological, biochemical, and genetic analyses. Under laboratory conditions, cell suspensions of B. subtilis (Bs) were added to an artificial diet, fed to C. medinalis and the effects of the bacterial ingestion were evaluated by measuring the feeding, growth, food utilization and behavioral response of C. medinalis. An effect of B. subtilis in the artificial diet was evaluated with the different spore concentrations of 3.2 × 105, 6.3 × 105, 1.5 × 107 and 4.1 × 107 CFU/ml. The larvae fed with the B. subtilis amended diet had a significantly reduced growth efficiency compared to the control group fed with a bacteria-free diet. In conclusion of our study, B. subtilis (Bs) will significantly contribute to the management of leaffolder disease in the future.
{"title":"Effect of bacterial toxin identified from the Bacillus subtilis against the Cnaphalocrocis medinalis Guenée (Lepidoptera: Crambidae)","authors":"R. Ramasubramanian, S. Karthi, S. Senthil-Nathan, H. Sivanesh, N. Shyam Sundar, Vethamonickam Stanley-Raja, G. Ramkumar, K. Chanthini, P. Vasantha-Srinivasan, K. M. Alarjani, Mohamed S. Elshikh, A. Abdel-Megeed, Patcharin Krutmuang","doi":"10.1080/15569543.2022.2111444","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15569543.2022.2111444","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract In recent times, controlling agricultural diseases and pests using chemical pesticides is broadly applied and is considered effective but it is not considered as eco-friendly. For pest control, biological ways have been considered sustainable and safe. As bio-control agents, the Bacillus species exhibit a large spectrum of biological activity. The application of Bacillus subtilis as a potential bio-control agent against the lepidopteran pest, the rice leaffolder, Cnaphalocrocis medinalis is the focus of our study. The strain B. subtilis-MW365355 was identified by morphological, biochemical, and genetic analyses. Under laboratory conditions, cell suspensions of B. subtilis (Bs) were added to an artificial diet, fed to C. medinalis and the effects of the bacterial ingestion were evaluated by measuring the feeding, growth, food utilization and behavioral response of C. medinalis. An effect of B. subtilis in the artificial diet was evaluated with the different spore concentrations of 3.2 × 105, 6.3 × 105, 1.5 × 107 and 4.1 × 107 CFU/ml. The larvae fed with the B. subtilis amended diet had a significantly reduced growth efficiency compared to the control group fed with a bacteria-free diet. In conclusion of our study, B. subtilis (Bs) will significantly contribute to the management of leaffolder disease in the future.","PeriodicalId":23211,"journal":{"name":"Toxin Reviews","volume":"42 1","pages":"264 - 274"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2022-09-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41367637","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-08-12DOI: 10.1080/15569543.2022.2108590
Published in Toxin Reviews (Vol. 41, No. 3, 2022)
发表于《毒素评论》(Vol. 41, No. 3, 2022)
{"title":"Retraction statement: Enhancement of the antifungal properties of Zataria multiflora essential oil through nanoencapsulation with ZnO nanomaterial","authors":"","doi":"10.1080/15569543.2022.2108590","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15569543.2022.2108590","url":null,"abstract":"Published in Toxin Reviews (Vol. 41, No. 3, 2022)","PeriodicalId":23211,"journal":{"name":"Toxin Reviews","volume":"284 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2022-08-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138518856","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-06-30DOI: 10.1080/15569543.2022.2094415
Ş. Sungur, Mutasım Ciran, M. Köroğlu, F. Turgut
Abstract Phthalates are man-made, endocrine disrupting chemicals that are commonly used in plastics, medical applications, drugs, personal care products, cosmetics, perfumes, home furnishings, dyes, children’s toys, food packaging. Animal studies have revealed that phthalates have many adverse health effects. Since phthalates do not dissolve in acidic environments, they are only soluble in neutral or basic environments, they are frequently used in gastro-resistant film coatings of drugs that are not intended to dissolve in the stomach and that need to be dissolved directly in the intestine. Within the scope of this study, phthalates and their amounts in frequently used drugs in our country were determined by GC-MS and the potential health risks of patients using such drugs were evaluated. It was determined that the total phthalate concentrations in the examined drug samples ranged between 0.209 and 4.800 mg kg−1, and the amounts in a single tablet ranged between 2.7× 10−5 and 1.5× 10−3 mg/tablet. The highest concentrations of total phthalate were found in cholesterol (4.800 mg kg−1) and blood pressure lowering drugs (4.442 mg kg−1). The calculated hazard index values were found to be less than one. This showed that the phthalates detected in the drugs examined did not pose a risk to human health.
邻苯二甲酸盐是一种人造的内分泌干扰化学物质，通常用于塑料、医疗应用、药物、个人护理产品、化妆品、香水、家居用品、染料、儿童玩具、食品包装。动物研究表明，邻苯二甲酸酯对健康有许多不利影响。由于邻苯二甲酸盐不溶于酸性环境，它们只溶于中性或碱性环境，因此它们经常用于不溶于胃而需要直接溶于肠道的药物的抗胃膜涂层。在本研究范围内，采用气相色谱-质谱法测定了我国常用药物中邻苯二甲酸酯及其含量，并对使用此类药物的患者的潜在健康风险进行了评估。经测定，所检药物样品中邻苯二甲酸酯总浓度在0.209 ~ 4.800 mg kg - 1之间，单片含量在2.7× 10 - 5 ~ 1.5× 10 - 3 mg/片之间。总邻苯二甲酸盐浓度最高的是胆固醇(4.800 mg kg - 1)和降血压药物(4.442 mg kg - 1)。计算得到的危害指数值小于1。这表明在检查的药物中检测到的邻苯二甲酸酯不会对人体健康构成风险。
{"title":"Phthalates in commonly used pharmaceuticals","authors":"Ş. Sungur, Mutasım Ciran, M. Köroğlu, F. Turgut","doi":"10.1080/15569543.2022.2094415","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15569543.2022.2094415","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Phthalates are man-made, endocrine disrupting chemicals that are commonly used in plastics, medical applications, drugs, personal care products, cosmetics, perfumes, home furnishings, dyes, children’s toys, food packaging. Animal studies have revealed that phthalates have many adverse health effects. Since phthalates do not dissolve in acidic environments, they are only soluble in neutral or basic environments, they are frequently used in gastro-resistant film coatings of drugs that are not intended to dissolve in the stomach and that need to be dissolved directly in the intestine. Within the scope of this study, phthalates and their amounts in frequently used drugs in our country were determined by GC-MS and the potential health risks of patients using such drugs were evaluated. It was determined that the total phthalate concentrations in the examined drug samples ranged between 0.209 and 4.800 mg kg−1, and the amounts in a single tablet ranged between 2.7× 10−5 and 1.5× 10−3 mg/tablet. The highest concentrations of total phthalate were found in cholesterol (4.800 mg kg−1) and blood pressure lowering drugs (4.442 mg kg−1). The calculated hazard index values were found to be less than one. This showed that the phthalates detected in the drugs examined did not pose a risk to human health.","PeriodicalId":23211,"journal":{"name":"Toxin Reviews","volume":"42 1","pages":"257 - 263"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2022-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41645713","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-06-23DOI: 10.1080/15569543.2022.2084418
Amitava Talukdar, Priya Maddhesiya, Nima D. Namsa, Robin Doley
Abstract Snake venom is a blend of bioactive proteins, polypeptides, and various other substances with toxic and lethal properties that are known to modulate varied physiological and biological systems. During envenomation, venom toxins primarily target the hemostatic and nervous system for effective immobilization or death of the prey. The central (CNS) and the peripheral nervous system (PNS) are targeted through neuroreceptors, synaptic membranes, and critical ion channels, and some of these toxins also penetrate the blood-brain barrier. Despite its vital role and influence on the central nervous system, there exist limited information on the role of venom proteins and peptides associated with the manifestations of neurotoxicity. This review attempts to update the reader on the mechanism of direct and indirect interactions of snake venom protein (s) in the central nervous system as well as its effects on the physiology and behavior of the envenomated prey. Further, the role of these snake venom peptides in the field of neuropathic pain and neurodegenerative diseases has been reviewed for their therapeutic potential. Future investigations may provide valuable information to study the detailed mechanisms of such interactions to identify novel targets for the development of therapeutic interventions.
{"title":"Snake venom toxins targeting the central nervous system","authors":"Amitava Talukdar, Priya Maddhesiya, Nima D. Namsa, Robin Doley","doi":"10.1080/15569543.2022.2084418","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15569543.2022.2084418","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Snake venom is a blend of bioactive proteins, polypeptides, and various other substances with toxic and lethal properties that are known to modulate varied physiological and biological systems. During envenomation, venom toxins primarily target the hemostatic and nervous system for effective immobilization or death of the prey. The central (CNS) and the peripheral nervous system (PNS) are targeted through neuroreceptors, synaptic membranes, and critical ion channels, and some of these toxins also penetrate the blood-brain barrier. Despite its vital role and influence on the central nervous system, there exist limited information on the role of venom proteins and peptides associated with the manifestations of neurotoxicity. This review attempts to update the reader on the mechanism of direct and indirect interactions of snake venom protein (s) in the central nervous system as well as its effects on the physiology and behavior of the envenomated prey. Further, the role of these snake venom peptides in the field of neuropathic pain and neurodegenerative diseases has been reviewed for their therapeutic potential. Future investigations may provide valuable information to study the detailed mechanisms of such interactions to identify novel targets for the development of therapeutic interventions.","PeriodicalId":23211,"journal":{"name":"Toxin Reviews","volume":"42 1","pages":"382 - 406"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2022-06-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43219132","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-06-07DOI: 10.1080/15569543.2022.2084419
Li Li, Ruoyun Dong, Tao Liu, Yaqian Yang, Hongmei Chang, Xiaojia Meng, Yaxin Deng, Qianqian Wang, Yiman Zhao, Guanling Song, Yunhua Hu
Abstract Nano-titanium dioxide (nano-TiO2) is widely used in many aspects of human life. However, there are still inconsistent conclusions about the effects of nano-TiO2 exposure on autophagy. Therefore, a systematic review and meta-analysis were used to reveal whether nano-TiO2 induces dysregulation of autophagy. The results showed that LC3 II, Beclin-1 protein, and LC3 II/LC3 I protein ratio were significantly increased, but p62 protein was insignificantly changed. Subgroup analyses showed that p62 and Beclin-1 protein were increased significantly when the treatment time of nano-TiO2 was >24 h. Nano-TiO2 can induce dysregulation of autophagy and cause stagnation of autophagy after prolonged exposure.
{"title":"Nano-titanium dioxide exposure and autophagy: a systematic review and meta-analysis","authors":"Li Li, Ruoyun Dong, Tao Liu, Yaqian Yang, Hongmei Chang, Xiaojia Meng, Yaxin Deng, Qianqian Wang, Yiman Zhao, Guanling Song, Yunhua Hu","doi":"10.1080/15569543.2022.2084419","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15569543.2022.2084419","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Nano-titanium dioxide (nano-TiO2) is widely used in many aspects of human life. However, there are still inconsistent conclusions about the effects of nano-TiO2 exposure on autophagy. Therefore, a systematic review and meta-analysis were used to reveal whether nano-TiO2 induces dysregulation of autophagy. The results showed that LC3 II, Beclin-1 protein, and LC3 II/LC3 I protein ratio were significantly increased, but p62 protein was insignificantly changed. Subgroup analyses showed that p62 and Beclin-1 protein were increased significantly when the treatment time of nano-TiO2 was >24 h. Nano-TiO2 can induce dysregulation of autophagy and cause stagnation of autophagy after prolonged exposure.","PeriodicalId":23211,"journal":{"name":"Toxin Reviews","volume":"42 1","pages":"407 - 418"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2022-06-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43280544","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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