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Postmortem evidence of decreased brain pH in major depressive disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis. 重度抑郁症患者大脑 pH 值降低的尸检证据:系统回顾和荟萃分析。
IF 5.8 1区 医学 Q1 PSYCHIATRY Pub Date : 2024-11-04 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-024-03173-7
Hideo Hagihara, Tsuyoshi Miyakawa

Introduction: Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a prevalent and debilitating mental disorder that shares symptoms, genetics, and molecular changes in the brain with other psychiatric disorders, such as schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. Decreased brain pH, associated with increased lactate levels due to altered energy metabolism and neuronal hyperexcitation, has been consistently observed in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. We recently demonstrated similar brain alterations in various animal models of neuropsychiatric disorders, including MDD. However, our understanding of brain pH alterations in human patients with MDD remains limited.

Methods: We conducted meta-analyses to assess postmortem brain pH in patients with MDD compared to control subjects, examining its relationships with recurrence of depressive episodes and illness duration, utilizing publicly available demographic data. Studies reporting individual raw pH data were identified through searches in the Stanley Medical Research Institute database, NCBI GEO database, PubMed, and Google Scholar. The data were analyzed using the random effects model, ANOVA, and ANCOVA.

Results: The random effects model, using 39 curated datasets (790 patients and 957 controls), indicated a significant decrease in brain pH in patients with MDD (Hedges' g = -0.23, p = 0.0056). A two-way ANCOVA revealed that the effect of diagnosis on pH remained significant when considering covariates, including postmortem interval, age at death, and sex. Patients with recurrent episodes, but not a single episode, showed significantly lower pH than controls in both females and males (256 patients and 279 controls from seven datasets). Furthermore, a significant negative correlation was observed between brain pH and illness duration (115 patients from five datasets). Female preponderance of decreased pH was also found, possibly due to a longer illness duration and a higher tendency of recurrent episodes in females.

Conclusion: This study suggests a decrease in brain pH in patients with MDD, potentially associated with recurrent episodes and longer illness duration. As suggested from previous animal model studies, altered brain energy metabolism, leading to decreased pH, may serve as a potential transdiagnostic endophenotype for MDD and other neuropsychiatric disorders.

简介重度抑郁障碍(MDD)是一种普遍存在且使人衰弱的精神疾病,它与精神分裂症和双相情感障碍等其他精神疾病具有相同的症状、遗传学和大脑分子变化。在精神分裂症和躁狂症中,一直都能观察到脑pH值降低,这与能量代谢改变和神经元过度兴奋导致的乳酸水平升高有关。最近,我们在包括 MDD 在内的多种神经精神疾病动物模型中也发现了类似的脑部变化。然而,我们对人类 MDD 患者大脑 pH 值变化的了解仍然有限:我们进行了荟萃分析,评估了与对照组相比,多发性抑郁症患者死后大脑的 pH 值,并利用公开的人口统计学数据研究了其与抑郁发作复发和病程的关系。通过在斯坦利医学研究所数据库、NCBI GEO 数据库、PubMed 和谷歌学术中搜索,确定了报告个人原始 pH 值数据的研究。采用随机效应模型、方差分析和方差分析对数据进行了分析:随机效应模型使用了 39 个数据集(790 名患者和 957 名对照组),结果表明 MDD 患者的大脑 pH 值显著下降(Hedges' g = -0.23,p = 0.0056)。双向方差分析显示,当考虑到包括死后间隔、死亡年龄和性别在内的协变量时,诊断对pH值的影响仍然显著。在女性和男性中,反复发作而非单次发作的患者的pH值明显低于对照组(七个数据集中的256名患者和279名对照组)。此外,还观察到大脑 pH 值与病程之间存在明显的负相关(5 个数据集中的 115 名患者)。研究还发现,pH值降低的患者以女性居多,这可能是由于女性患者的病程较长,且更容易反复发作:这项研究表明,多发性硬化症患者大脑pH值降低,可能与反复发作和病程较长有关。正如之前的动物模型研究表明的那样,脑能量代谢的改变导致pH值下降,这可能是MDD和其他神经精神疾病的一种潜在的跨诊断内表型。
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引用次数: 0
Depression and metabolic connectivity: insights into the locus coeruleus, HF-rTMS, and anxiety. 抑郁症与代谢连通性:对位置小脑、高频经颅磁刺激与焦虑的见解。
IF 5.8 1区 医学 Q1 PSYCHIATRY Pub Date : 2024-11-02 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-024-03171-9
Guo-Rong Wu, Chris Baeken

The use of repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (rTMS) in treating major depressive disorder (MDD) is increasingly being explored in precision medicine. However, there's a notable lack of understanding of the underlying neurobiological effects, which limits our ability to correlate specific imaging features with treatment efficacy. As one possible neurobiological mechanism, clinical research has already shown that in MDD, lower norepinephrine release in the locus coeruleus (LC) triggers depressive symptoms, and pharmacological approaches that block norepinephrine reuptake boost its levels, easing depression. Surprisingly, the LC has not received a more pronounced focus in contemporary rTMS research. This study investigates the role of the LC in MDD and its response to high-frequency (HF)-rTMS using 18FDG-PET imaging. We compared LC metabolic connectivity between MDD patients (n = 43) and healthy controls (n = 32). Additionally, we evaluated the predictive value of LC connectivity for HF-rTMS treatment outcomes and examined post-treatment changes in LC metabolic connectivity. Our findings revealed significant differences in LC metabolic connectivity between MDD patients and controls. Baseline LC metabolic connectivity did not predict HF-rTMS treatment outcomes. However, post-treatment analyses showed a significant correlation between improved clinical outcomes and attenuation of LC metabolic connectivity in regions associated with cognitive control and the default mode network. Notably, a reduction in state anxiety moderated this relationship, highlighting the role of anxiety in HF-rTMS efficacy for MDD treatment. Our findings suggest that LC metabolic connectivity, influenced by state anxiety levels, may be crucial in HF-rTMS efficacy, offering further insights for personalized MDD treatment strategies.

重复经颅磁刺激(rTMS)在治疗重度抑郁症(MDD)方面的应用正越来越多地应用于精准医疗领域。然而,我们对其潜在的神经生物学效应还明显缺乏了解,这限制了我们将特定成像特征与治疗效果相关联的能力。作为一种可能的神经生物学机制,临床研究已经表明,在 MDD 患者中,小脑定位点(LC)去甲肾上腺素释放减少会引发抑郁症状,而阻断去甲肾上腺素再摄取的药物疗法会提高去甲肾上腺素的水平,从而缓解抑郁。令人惊讶的是,在当代经颅磁刺激研究中,LC 并未受到更多关注。本研究利用 18FDG-PET 成像研究了 LC 在 MDD 中的作用及其对高频 (HF) 经颅磁刺激的反应。我们比较了 MDD 患者(43 人)和健康对照组(32 人)的 LC 代谢连通性。此外,我们还评估了低密度脂蛋白连通性对高频经颅磁刺激治疗结果的预测价值,并检查了治疗后低密度脂蛋白代谢连通性的变化。我们的研究结果表明,MDD 患者和对照组的 LC 代谢连通性存在明显差异。基线低密度脂蛋白代谢连通性并不能预测高频经颅磁刺激的治疗效果。然而,治疗后分析表明,临床疗效的改善与认知控制和默认模式网络相关区域的低密度脂蛋白代谢连通性的减弱之间存在显著相关性。值得注意的是,状态焦虑的减轻缓和了这种关系,突出了焦虑在高频经颅磁刺激治疗 MDD 疗效中的作用。我们的研究结果表明,受状态焦虑水平影响的低密度脂蛋白代谢连通性可能是高频经颅磁刺激疗效的关键,这为个性化的 MDD 治疗策略提供了进一步的启示。
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引用次数: 0
Converging evidence for functional connections between the lithium response and PI3K-Akt signaling. 锂反应与 PI3K-Akt 信号转导之间功能性联系的汇聚证据。
IF 5.8 1区 医学 Q1 PSYCHIATRY Pub Date : 2024-11-01 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-024-03160-y
Donard S Dwyer
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引用次数: 0
Exploring mitochondrial blood-based and genetic markers in older adults with mild cognitive impairment and remitted major depressive disorder. 探索轻度认知障碍和重度抑郁症缓解期老年人的线粒体血液和遗传标记。
IF 5.8 1区 医学 Q1 PSYCHIATRY Pub Date : 2024-10-29 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-024-03155-9
Jaehyoung Choi, Erika L Beroncal, Timofei Chernega, Heather J Brooks, James L Kennedy, Corinne E Fisher, Alastair J Flint, Nathan Herrmann, Krista L Lanctôt, Linda Mah, Benoit H Mulsant, Bruce G Pollock, Tarek K Rajji, Ana C Andreazza

Mild cognitive impairment (MCI) is a prodromal stage in aging to possible progression to Alzheimer's disease and related dementia (ADRD), where co-occurrence of major depressive disorder (MDD) accelerates the progression. Metabolic and mitochondrial abnormalities in ADRD and other neurodegenerative disorders have been widely suggested, while possible mitochondrial dysfunction has been associated with etiopathology of both MCI and MDD. Hence, investigation of mitochondrial markers in MCI, MDD, and presence of both conditions is warranted. In total, 332 older adult participants were included: 168 with MCI, 108 with MCI plus remitted MDD (rMDD), and 56 with rMDD but without MCI. We measured plasma circulating mitochondrial DNA (ccf-mtDNA), lactate, and extracted nuclear mitochondrial encoded (NMt) single-nucleotide variants (SNVs) (n = 312). Non-parametric statistical tests on ccf-mtDNA and lactate levels were performed on the diagnosis, clinical and cardiometabolic variables. Binary sequence kernel association test (SKAT-O) and burden test were performed on NMt-SNV, adjusted for age, race, gender, type II diabetes, and APOE genotype. Lower level of lactate was observed in MCI (KW χ2 = 14.8, P = 0.0024), more specifically, significant differences of lower plasma lactate between MCI only and rMDD, but not between MCI+rMDD and MCI were found, suggesting potential roles in MCI driving lactate lower levels. While higher levels of ccf-mtDNA were observed in APOE-ε4 carrier (χ2 = 5.04, P = 0.05). This relationship was present only in MCI (P = 0.043) and MCI+rMDD groups (P = 0.023). No significant nuclear-encoded mitochondrial gene associations were observed with MCI or MDD. The results suggest decreased level of plasma lactate in individuals with MCI and MCI+rMDD, with inverse correlation with ccf-mtDNA, in addition to effect of APOE-ε4 in further increasing ccf-mtDNA specifically in participants with cognitive impairment. These findings contribute to a deeper understanding of the mitochondrial markers in MCI and MDD, warranting further research to explore the precise roles of mitochondrial abnormalities in the development and progression of MCI.

轻度认知功能障碍(MCI)是衰老的一个前驱阶段,有可能发展为阿尔茨海默病和相关痴呆症(ADRD),同时出现重度抑郁障碍(MDD)会加速病情发展。人们普遍认为 ADRD 和其他神经退行性疾病中存在代谢和线粒体异常,而线粒体功能障碍可能与 MCI 和 MDD 的病因病理有关。因此,有必要对 MCI、MDD 以及同时患有这两种疾病的患者的线粒体标记物进行调查。研究共纳入了 332 名老年参与者:其中 168 人患有 MCI,108 人患有 MCI 加缓解型 MDD(rMDD),56 人患有 rMDD 但未患有 MCI。我们测量了血浆循环线粒体 DNA(ccf-mtDNA)、乳酸盐和提取的核线粒体编码(NMt)单核苷酸变异(SNVs)(n = 312)。对诊断、临床和心脏代谢变量的ccf-mtDNA和乳酸盐水平进行了非参数统计检验。对 NMt-SNV 进行了二元序列核关联检验(SKAT-O)和负荷检验,并对年龄、种族、性别、II 型糖尿病和 APOE 基因型进行了调整。在 MCI 中观察到较低的乳酸水平(KW χ2 = 14.8,P = 0.0024),更具体地说,在 MCI 和 rMDD 之间发现了较低的血浆乳酸,而在 MCI+rMDD 和 MCI 之间没有发现显著差异,这表明 MCI 有可能是乳酸水平较低的原因。在 APOE-ε4 携带者中观察到较高水平的 ccf-mtDNA (χ2 = 5.04,P = 0.05)。只有 MCI 组(P = 0.043)和 MCI+rMDD 组(P = 0.023)存在这种关系。没有观察到核编码线粒体基因与 MCI 或 MDD 有明显关系。研究结果表明,MCI 和 MCI+rMDD 患者血浆乳酸水平下降,与 ccf-mtDNA 呈反相关,此外,APOE-ε4 还能进一步增加认知障碍患者的 ccf-mtDNA。这些发现有助于加深对MCI和MDD中线粒体标记物的理解,值得进一步研究,以探索线粒体异常在MCI发生和发展中的确切作用。
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引用次数: 0
Understanding novel neuromodulation pathways in tDCS: brain stem recordings in rats during trigeminal nerve direct current stimulation. 了解 tDCS 的新型神经调节途径:三叉神经直流电刺激期间大鼠脑干记录。
IF 5.8 1区 医学 Q1 PSYCHIATRY Pub Date : 2024-10-28 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-024-03158-6
Alireza Majdi, Boateng Asamoah, Myles Mc Laughlin

tDCS is widely assumed to cause neuromodulation via the electric field in the cortex acting directly on cortical neurons. However, recent evidence suggests that tDCS may indirectly influence brain activity through cranial nerve pathways, notably the trigeminal nerve, but these neuromodulatory pathways remain unexplored. To investigate the first stages in this potential pathway we developed an animal model to study the effect of trigeminal nerve direct current stimulation (TN-DCS) on neuronal activity in the principal sensory nucleus (NVsnpr) and the mesencephalic nucleus of the trigeminal nerve (MeV). We conducted experiments on twenty-four male Sprague Dawley rats (n = 10 NVsnpr, n = 10 MeV during anodic stimulation, and n = 4 MeV during cathodic stimulation). DC stimulation, ranging from 0.5 to 3 mA, targeted the trigeminal nerve's marginal branch. Concurrently, single-unit electrophysiological recordings were obtained using a 32-channel silicon probe, encompassing three 1-min intervals: pre, during, and post-stimulation. Xylocaine trigeminal nerve blockage served as a control. TN-DCS increased neuronal spiking activity in both NVsnpr and MeV, returning to baseline during the post-stimulation phase. The 3 mA DC stimulation of the blocked trigeminal nerve failed to induce increased spiking activity in the trigeminal nuclei. These findings provide empirical support for trigeminal nuclei modulation via TN-DCS, suggesting the cranial nerve pathways could play a role in mediating the tDCS effects in humans.

人们普遍认为,tDCS 通过皮层中的电场直接作用于皮层神经元,从而引起神经调节。然而,最近的证据表明,tDCS 可能会通过颅神经通路(尤其是三叉神经)间接影响大脑活动,但这些神经调节通路仍有待探索。为了研究这一潜在通路的第一阶段,我们建立了一个动物模型,研究三叉神经直流电刺激(TN-DCS)对三叉神经主感觉核(NVsnpr)和间脑核(MeV)神经元活动的影响。我们对 24 只雄性 Sprague Dawley 大鼠进行了实验(正极刺激时,n = 10 NVsnpr;负极刺激时,n = 10 MeV;阴极刺激时,n = 4 MeV)。直流电刺激的范围为 0.5 至 3 mA,目标是三叉神经的边缘分支。同时,使用 32 个通道的硅探针进行单机电生理记录,包括三个 1 分钟的时间间隔:刺激前、刺激中和刺激后。对照组为三叉神经阻滞的二甲卡因。TN-DCS 增加了 NVsnpr 和 MeV 的神经元尖峰活动,并在刺激后阶段恢复到基线。对阻断的三叉神经进行 3 毫安直流电刺激未能引起三叉神经核的尖峰活动增加。这些发现为通过 TN-DCS 调节三叉神经核提供了经验支持,表明颅神经通路可能在介导人类的 tDCS 效应中发挥作用。
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引用次数: 0
Memory complaints after COVID-19: a potential indicator of primary cognitive impairment or a correlate of psychiatric symptoms? COVID-19 后的记忆抱怨:是原发性认知障碍的潜在指标,还是精神症状的相关因素?
IF 5.8 1区 医学 Q1 PSYCHIATRY Pub Date : 2024-10-26 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-024-03154-w
Yiling Dong, Ana Paula Ritto, Rodolfo Furlan Damiano, Amanda Goulart Coli, Rodrigo Hadade, Cristiana Castanho de Almeida Rocca, Antonio de Pádua Serafim, Bruno Fukelmann Guedes, Ricardo Nitrini, Marta Imamura, Orestes Vicente Forlenza, Geraldo Busatto Filho

Cognitive impairment and symptoms of psychiatric disorders have been reported frequently as features of post-acute sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 infection. This study aims to investigate subjective memory complaints in COVID-19 survivors and determine if these are more strongly associated with objective cognitive impairment related to sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 infection or with symptoms of psychiatric conditions. A total of 608 COVID-19 survivors were evaluated in-person 6-11 months after hospitalization, with 377 patients assigned to a "no subjective memory complaint (SMC)" group and 231 patients assigned to an SMC group based on their Memory Complaint Scale scores. Follow-up evaluations included an objective cognitive battery and scale-based assessments of anxiety, depression, and post-traumatic stress symptoms. We found the perception of memory impairment in COVID-19 survivors to be more strongly associated to core symptoms of psychiatric conditions rather than to primary objective cognitive impairment. Univariate analysis indicated significant differences between the "no SMC" and SMC groups, both for the psychiatric symptom evaluations and for the cognitive evaluations (p < 0.05); however, the psychiatric symptoms all had large partial eta-squared values (ranging from 0.181 to 0.213), whereas the cognitive variables had small/medium partial eta-squared values (ranging from 0.002 to 0.024). Additionally, multiple regression analysis indicated that only female sex and depressive and post-traumatic stress symptoms were predictors of subjective memory complaints. These findings may help guide clinical evaluations for COVID-19 survivors presenting with memory complaints while also serving to expand our growing understanding of the relationship between COVID-19, subjective memory complaints, and the risk of cognitive decline.

据报道,认知障碍和精神障碍症状是 SARS-CoV-2 感染急性期后遗症的常见特征。本研究旨在调查 COVID-19 幸存者的主观记忆抱怨,并确定这些抱怨是否与 SARS-CoV-2 感染后遗症相关的客观认知障碍或精神症状有更密切的联系。共对 608 名 COVID-19 幸存者进行了住院后 6-11 个月的亲自评估,其中 377 名患者被分配到 "无主观记忆主诉 (SMC) 组",231 名患者根据其记忆主诉量表评分被分配到主观记忆主诉组。随访评估包括客观认知测试和基于量表的焦虑、抑郁和创伤后应激症状评估。我们发现,COVID-19幸存者的记忆障碍感知与精神疾病的核心症状而非主要的客观认知障碍有更密切的关系。单变量分析表明,"无 SMC "组和 SMC 组在精神症状评估和认知评估方面均存在显著差异(P<0.05)。
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引用次数: 0
The effect of polygenic risk score and childhood adversity on transdiagnostic symptom dimensions at first-episode psychosis: evidence for an affective pathway to psychosis. 多基因风险评分和童年逆境对首次精神病发作时跨诊断症状维度的影响:精神病情感途径的证据。
IF 5.8 1区 医学 Q1 PSYCHIATRY Pub Date : 2024-10-26 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-024-03149-7
Luis Alameda, Victoria Rodriguez, Marta Di Forti, Edoardo Spinazzola, Giulia Trotta, Celso Arango, Manuel Arrojo, Miguel Bernardo, Julio Bobes, Lieuwe de Haan, Cristina Marta Del-Ben, Charlotte Gayer-Anderson, Lucia Sideli, Peter B Jones, James B Kirkbride, Caterina La Cascia, Giada Tripoli, Laura Ferraro, Daniele La Barbera, Antonio Lasalvia, Sarah Tosato, Pierre-Michel Llorca, Paulo Rossi Menezes, Jim van Os, Bart P Rutten, Jose Luis Santos, Julio Sanjuán, Jean-Paul Selten, Andrei Szöke, Ilaria Tarricone, Andrea Tortelli, Eva Velthorst, Hannah E Jongsma, Evangelos Vassos, Diego Quattrone, Robin M Murray, Monica Aas

Childhood adversity is associated with various clinical dimensions in psychosis; however, how genetic vulnerability shapes the adversity-associated psychopathological signature is yet to be studied. We studied data of 583 First Episode Psychosis (FEP) cases from the EU-GEI FEP case-control study, including Polygenic risk scores for major depressive disorder (MDD-PRS), bipolar disorder (BD-PRS) and schizophrenia (SZ-PRS); childhood adversity measured with the total score of the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ); and positive, negative, depressive and manic psychopathological domains from a factor model of transdiagnostic dimensions. Genes and environment interactions were explored as a departure from a multiplicative effect of PRSs and total CTQ on each dimension. Analyses were adjusted for age, sex, 10 PCA, site of recruitment and for medication. A childhood adversity and PRS multiplicative interaction was observed between A) the CTQ and MDD-PRS on the predominance of positive (β = 0.42, 95% CI = [0.155, 0.682], p = 0.004); and depressive (β = 0.33, 95% CI = [0.071, 0.591], p = 0.013) dimensions; B) between the CTQ and BD-PRS on the positive dimension (β = 0.45, 95% CI = [0.106, 0.798], p = 0.010), and C) with the CTQ and SZ-PRS on the positive dimension (β = -0.34, 95% CI = [-0.660, -0.015], p = 0.040). Bonferroni corrected p-value of significance was set at 0.0125. In conclusion, despite being underpowered, this study suggests that genetic liability for MDD and BD may have a moderating effect on the sensibility of childhood adversity on depressive and positive psychotic dimensions. This supports the hypothesis of an affective pathway to psychosis in those exposed to childhood adversity.

童年时期的逆境与精神病的各种临床症状有关;然而,遗传易感性如何形成与逆境有关的精神病理学特征尚有待研究。我们研究了来自 EU-GEI FEP 病例对照研究的 583 个首发精神病(FEP)病例的数据,包括重度抑郁障碍(MDD-PRS)、双相情感障碍(BD-PRS)和精神分裂症(SZ-PRS)的多基因风险评分;以童年创伤问卷(CTQ)总分衡量的童年逆境;以及跨诊断维度因子模型中的阳性、阴性、抑郁和躁狂精神病理学领域。基因与环境之间的相互作用被视为 PRSs 和 CTQ 总量对每个维度的乘法效应。分析对年龄、性别、10 PCA、招募地点和药物进行了调整。在 A) CTQ 和 MDD-PRS 之间观察到童年逆境和 PRS 在积极(β = 0.42,95% CI = [0.155,0.682],p = 0.004)和抑郁(β = 0.33,95% CI = [0.071,0.591],p = 0.013);B)CTQ 与 BD-PRS 在积极维度上的差异(β = 0.45,95% CI = [0.106,0.798],p = 0.010),以及 C)CTQ 与 SZ-PRS 在积极维度上的差异(β = -0.34,95% CI = [-0.660,-0.015],p = 0.040)。Bonferroni 校正后的显著性 P 值定为 0.0125。总之,尽管这项研究的力量不足,但它表明,MDD 和 BD 的遗传责任可能对童年逆境对抑郁和积极精神病维度的敏感性有调节作用。这支持了关于童年逆境是导致精神病的情感途径的假设。
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引用次数: 0
Effects of separate and combined estradiol and progesterone administration on fear extinction in healthy pre-menopausal women. 单独和联合服用雌二醇和黄体酮对绝经前健康妇女恐惧消退的影响。
IF 5.8 1区 医学 Q1 PSYCHIATRY Pub Date : 2024-10-24 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-024-03079-4
Michael Kaczmarczyk, Christian Eric Deuter, Hanna Deus, Anna Kallidou, Christian J Merz, Julian Hellmann-Regen, Christian Otte, Katja Wingenfeld

Altered fear conditioning and extinction learning are discussed as key etiological features in anxiety disorders. Women have an increased risk for anxiety disorders and fear conditioning has been shown to be influenced by the menstrual cycle phase and circulating gonadal hormones. The objective of our study was to investigate the effects of separate and combined estradiol and progesterone administration on fear extinction in healthy women. We conducted a placebo-controlled, randomized study in healthy women, who completed a fear conditioning paradigm on three consecutive days: fear acquisition training on day 1, fear extinction training on day 2, and return of fear test on day 3. Skin conductance responses (SCRs) served as main outcome variable. Two hours before testing on day 2, participants received pills containing either placebo, estradiol (2 mg), progesterone (400 mg) or the combination of both. We examined 116 women (mean age 25.7 ± 6.0 years), who showed significantly stronger conditioned SCRs to the CS+ than CS- during fear acquisition training indicating successful fear learning. At the beginning of the fear extinction training, estradiol administration reduced the differentiation between the conditioned stimuli. In the return of fear test, the estradiol groups showed heightened SCR responses to the previously extinguished stimulus, i.e., impaired extinction recall. Administration of progesterone did not have any significant influence on SCRs. There were also no effects on fear potentiated startle response. In our interpretation, exogenous estradiol administration affected the extinction of the conditioned fear response which led subsequently to a stronger return of fear. From a clinical perspective our findings suggest that estradiol levels may have an influence on the success of exposure therapy and could be taken into consideration when planning exposure sessions.

恐惧条件反射和消退学习的改变是焦虑症的主要病因。女性罹患焦虑症的风险更高,而恐惧条件反射已被证明会受到月经周期阶段和循环中的性腺激素的影响。我们的研究旨在调查单独或联合服用雌二醇和孕酮对健康女性恐惧消退的影响。我们对健康女性进行了一项安慰剂对照随机研究,她们在连续三天内完成了恐惧条件反射范式:第1天进行恐惧获得训练,第2天进行恐惧消退训练,第3天进行恐惧恢复测试。皮肤传导反应(SCR)是主要的结果变量。在第 2 天测试前两小时,参与者服用含有安慰剂、雌二醇(2 毫克)、黄体酮(400 毫克)或两者结合的药片。我们对 116 名女性(平均年龄为 25.7 ± 6.0 岁)进行了研究,在恐惧获得训练期间,她们对 CS+ 的条件 SCR 明显强于 CS-,这表明恐惧学习取得了成功。在恐惧消退训练开始时,雌二醇会降低条件刺激之间的差异。在恐惧回归测试中,雌二醇组对先前熄灭的刺激表现出更高的SCR反应,即熄灭回忆受损。黄体酮对SCR没有显著影响。对恐惧强直性惊吓反应也没有影响。根据我们的解释,外源性雌二醇会影响条件性恐惧反应的消退,从而导致更强的恐惧恢复。从临床角度来看,我们的研究结果表明,雌二醇水平可能会影响暴露疗法的成功与否,因此在计划暴露疗程时应加以考虑。
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引用次数: 0
The mediation role of gray matter volume in the relationship between childhood maltreatment and psychological resilience in adolescents with first-episode major depressive disorder. 灰质体积在初发重度抑郁障碍青少年的童年虐待与心理复原力之间的中介作用。
IF 5.8 1区 医学 Q1 PSYCHIATRY Pub Date : 2024-10-24 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-024-03169-3
Hui Chen, Peiqu Liu, Xianliang Chen, Jiali Liu, Huajia Tang, Yusheng Tian, Xiaoping Wang, Fengmei Lu, Jiansong Zhou

Previous studies have revealed morphologic alterations in patients with major depressive disorder (MDD) with experiences of childhood trauma. However, the underlying neural mechanisms remain largely unknown. This study aims to explore the brain structural changes and their possible mediation role in the relationship between childhood maltreatment and psychological resilience in drug-naïve adolescents with first-episode MDD. A total of 57 adolescents with first-episode MDD and 36 healthy controls (HCs) completed the T1-weighted magnetic resonance imaging scan. The adverse childhood experiences and current psychological resilience were assessed using the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire-Short Form and the Connor Davidson Resilience Scale, respectively. The voxel-based morphometry approach was applied to examine changes in the gray matter volume (GMV). Compared with the HCs, adolescents with MDD had significantly reduced GMV volumes in the left fusiform gyrus, right orbitofrontal gyrus, right superior temporal gyrus, right calcarine cortex, right middle frontal gyrus, left angular gyrus, right precuneus, right posterior cingulate gyrus, and right posterior central gyrus, as well as significantly increased GMV volumes in the left lenticular putamen and right lenticular pallidum. The GMV of the right calcarine cortex was found to be negatively correlated with the severity of emotional abuse and positively correlated with the level of psychological resilience. Moreover, the GMV of the right calcarine cortex might partially mediate the relationship between childhood maltreatment and psychological resilience. The present study provided further evidence for structural impairments in adolescents with MDD. Our findings also confirmed the important role of depression-related GMV changes in childhood growth experiences and psychological resilience characteristics during adolescent brain maturation.

以往的研究显示,有童年创伤经历的重度抑郁症(MDD)患者会出现形态学改变。然而,其背后的神经机制在很大程度上仍不为人知。本研究旨在探讨初次发病的MDD患者的大脑结构变化及其在童年虐待与心理复原力之间可能的中介作用。共有57名初发MDD青少年和36名健康对照组(HCs)完成了T1加权磁共振成像扫描。童年不良经历和目前的心理复原力分别通过童年创伤问卷简表和康纳-戴维森复原力量表进行评估。研究人员采用基于体素的形态计量学方法来检测灰质体积(GMV)的变化。与正常人相比,患有 MDD 的青少年左侧纺锤形回、右侧眶额回、右侧颞上回、右侧钙皮质、右侧额中回、左侧角回、右侧楔前回、右侧扣带回后部和右侧中央后回的灰质体积明显减少,而左侧皮质透镜和右侧苍白球透镜的灰质体积则明显增加。研究发现,右侧钙皮质的 GMV 与情感虐待的严重程度呈负相关,而与心理复原力水平呈正相关。此外,右心盏皮层的GMV可能部分介导了童年虐待与心理复原力之间的关系。本研究进一步证明了患有 MDD 的青少年存在结构性损伤。我们的研究结果还证实,在青少年大脑成熟过程中,与抑郁症相关的GMV变化在童年成长经历和心理复原力特征中起着重要作用。
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引用次数: 0
Long-term effects of a double hit murine model for schizophrenia on parvalbumin expressing cells and plasticity-related molecules in the thalamic reticular nucleus and the habenula. 精神分裂症双击小鼠模型对丘脑网状核和脑叶中副发光体表达细胞和可塑性相关分子的长期影响。
IF 5.8 1区 医学 Q1 PSYCHIATRY Pub Date : 2024-10-24 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-024-03166-6
Patrycja Klimczak, Julia Alcaide, Yaiza Gramuntell, Esther Castillo-Gómez, Emilio Varea, Marta Perez-Rando, Juan Nacher

The exposure to aversive experiences during early-life affects brain maturation and induces changes in behavior. Additionally, when these experiences coincide with subtle neurodevelopmental alterations, they may contribute to the emergence of psychiatric disorders, such as schizophrenia. Studies in patients and animal models have identified changes in parvalbumin (PV) expressing inhibitory neurons, highlighting their significance in the etiology of this disorder. Most studies have been focused on the cortex, but PV+ neurons also provide inhibitory input to diencephalic regions, particularly to the thalamus (through cells in the thalamic reticular nucleus, TRN) and the habenula. Remarkably, alterations in both nuclei have been described in schizophrenia. Some of these changes in PV+ cells may be mediated by perineuronal nets (PNN), specialized regions of the extracellular matrix that often surround them and regulate their synaptic input and activity. Interestingly, the physiological maturation and integration of PV+ neurons, which involves the assembly of PNN, occurs during early postnatal life. Plasticity molecules associated to inhibitory neurons, such as PSA-NCAM, or NMDA receptors (NMDAR) can also influence the structure and function of these cells. Growing evidence also indicates that glial cells regulate the physiology of PV+ neurons by influencing their maturation and modulating their synaptic connectivity. To explore the impact of early-life aversive experiences and concomitant subtle neurodevelopmental alterations on diencephalic PV+ cells, we analyzed adult male mice subjected to a double-hit model (DHM) of schizophrenia, combining a single injection of an NMDAR antagonist at P7 and post-weaning social isolation. We observed that exploratory behavior, PV+ neurons and their associated PNN, as well as PSA-NCAM and NMDAR expression and glial cells, in the TRN and the habenula were affected by the DHM or one of its factors. To our knowledge, this is the first report on such alterations in these diencephalic structures in an animal model combining neurodevelopmental alterations and early-life stress during adolescence. Our findings complement previous work on PV+ neurons in cortical regions and underscore the importance of studying diencephalic inhibitory networks and their intricate interactions with aversive experiences and neurodevelopmental alterations during early life in the context of schizophrenia.

幼年时期的厌恶经历会影响大脑的成熟,并诱发行为的改变。此外,当这些经历与微妙的神经发育改变同时发生时,可能会导致精神分裂症等精神疾病的出现。对患者和动物模型的研究发现,表达抑制性神经元的副发光素(PV)发生了变化,这凸显了它们在精神分裂症病因学中的重要性。大多数研究都集中在大脑皮层,但 PV+ 神经元也向间脑区域提供抑制性输入,尤其是丘脑(通过丘脑网状核中的细胞)和哈贝脑。值得注意的是,精神分裂症患者的这两个核团都发生了改变。PV+细胞的部分变化可能是由神经元周围网(PNN)介导的,PNN是细胞外基质的专门区域,通常围绕着PV+细胞,并调节其突触输入和活动。有趣的是,PV+神经元的生理性成熟和整合涉及 PNN 的组装,发生在出生后早期。与抑制性神经元相关的可塑性分子,如 PSA-NCAM 或 NMDA 受体(NMDAR),也会影响这些细胞的结构和功能。越来越多的证据还表明,神经胶质细胞通过影响PV+神经元的成熟和调节其突触连接来调节PV+神经元的生理学。为了探索早年的厌恶经历和伴随而来的细微神经发育改变对间脑 PV+ 细胞的影响,我们分析了接受精神分裂症双重打击模型(DHM)的成年雄性小鼠,该模型结合了在小鼠 7 岁时注射一次 NMDAR 拮抗剂和断奶后的社会隔离。我们观察到,探索行为、PV+神经元及其相关的PNN、PSA-NCAM和NMDAR的表达以及神经胶质细胞、TRN和哈氏神经节均受到DHM或其中一个因素的影响。据我们所知,这是首次报道在一个结合了神经发育改变和青春期早期生活压力的动物模型中这些间脑结构的这种改变。我们的研究结果补充了之前关于皮质区域 PV+ 神经元的研究,并强调了在精神分裂症的背景下研究双脑抑制网络及其与厌恶体验和生命早期神经发育改变之间错综复杂的相互作用的重要性。
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引用次数: 0
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Translational Psychiatry
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