Pub Date : 2024-09-04DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpae113
Shuaijun Zhuang, Zhaoyou Yu, Jiayuan Li, Fan Wang, Chunxia Zhang
None declared.Conflict of interestSoil salinization has become a global problem and high salt concentration in soil negatively affects plant growth. In our previous study, we found that overexpression of PsAMT1.2 from Populus simonii could improve the salt tolerance of poplar, but the physiological and molecular mechanism was not well understood. To explore the regulation pathway of PsAMT1.2 in salt tolerance, we investigated the morphological, physiological, and transcriptome differences between the PsAMT1.2 overexpression transgenic poplar and the wild type (WT) under salt stress. The PsAMT1.2 overexpression transgenic poplar showed better growth with increased net photosynthetic rate and higher chlorophyll content compared with WT under salt stress. The overexpression of PsAMT1.2 increased the catalase, superoxide dismutase, peroxidase, ascorbate peroxidase activities and therefore probably enhanced the reactive oxygen species clearance ability, which also reduced the degree of membrane lipid peroxidation under salt stress. Meanwhile, the PsAMT1.2 overexpression transgenic poplar maintained a relatively high K+/Na+ ratio under salt stress. RNA-seq analysis indicated that PsAMT1.2 might improve plant salt tolerance by regulating pathways related to the photosynthetic system, chloroplast structure, antioxidant activity, and anion transport. Among the 1056 differentially expressed genes, genes related to photosystemIand photosystemIIwere up-regulated and genes related to chloride channel protein-related were down-regulated. The result of the present study would provide new insight into regulation mechanism of PsAMT1.2 in improving salt tolerance of poplar.
{"title":"Physiological and transcriptomic analyses reveal the molecular mechanism of PsAMT1.2 in salt tolerance.","authors":"Shuaijun Zhuang, Zhaoyou Yu, Jiayuan Li, Fan Wang, Chunxia Zhang","doi":"10.1093/treephys/tpae113","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/treephys/tpae113","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>None declared.Conflict of interestSoil salinization has become a global problem and high salt concentration in soil negatively affects plant growth. In our previous study, we found that overexpression of PsAMT1.2 from Populus simonii could improve the salt tolerance of poplar, but the physiological and molecular mechanism was not well understood. To explore the regulation pathway of PsAMT1.2 in salt tolerance, we investigated the morphological, physiological, and transcriptome differences between the PsAMT1.2 overexpression transgenic poplar and the wild type (WT) under salt stress. The PsAMT1.2 overexpression transgenic poplar showed better growth with increased net photosynthetic rate and higher chlorophyll content compared with WT under salt stress. The overexpression of PsAMT1.2 increased the catalase, superoxide dismutase, peroxidase, ascorbate peroxidase activities and therefore probably enhanced the reactive oxygen species clearance ability, which also reduced the degree of membrane lipid peroxidation under salt stress. Meanwhile, the PsAMT1.2 overexpression transgenic poplar maintained a relatively high K+/Na+ ratio under salt stress. RNA-seq analysis indicated that PsAMT1.2 might improve plant salt tolerance by regulating pathways related to the photosynthetic system, chloroplast structure, antioxidant activity, and anion transport. Among the 1056 differentially expressed genes, genes related to photosystemIand photosystemIIwere up-regulated and genes related to chloride channel protein-related were down-regulated. The result of the present study would provide new insight into regulation mechanism of PsAMT1.2 in improving salt tolerance of poplar.</p>","PeriodicalId":23286,"journal":{"name":"Tree physiology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2024-09-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142133863","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-03DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpae095
Alexandra M Barry, Bean Bein, Yong-Jiang Zhang, Jay W Wason
Climate change is raising concerns about how forests will respond to extreme droughts, heat waves and their co-occurrence. In this greenhouse study, we tested how carbon and water relations relate to seedling growth and mortality of northeastern US trees during and after extreme drought, warming, and combined drought and warming. We compared the response of our focal species red spruce (Picea rubens Sarg.) with a common associate (paper birch, Betula papyrifera Marsh.) and a species expected to increase abundance in this region with climate change (northern red oak, Quercus rubra L.). We tracked growth and mortality, photosynthesis and water use of 216 seedlings of these species through a treatment and a recovery year. Each red spruce seedling was planted in containers either alone or with another seedling to simulate potential competition, and the seedlings were exposed to combinations of drought (irrigated, 15-d 'short' or 30-d 'long') and temperature (ambient or 16 days at +3.5 °C daily maximum) treatments. We found dominant effects of the drought reducing photosynthesis, midday water potential, and growth of spruce and birch, but that oak showed considerable resistance to drought stress. The effects of planting seedlings together were moderate and likely due to competition for limited water. Despite high temperatures reducing photosynthesis for all species, the warming imposed in this study minorly impacted growth only for oak in the recovery year. Overall, we found that the diverse water-use strategies employed by the species in our study related to their growth and recovery following drought stress. This study provides physiological evidence to support the prediction that native species to this region like red spruce and paper birch are susceptible to future climate extremes that may favor other species like northern red oak, leading to potential impacts on tree community dynamics under climate change.
{"title":"Linking physiological drought resistance traits to growth and mortality of three northeastern tree species.","authors":"Alexandra M Barry, Bean Bein, Yong-Jiang Zhang, Jay W Wason","doi":"10.1093/treephys/tpae095","DOIUrl":"10.1093/treephys/tpae095","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Climate change is raising concerns about how forests will respond to extreme droughts, heat waves and their co-occurrence. In this greenhouse study, we tested how carbon and water relations relate to seedling growth and mortality of northeastern US trees during and after extreme drought, warming, and combined drought and warming. We compared the response of our focal species red spruce (Picea rubens Sarg.) with a common associate (paper birch, Betula papyrifera Marsh.) and a species expected to increase abundance in this region with climate change (northern red oak, Quercus rubra L.). We tracked growth and mortality, photosynthesis and water use of 216 seedlings of these species through a treatment and a recovery year. Each red spruce seedling was planted in containers either alone or with another seedling to simulate potential competition, and the seedlings were exposed to combinations of drought (irrigated, 15-d 'short' or 30-d 'long') and temperature (ambient or 16 days at +3.5 °C daily maximum) treatments. We found dominant effects of the drought reducing photosynthesis, midday water potential, and growth of spruce and birch, but that oak showed considerable resistance to drought stress. The effects of planting seedlings together were moderate and likely due to competition for limited water. Despite high temperatures reducing photosynthesis for all species, the warming imposed in this study minorly impacted growth only for oak in the recovery year. Overall, we found that the diverse water-use strategies employed by the species in our study related to their growth and recovery following drought stress. This study provides physiological evidence to support the prediction that native species to this region like red spruce and paper birch are susceptible to future climate extremes that may favor other species like northern red oak, leading to potential impacts on tree community dynamics under climate change.</p>","PeriodicalId":23286,"journal":{"name":"Tree physiology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2024-09-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141793492","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-08-31DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpae112
Anton Milyaev, Ute Born, Elke Sprich, Michael Hagemann, Henryk Flachowsky, Eike Luedeling
Dormancy in temperate fruit trees is a mechanism of temporary growth suspension, which is vital for tree survival during winter. Studies on this phenomenon frequently employ scientific methods that aim to detect the timing of dormancy release. Dormancy release occurs when trees have been exposed to sufficient chill, allowing them to resume growth under conducive conditions. This study investigates dormancy dynamics in two apple (Malus × domestica Borkh.) cultivars, 'Nicoter' and 'Topaz', by sampling branches in an orchard over 14 weeks (2019-2020) and over 31 weeks (2021-2022) and subjecting them to a 42-day budbreak forcing period in a growth chamber. Temporal changes in budbreak percentages demonstrated dormancy progression in the studied apple cultivars and allowed distinguishing the three main dormancy phases: paradormancy (summer dormancy), endodormancy (deep dormancy), and ecodormancy (spring dormancy), along with transition periods between them. Using these data, we explored the suitability of several alternative methods to determine endodormancy release. Tabuenca's test, which predicts dormancy release based on the differences in dry weights of buds with and without forcing, showed promise for this purpose. However, our data indicated a need for considerable adjustments and validation of this test. Bud weight and water content of buds in the orchard did not align with budbreak percentages under forcing conditions, rendering them unsuitable for determining endodormancy release in 'Nicoter' and 'Topaz'. Shoot growth cessation did not seem to be connected with either dormancy progression or dormancy depth of the studied cultivars, whereas leaf fall coincided with the beginning of the transition from endo- to ecodormancy. This work addresses methodological limitations in dormancy research and suggests considering the mean time to budbreak and budbreak synchrony as additional criteria to assess tree dormancy status.
{"title":"Identifying indicators of apple bud dormancy status by exposure to artificial forcing conditions.","authors":"Anton Milyaev, Ute Born, Elke Sprich, Michael Hagemann, Henryk Flachowsky, Eike Luedeling","doi":"10.1093/treephys/tpae112","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/treephys/tpae112","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Dormancy in temperate fruit trees is a mechanism of temporary growth suspension, which is vital for tree survival during winter. Studies on this phenomenon frequently employ scientific methods that aim to detect the timing of dormancy release. Dormancy release occurs when trees have been exposed to sufficient chill, allowing them to resume growth under conducive conditions. This study investigates dormancy dynamics in two apple (Malus × domestica Borkh.) cultivars, 'Nicoter' and 'Topaz', by sampling branches in an orchard over 14 weeks (2019-2020) and over 31 weeks (2021-2022) and subjecting them to a 42-day budbreak forcing period in a growth chamber. Temporal changes in budbreak percentages demonstrated dormancy progression in the studied apple cultivars and allowed distinguishing the three main dormancy phases: paradormancy (summer dormancy), endodormancy (deep dormancy), and ecodormancy (spring dormancy), along with transition periods between them. Using these data, we explored the suitability of several alternative methods to determine endodormancy release. Tabuenca's test, which predicts dormancy release based on the differences in dry weights of buds with and without forcing, showed promise for this purpose. However, our data indicated a need for considerable adjustments and validation of this test. Bud weight and water content of buds in the orchard did not align with budbreak percentages under forcing conditions, rendering them unsuitable for determining endodormancy release in 'Nicoter' and 'Topaz'. Shoot growth cessation did not seem to be connected with either dormancy progression or dormancy depth of the studied cultivars, whereas leaf fall coincided with the beginning of the transition from endo- to ecodormancy. This work addresses methodological limitations in dormancy research and suggests considering the mean time to budbreak and budbreak synchrony as additional criteria to assess tree dormancy status.</p>","PeriodicalId":23286,"journal":{"name":"Tree physiology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2024-08-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142112364","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-08-31DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpae109
Xin Huang, Zhuo-Liang Hou, Bo-Long Ma, Han Zhao, Zai-Min Jiang, Jing Cai
Seasonality in temperate regions is prominent during the era of increased climatic variability. A hydraulic trait that can adjust to seasonally changing climatic conditions is crucial for tree safety. However, little attention has been paid to the intraspecific seasonality of drought-related traits and hydraulic safety of keystone forest trees. We examined seasonal variations in the key morphological and physiological traits as well as multiple hydraulic safety margins (SMs) at the branch and leaf levels in oriental cork oak (Quercus variabilis Bl.), which is predominant in Chinese temperate forests. Pneumatic measurements indicated that, as seasons progressed, the water potential at which 50% of branch embolisms occur (P50_branch) decreased from -3.34 MPa to -4.23 MPa, with a coefficient of variation (CV) of 9.08%. Sapwood capacitance ranged from 48.19-248.08 kg m-3 MPa-1, peaking in autumn and reaching minimum in winter (CV 60.58%). Rehydration kinetics confirmed higher leaf embolism vulnerability (P50_leaf) in spring and autumn than those in summer, with values ranging from -1.06 MPa to -3.02 MPa (CV 39.85%). All leaf pressure-volume (PV) traits shifted with growth, with CVs ranging from 6.95-46.69%. Sapwood density had significant negative correlations with P50_branch and hydraulic capacitance for elastic water storage, whereas leaf mass per area was linearly associated with PV traits but not with P50_leaf. Furthermore, the branch typical SMs (difference between branch midday water potential and P50_branch) were consistently > 1.84 MPa, and vulnerability segmentation was prevalent throughout, implying a plausible hydraulic foundation for the dominance of Q. variabilis. Diverse hydraulic response patterns existed across seasons, leading to positive safety margins mediated by the aforementioned physiological traits. Although Q. variabilis exhibits a high level of hydraulic safety, its susceptibility to sudden summer droughts may increase due to global climate change.
{"title":"Seasonality in embolism resistance and hydraulic capacitance jointly mediate hydraulic safety in branches and leaves of oriental cork oak (Quercus variabilis Bl.).","authors":"Xin Huang, Zhuo-Liang Hou, Bo-Long Ma, Han Zhao, Zai-Min Jiang, Jing Cai","doi":"10.1093/treephys/tpae109","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/treephys/tpae109","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Seasonality in temperate regions is prominent during the era of increased climatic variability. A hydraulic trait that can adjust to seasonally changing climatic conditions is crucial for tree safety. However, little attention has been paid to the intraspecific seasonality of drought-related traits and hydraulic safety of keystone forest trees. We examined seasonal variations in the key morphological and physiological traits as well as multiple hydraulic safety margins (SMs) at the branch and leaf levels in oriental cork oak (Quercus variabilis Bl.), which is predominant in Chinese temperate forests. Pneumatic measurements indicated that, as seasons progressed, the water potential at which 50% of branch embolisms occur (P50_branch) decreased from -3.34 MPa to -4.23 MPa, with a coefficient of variation (CV) of 9.08%. Sapwood capacitance ranged from 48.19-248.08 kg m-3 MPa-1, peaking in autumn and reaching minimum in winter (CV 60.58%). Rehydration kinetics confirmed higher leaf embolism vulnerability (P50_leaf) in spring and autumn than those in summer, with values ranging from -1.06 MPa to -3.02 MPa (CV 39.85%). All leaf pressure-volume (PV) traits shifted with growth, with CVs ranging from 6.95-46.69%. Sapwood density had significant negative correlations with P50_branch and hydraulic capacitance for elastic water storage, whereas leaf mass per area was linearly associated with PV traits but not with P50_leaf. Furthermore, the branch typical SMs (difference between branch midday water potential and P50_branch) were consistently > 1.84 MPa, and vulnerability segmentation was prevalent throughout, implying a plausible hydraulic foundation for the dominance of Q. variabilis. Diverse hydraulic response patterns existed across seasons, leading to positive safety margins mediated by the aforementioned physiological traits. Although Q. variabilis exhibits a high level of hydraulic safety, its susceptibility to sudden summer droughts may increase due to global climate change.</p>","PeriodicalId":23286,"journal":{"name":"Tree physiology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2024-08-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142112365","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Atmospheric nitrogen (N) deposition has notably increased since the industrial revolution, doubling N inputs to terrestrial ecosystems. This could mitigate N limitations in forests, potentially enhancing productivity and carbon sequestration. However, excessive N can lead to forest N saturation, causing issues like soil acidification, nutrient imbalances, biodiversity loss, increased tree mortality, and a potential net greenhouse gas emission. Traditional experiments often overlook the canopy's role in N fate, focusing instead on direct N addition to the forest floor. In our study, we applied 20 kg N ha y-1 of labeled 15NH415NO3 solution (δ15N = 30 ‰) both above and below the canopy, maintaining also control plots. We assessed ecosystem components before and after treatment, calculated N stocks, and used mass balance for fertilizer recovery analysis. Findings revealed that the above-canopy N addition intercepted up to 31 ± 4% of added N in foliage, a significant contrast to the negligible recovery in leaves with below-canopy treatment. Overall plant recovery was higher in the above-canopy treatment (43 ± 11%) compared to below (9 ± 24%). Post-vegetative season, about 15 ± 1% of above-canopy added N was transferred to soil via litterfall, indicating substantial N reabsorption or loss through volatilization, stemflow, or throughfall. In contrast, the below-canopy approach resulted in just 4.0 ± 0.6% recovery via litterfall. These results highlight a significant difference in N fate based on the application method. N applied to the canopy showed distinct recovery in transient compartments like foliage. However, over a few months, there was no noticeable change in N recovery in long-lived tissues across treatments. This implies that N application strategy does not significantly alter the distribution of simulated wet N deposition in high C/N tissues, underscoring the complex dynamics of forest N cycling.
自工业革命以来,大气中的氮沉降量显著增加,使陆地生态系统的氮输入量翻了一番。这可以缓解森林中的氮限制,潜在地提高生产力和碳吸收。然而,过量的氮会导致森林氮饱和,造成土壤酸化、养分失衡、生物多样性丧失、树木死亡率增加等问题,并可能造成温室气体净排放。传统的实验通常会忽略树冠在氮的归宿中的作用,而将重点放在直接向林地添加氮上。在我们的研究中,我们在树冠上下各施用了 20 kg N ha y-1 的标记 15NH415NO3 溶液(δ15N = 30 ‰),同时还保留了对照地块。我们评估了处理前后的生态系统成分,计算了氮储量,并利用质量平衡进行了肥料回收分析。研究结果表明,树冠上方的氮添加可在叶片中截获 31 ± 4% 的氮添加量,这与树冠下方处理时叶片中可忽略不计的氮回收量形成了鲜明对比。与树冠下处理(9 ± 24%)相比,树冠上处理的植物整体恢复率更高(43 ± 11%)。植被生长季节后,树冠上方添加的氮约有 15 ± 1%通过落叶转移到土壤中,这表明大量的氮通过挥发、茎流或直通落叶被重新吸收或流失。相比之下,树冠下方法通过落叶回收的氮仅为 4.0 ± 0.6%。这些结果突显了施肥方法对氮归宿的显著影响。施用到冠层的氮在叶片等瞬时分区中表现出明显的恢复。然而,在几个月的时间里,不同处理的长效组织中氮的恢复没有明显变化。这意味着氮的施用策略不会显著改变模拟湿氮沉积在高 C/N 组织中的分布,突出了森林氮循环的复杂动态。
{"title":"An in situ 15N labeling experiment unveils distinct responses to N application approaches in a mountain beech forest.","authors":"Luca Da Ros, Mirco Rodeghiero, Maurizio Ventura, Roberto Tognetti, Giustino Tonon, Damiano Gianelle","doi":"10.1093/treephys/tpae104","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/treephys/tpae104","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Atmospheric nitrogen (N) deposition has notably increased since the industrial revolution, doubling N inputs to terrestrial ecosystems. This could mitigate N limitations in forests, potentially enhancing productivity and carbon sequestration. However, excessive N can lead to forest N saturation, causing issues like soil acidification, nutrient imbalances, biodiversity loss, increased tree mortality, and a potential net greenhouse gas emission. Traditional experiments often overlook the canopy's role in N fate, focusing instead on direct N addition to the forest floor. In our study, we applied 20 kg N ha y-1 of labeled 15NH415NO3 solution (δ15N = 30 ‰) both above and below the canopy, maintaining also control plots. We assessed ecosystem components before and after treatment, calculated N stocks, and used mass balance for fertilizer recovery analysis. Findings revealed that the above-canopy N addition intercepted up to 31 ± 4% of added N in foliage, a significant contrast to the negligible recovery in leaves with below-canopy treatment. Overall plant recovery was higher in the above-canopy treatment (43 ± 11%) compared to below (9 ± 24%). Post-vegetative season, about 15 ± 1% of above-canopy added N was transferred to soil via litterfall, indicating substantial N reabsorption or loss through volatilization, stemflow, or throughfall. In contrast, the below-canopy approach resulted in just 4.0 ± 0.6% recovery via litterfall. These results highlight a significant difference in N fate based on the application method. N applied to the canopy showed distinct recovery in transient compartments like foliage. However, over a few months, there was no noticeable change in N recovery in long-lived tissues across treatments. This implies that N application strategy does not significantly alter the distribution of simulated wet N deposition in high C/N tissues, underscoring the complex dynamics of forest N cycling.</p>","PeriodicalId":23286,"journal":{"name":"Tree physiology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2024-08-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142112363","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-08-27DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpae110
Ana Maria Restrepo-Acevedo, Jessica S Guo, Steven A Kannenberg, Michael C Benson, Daniel Beverly, Renata Diaz, William R L Anderegg, Daniel M Johnson, George Koch, Alexandra G Konings, Lauren E L Lowman, Jordi Martínez-Vilalta, Rafael Poyatos, H Jochen Schenk, Ashley M Matheny, Katherine A McCulloh, Jesse B Nippert, Rafael S Oliveira, Kimberly Novick
Given the pressing challenges posed by climate change, it is crucial to develop a deeper understanding of the impacts of escalating drought and heat stress on terrestrial ecosystems and the vital services they offer. Soil and plant water potential play a pivotal role in governing the dynamics of water within ecosystems and exert direct control over plant function and mortality risk during periods of ecological stress. However, existing observations of water potential suffer from significant limitations, including their sporadic and discontinuous nature, inconsistent representation of relevant spatio-temporal scales, and numerous methodological challenges. These limitations hinder the comprehensive and synthetic research needed to enhance our conceptual understanding and predictive models of plant function and survival under limited moisture availability. In this article, we present PSInet (PSI-for the Greek letter Ψ used to denote water potential), a novel collaborative network of researchers and data, designed to bridge the current critical information gap in water potential data. The primary objectives of PSInet are: (1) Establishing the first openly accessible global database for time series of plant and soil water potential measurements, while providing important linkages with other relevant observation networks. (2) Fostering an inclusive and diverse collaborative environment for all scientists studying water potential in various stages of their careers. (3) Standardizing methodologies, processing, and interpretation of water potential data through the engagement of a global community of scientists, facilitated by the dissemination of standardized protocols, best practices, and early career training opportunities. (4) Facilitating the use of the PSInet database for synthesizing knowledge and addressing prominent gaps in our understanding of plants' physiological responses to various environmental stressors. The PSInet initiative is integral to meeting the fundamental research challenge of discerning which plant species will thrive and which will be vulnerable in a world undergoing rapid warming and increasing aridification.
{"title":"PSInet: A new global water potential network.","authors":"Ana Maria Restrepo-Acevedo, Jessica S Guo, Steven A Kannenberg, Michael C Benson, Daniel Beverly, Renata Diaz, William R L Anderegg, Daniel M Johnson, George Koch, Alexandra G Konings, Lauren E L Lowman, Jordi Martínez-Vilalta, Rafael Poyatos, H Jochen Schenk, Ashley M Matheny, Katherine A McCulloh, Jesse B Nippert, Rafael S Oliveira, Kimberly Novick","doi":"10.1093/treephys/tpae110","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/treephys/tpae110","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Given the pressing challenges posed by climate change, it is crucial to develop a deeper understanding of the impacts of escalating drought and heat stress on terrestrial ecosystems and the vital services they offer. Soil and plant water potential play a pivotal role in governing the dynamics of water within ecosystems and exert direct control over plant function and mortality risk during periods of ecological stress. However, existing observations of water potential suffer from significant limitations, including their sporadic and discontinuous nature, inconsistent representation of relevant spatio-temporal scales, and numerous methodological challenges. These limitations hinder the comprehensive and synthetic research needed to enhance our conceptual understanding and predictive models of plant function and survival under limited moisture availability. In this article, we present PSInet (PSI-for the Greek letter Ψ used to denote water potential), a novel collaborative network of researchers and data, designed to bridge the current critical information gap in water potential data. The primary objectives of PSInet are: (1) Establishing the first openly accessible global database for time series of plant and soil water potential measurements, while providing important linkages with other relevant observation networks. (2) Fostering an inclusive and diverse collaborative environment for all scientists studying water potential in various stages of their careers. (3) Standardizing methodologies, processing, and interpretation of water potential data through the engagement of a global community of scientists, facilitated by the dissemination of standardized protocols, best practices, and early career training opportunities. (4) Facilitating the use of the PSInet database for synthesizing knowledge and addressing prominent gaps in our understanding of plants' physiological responses to various environmental stressors. The PSInet initiative is integral to meeting the fundamental research challenge of discerning which plant species will thrive and which will be vulnerable in a world undergoing rapid warming and increasing aridification.</p>","PeriodicalId":23286,"journal":{"name":"Tree physiology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2024-08-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142081712","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Yellowhorn (Xanthoceras sorbifolium) is an economically-important tree species in northern China, mainly distributed in arid and semi-arid areas where water resources are scarce. Drought affects its yield and the expansion of its suitable growth area. It was found that the wax content in yellowhorn leaves varied significantly among different germplasms, which had a strong correlation with the drought resistance of yellowhorn. In this study, XsMYB30 was isolated from 'Zhongshi 4' of yellowhorn, a new highly waxy variety. DAP-Seq technology revealed that the pathways associated with fatty acids were significantly enriched in the target genes of XsMYB30. Moreover, the results of the electrophoretic mobility shift assay, the yeast one hybrid assay and the dual-luciferase assay demonstrated that XsMYB30 could directly and $$bind with the promoters of genes involved in wax biosynthesis (XsFAR4, XsCER1, and XsKCS1), lipid transfer (XsLTPG1 and XsLTP1) and fatty acid synthesis (XsKASIII), thus enhancing their expression. In addition, the overexpression of XsMYB30 in poplar promoted the expression levels of these target genes, and increased the wax deposition on poplar leaves leading to a notable improvement in the plant's ability to withstand drought. These findings indicate that XsMYB30 is an important regulatory factor in cuticular wax biosynthesis and the drought resistance of yellowhorn.
{"title":"The yellowhorn MYB transcription factor MYB30 is required for the wax accumulation and drought tolerance.","authors":"Xiaojuan Liu, Zhuo Ban, Yingying Yang, Huihui Xu, Yifan Cui, Chenxue Wang, Quanxin Bi, Haiyan Yu, Libing Wang","doi":"10.1093/treephys/tpae111","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/treephys/tpae111","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Yellowhorn (Xanthoceras sorbifolium) is an economically-important tree species in northern China, mainly distributed in arid and semi-arid areas where water resources are scarce. Drought affects its yield and the expansion of its suitable growth area. It was found that the wax content in yellowhorn leaves varied significantly among different germplasms, which had a strong correlation with the drought resistance of yellowhorn. In this study, XsMYB30 was isolated from 'Zhongshi 4' of yellowhorn, a new highly waxy variety. DAP-Seq technology revealed that the pathways associated with fatty acids were significantly enriched in the target genes of XsMYB30. Moreover, the results of the electrophoretic mobility shift assay, the yeast one hybrid assay and the dual-luciferase assay demonstrated that XsMYB30 could directly and $$bind with the promoters of genes involved in wax biosynthesis (XsFAR4, XsCER1, and XsKCS1), lipid transfer (XsLTPG1 and XsLTP1) and fatty acid synthesis (XsKASIII), thus enhancing their expression. In addition, the overexpression of XsMYB30 in poplar promoted the expression levels of these target genes, and increased the wax deposition on poplar leaves leading to a notable improvement in the plant's ability to withstand drought. These findings indicate that XsMYB30 is an important regulatory factor in cuticular wax biosynthesis and the drought resistance of yellowhorn.</p>","PeriodicalId":23286,"journal":{"name":"Tree physiology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2024-08-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142081713","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-08-20DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpae107
David Sánchez-Gómez, Ismael Aranda
Understanding covariation patterns of drought resistance, post-drought recovery and phenotypic plasticity, and its variability at the intra-population level is crucial for predicting forest vulnerability to increasing aridity. This knowledge is particularly urgent at the trailing range edge since, in these areas, tree species are proximal to their ecological niche boundaries. While this proximity increases their susceptibility, these populations are recognized as valuable genetic reservoirs against environmental stressors. The conservation of this genetic variability is critical for the adaptive capacity of the species in the current context of climate change. Here we examined intra-population patterns of stem basal growth, gas exchange and other leaf functional traits in response to an experimental drought in seedlings of 16 open-pollinated families within a marginal population of European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) from its southern range edge. We found high degree of intra-population variation in leaf functional traits, photosynthetic performance, growth patterns and phenotypic plasticity in response to water availability. Low phenotypic plasticity was associated with higher resistance to drought. Both drought resistance and post-drought recovery of photosynthetic performance varied between maternal lines. However, drought resistance and post-drought recovery exhibited independent variation. We also found intra-population variation in stomatal sensitivity to soil drying but it was not associated with either drought resistance or post-drought recovery. We conclude that an inverse relationship between phenotypic plasticity and drought resistance is not necessarily a sign of maladaptive plasticity but rather it may reflect stability of functional performance and hence adaptation to withstand drought. The independent variation found between drought resistance and post-drought recovery should facilitate to some extend microevolution and adaption to increasing aridity. The observed variability in stomatal sensitivity to soil drying was consistent with previous findings at other scales (e.g., inter-specific variation, inter-population variation) that challenge the iso-anisohydric concept as a reliable surrogate of drought tolerance.
{"title":"Unveiling intra-population functional variability patterns in a European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) population from the southern range edge: drought resistance, post-drought recovery, and phenotypic plasticity.","authors":"David Sánchez-Gómez, Ismael Aranda","doi":"10.1093/treephys/tpae107","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/treephys/tpae107","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Understanding covariation patterns of drought resistance, post-drought recovery and phenotypic plasticity, and its variability at the intra-population level is crucial for predicting forest vulnerability to increasing aridity. This knowledge is particularly urgent at the trailing range edge since, in these areas, tree species are proximal to their ecological niche boundaries. While this proximity increases their susceptibility, these populations are recognized as valuable genetic reservoirs against environmental stressors. The conservation of this genetic variability is critical for the adaptive capacity of the species in the current context of climate change. Here we examined intra-population patterns of stem basal growth, gas exchange and other leaf functional traits in response to an experimental drought in seedlings of 16 open-pollinated families within a marginal population of European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) from its southern range edge. We found high degree of intra-population variation in leaf functional traits, photosynthetic performance, growth patterns and phenotypic plasticity in response to water availability. Low phenotypic plasticity was associated with higher resistance to drought. Both drought resistance and post-drought recovery of photosynthetic performance varied between maternal lines. However, drought resistance and post-drought recovery exhibited independent variation. We also found intra-population variation in stomatal sensitivity to soil drying but it was not associated with either drought resistance or post-drought recovery. We conclude that an inverse relationship between phenotypic plasticity and drought resistance is not necessarily a sign of maladaptive plasticity but rather it may reflect stability of functional performance and hence adaptation to withstand drought. The independent variation found between drought resistance and post-drought recovery should facilitate to some extend microevolution and adaption to increasing aridity. The observed variability in stomatal sensitivity to soil drying was consistent with previous findings at other scales (e.g., inter-specific variation, inter-population variation) that challenge the iso-anisohydric concept as a reliable surrogate of drought tolerance.</p>","PeriodicalId":23286,"journal":{"name":"Tree physiology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2024-08-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142009520","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-08-20DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpae106
Ester González de Andrés, Antonio Gazol, José Ignacio Querejeta, Michele Colangelo, J Julio Camarero
Mistletoes are xylem-tapping hemiparasites that rely on their hosts for water and nutrient uptake. Thus, they impair tree performance in the face of environmental stress via altering carbon and water relations and nutritional status of trees. To improve our understanding of physiological responses to mistletoe and ongoing climate change, we investigated radial growth, stable C and O isotopic signals and elemental composition of tree rings in silver fir (Abies alba) and Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) forests infested with Viscum album. We compared temporal series (1990-2020) of basal area increment (BAI), intrinsic water-use efficiency (iWUE), oxygen isotope composition (δ18O) and nutrient concentrations and stoichiometric ratios between non-infested (NI) and severely infested (SI) fir and pine trees from populations located close to the xeric distribution limit of the species in north-eastern Spain. SI trees showed historically higher growth, but the BAI trend was negative for more than three decades before 2020 and their growth rates became significantly lower than those of NI trees by the mid-2010s. Mistletoe infestation was related to an enhanced sensitivity of radial growth to vapour pressure deficit (atmospheric drought). SI trees showed less pronounced iWUE increases (fir) and lower iWUE values (pine) than NI trees. The lower tree-ring δ18O values of SI trees may be the result of several superimposed effects operating simultaneously, including leaf-level evaporative enrichment, source water isotopic signals, and anatomical and phenological differences. We observed a deterioration of potassium (K) nutrition in tree-ring wood of both species in SI trees, along with accumulation of manganese (Mn). We suggest that such nutritional patterns are driven by the indirect effect of mistletoe-induced drought stress, particularly in pine. The combined analyses of different physiological indicators imprinted on tree rings provided evidence of the progressive onset of carbon, water and nutrient imbalances in mistletoe-infested conifers inhabiting seasonally dry regions.
槲寄生是一种木质部吸水半寄生虫,依靠寄主吸收水分和养分。因此,它们会通过改变树木的碳、水关系和营养状况来损害树木在环境压力下的表现。为了提高我们对槲寄生和持续气候变化的生理反应的认识,我们研究了银冷杉(Abies alba)和苏格兰松(Pinus sylvestris)森林中被槲寄生侵染的树木年轮的径向生长、稳定的 C 和 O 同位素信号以及元素组成。我们比较了未受侵染(NI)和严重受侵染(SI)的冷杉和松树的基部面积增量(BAI)、内在水分利用效率(iWUE)、氧同位素组成(δ18O)以及养分浓度和化学计量比的时间序列(1990-2020 年),这些树木的种群位于西班牙东北部靠近该物种干旱分布极限的地区。SI 树历来生长速度较快,但在 2020 年之前的三十多年里 BAI 呈负增长趋势,到 2010 年代中期,其生长速度明显低于 NI 树。槲寄生侵扰与径向生长对蒸汽压力不足(大气干旱)的敏感性增强有关。与 NI 树木相比,SI 树木的 iWUE 增长(杉木)不太明显,iWUE 值(松树)较低。SI树较低的树环δ18O值可能是多种叠加效应同时作用的结果,其中包括叶层蒸发富集、源水同位素信号以及解剖学和物候学差异。我们观察到,在 SI 树的两种树种的树环木材中,钾(K)的营养都在恶化,同时锰(Mn)也在积累。我们认为,这种营养模式是由槲树引起的干旱胁迫的间接影响造成的,尤其是在松树中。通过对印刻在树木年轮上的不同生理指标进行综合分析,可以证明在季节性干旱地区,受槲树侵袭的针叶树逐渐出现碳、水和营养失衡。
{"title":"Mistletoe-induced carbon, water and nutrient imbalances are imprinted on tree rings.","authors":"Ester González de Andrés, Antonio Gazol, José Ignacio Querejeta, Michele Colangelo, J Julio Camarero","doi":"10.1093/treephys/tpae106","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/treephys/tpae106","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Mistletoes are xylem-tapping hemiparasites that rely on their hosts for water and nutrient uptake. Thus, they impair tree performance in the face of environmental stress via altering carbon and water relations and nutritional status of trees. To improve our understanding of physiological responses to mistletoe and ongoing climate change, we investigated radial growth, stable C and O isotopic signals and elemental composition of tree rings in silver fir (Abies alba) and Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) forests infested with Viscum album. We compared temporal series (1990-2020) of basal area increment (BAI), intrinsic water-use efficiency (iWUE), oxygen isotope composition (δ18O) and nutrient concentrations and stoichiometric ratios between non-infested (NI) and severely infested (SI) fir and pine trees from populations located close to the xeric distribution limit of the species in north-eastern Spain. SI trees showed historically higher growth, but the BAI trend was negative for more than three decades before 2020 and their growth rates became significantly lower than those of NI trees by the mid-2010s. Mistletoe infestation was related to an enhanced sensitivity of radial growth to vapour pressure deficit (atmospheric drought). SI trees showed less pronounced iWUE increases (fir) and lower iWUE values (pine) than NI trees. The lower tree-ring δ18O values of SI trees may be the result of several superimposed effects operating simultaneously, including leaf-level evaporative enrichment, source water isotopic signals, and anatomical and phenological differences. We observed a deterioration of potassium (K) nutrition in tree-ring wood of both species in SI trees, along with accumulation of manganese (Mn). We suggest that such nutritional patterns are driven by the indirect effect of mistletoe-induced drought stress, particularly in pine. The combined analyses of different physiological indicators imprinted on tree rings provided evidence of the progressive onset of carbon, water and nutrient imbalances in mistletoe-infested conifers inhabiting seasonally dry regions.</p>","PeriodicalId":23286,"journal":{"name":"Tree physiology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2024-08-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142009519","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-08-20DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpae105
Hongyan Su, Yingtian Guo, Liang Gu, Xiaomeng Shi, Yangyan Zhou, Fanlin Wu, Lei Wang
Drought is a significant global issue affecting agricultural production, and the utilization of beneficial rhizosphere microorganisms is one of the effective ways to increase the productivity of crops and forest under drought. In this study, we characterized a novel growth-promoting dark septate endophytes (DSE) fungus R16 derived from the blueberry roots. Hyphae or microsclerotia were visible within the epidermal or cortical cells of R16-colonized blueberry roots, which was consistent with the typical characteristics of DSE fungi. Inoculation with R16 promoted the growth of blueberry seedlings and the advantage over the control group was more significant under PEG-induced drought. Comparison of physiological indicators related to drought resistance between the inoculated and control groups was performed on the potted blueberry plants, including the chlorophyll content, net photosynthetic rate, root activities, MDA and H2O2 content, which indicated that R16 colonization mitigated drought injury in blueberry plants. We further analyzed the effects of R16 on phytohormones and non-structural carbohydrates (NSCs) to explore the mechanism of increased drought tolerance by R16 in blueberry seedlings. The results showed that except for the GA content, IAA, ZT and ABA varied significantly between the inoculated and control groups. SPS and S6PDH activities in mature leaves, the key enzymes responsible for sucrose and sorbitol synthesis, respectively, as well as SDH, SuSy, CWINV, HXK and FRK in roots, the key enzymes involved in the NSCs metabolism, showed significant differences between the inoculated and control groups before and after drought treatment. These results suggested that the positive effects of R16 colonization on the drought tolerance of blueberry seedlings are partially attributable to the regulation of phytohormone and sugar metabolism. This study provided valuable information for the research on the interaction between DSE fungi and host plants as well as the application of DSE preparations in agriculture.
{"title":"A novel growth-promoting dark septate endophytic fungus improved drought tolerance in blueberries by modulating phytohormones and non-structural carbohydrates.","authors":"Hongyan Su, Yingtian Guo, Liang Gu, Xiaomeng Shi, Yangyan Zhou, Fanlin Wu, Lei Wang","doi":"10.1093/treephys/tpae105","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/treephys/tpae105","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Drought is a significant global issue affecting agricultural production, and the utilization of beneficial rhizosphere microorganisms is one of the effective ways to increase the productivity of crops and forest under drought. In this study, we characterized a novel growth-promoting dark septate endophytes (DSE) fungus R16 derived from the blueberry roots. Hyphae or microsclerotia were visible within the epidermal or cortical cells of R16-colonized blueberry roots, which was consistent with the typical characteristics of DSE fungi. Inoculation with R16 promoted the growth of blueberry seedlings and the advantage over the control group was more significant under PEG-induced drought. Comparison of physiological indicators related to drought resistance between the inoculated and control groups was performed on the potted blueberry plants, including the chlorophyll content, net photosynthetic rate, root activities, MDA and H2O2 content, which indicated that R16 colonization mitigated drought injury in blueberry plants. We further analyzed the effects of R16 on phytohormones and non-structural carbohydrates (NSCs) to explore the mechanism of increased drought tolerance by R16 in blueberry seedlings. The results showed that except for the GA content, IAA, ZT and ABA varied significantly between the inoculated and control groups. SPS and S6PDH activities in mature leaves, the key enzymes responsible for sucrose and sorbitol synthesis, respectively, as well as SDH, SuSy, CWINV, HXK and FRK in roots, the key enzymes involved in the NSCs metabolism, showed significant differences between the inoculated and control groups before and after drought treatment. These results suggested that the positive effects of R16 colonization on the drought tolerance of blueberry seedlings are partially attributable to the regulation of phytohormone and sugar metabolism. This study provided valuable information for the research on the interaction between DSE fungi and host plants as well as the application of DSE preparations in agriculture.</p>","PeriodicalId":23286,"journal":{"name":"Tree physiology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2024-08-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142009518","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}