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Scales and scaling in Tree Physiology. 树木生理学中的尺度和缩放。
IF 3.5 2区 农林科学 Q1 FORESTRY Pub Date : 2024-08-13 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpae100
Maurizio Mencuccini
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引用次数: 0
Estimation of phloem conductance at tree level in young, middle-aged and old-aged Scots pine trees growing in different climatic conditions in boreal forests. 估算在北方森林不同气候条件下生长的苏格兰松树幼树、中龄树和老龄树的韧皮部传导率。
IF 3.5 2区 农林科学 Q1 FORESTRY Pub Date : 2024-08-03 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpae081
Tatiana V Tarelkina, Aleksandra A Serkova, Natalia A Galibina, Elena V Novichonok, Sergei A Moshnikov, Diana S Ivanova, Ludmila I Semenova

In forests, a significant proportion of the carbon fixed by trees during photosynthesis is transported belowground along the conducting phloem, so variations in phloem anatomy can lead to variations in transport capacity. Phloem conductance at tree level (Ktree) is also affected by tree height. Both the phloem anatomy and the tree size change during ontogeny, and also differ under different environmental conditions. The goal of our work was to identify the main drivers of variation in Ktree in Scots pine trees growing in natural boreal forests. We conducted a phloem anatomical study and calculated Ktree in trees of three age groups growing in different climatic conditions along a latitudinal gradient from south to north. We found that Ktree was maintained at the same level in actively growing pine trees (25-80-years-old) but increased in old-aged trees (180-190-years-old), possibly reflecting the shift in source-sink relationships of aboveground and belowground parts of trees. Trees of the same age group growing in different climatic conditions demonstrated similar values of Ktree due to coordinated changes in the phloem anatomy and the tree height. In general, the negative influence of tree height on Ktree is offset by the positive influence of phloem width (or trunk diameter) and sieve cell diameter. The exception was young trees growing in the transition zone of the northern taiga subzone to the tundra, where Ktree was the highest in its age group and even exceeded Ktree of middle-aged trees.

在森林中,树木在光合作用中固定的碳有很大一部分是沿着导电的韧皮部输送到地下的,因此韧皮部解剖结构的变化会导致输送能力的变化。树木层面的韧皮部传导率(Ktree)也受树木高度的影响。韧皮部解剖结构和树的大小都会在生长过程中发生变化,而且在不同的环境条件下也会有所不同。我们的工作目标是找出生长在北方天然林中的苏格兰松树 Ktree 变化的主要驱动因素。我们进行了一项韧皮部解剖学研究,并计算了生长在不同气候条件下的三个年龄组树木的 Ktree,这些树木的纬度梯度从南到北。我们发现,在生长旺盛的松树(25-80 岁)中,Ktree 保持在同一水平,但在树龄较大的松树(180-190 岁)中则有所增加,这可能反映了树木地上部分和地下部分源汇关系的变化。由于韧皮部解剖结构和树高的协调变化,在不同气候条件下生长的同一树龄组的树木表现出相似的 Ktree 值。一般来说,树高对 Ktree 的负面影响会被韧皮部宽度(或树干直径)和筛孔直径的正面影响所抵消。但生长在泰加亚区北部向苔原过渡地带的幼树是个例外,其 Ktree 是该树龄组中最高的,甚至超过了中龄树的 Ktree。
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引用次数: 0
Comparative transcriptome provides new insights into the molecular regulation of olive trees to chilling stress. 比较转录组为了解橄榄树对寒冷胁迫的分子调控提供了新的视角。
IF 3.5 2区 农林科学 Q1 FORESTRY Pub Date : 2024-08-03 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpae075
Wenjun Wu, Chengying Jiang, Qianqian Wei, Ling He, Gaoming Jin, Yuming Zheng, Jianli Qi, Rong Zhang, Yufang Yao, Dongshi Wan, Jiaojiao Lv

Olive (Olea europaea L.), an economically important oil-producing crop, is sensitive to low temperature, which severely limits its productivity and geographical distribution. However, the underlying mechanism of cold tolerance in olive remains elusive. In this study, a chilling experiment (4 °C) on the living saplings of two olive cultivars revealed that O. europaea cv. Arbequina showed stronger cold tolerance with greater photosynthetic activity compared with O. europaea cv. Leccino. Transcriptome analyses revealed that early light-inducible protein 1 (ELIP1), the main regulator for chlorophyll synthesis, is dramatically induced to protect the photosynthesis at low temperatures. Furthermore, weighted gene co-expression network analysis, yeast one-hybrid and luciferase assays demonstrated that transcription factor bHLH66 serves as an important regulator of ELIP1 transcription by binding to the G-box motif in the promoter. Taken together, our research revealed a novel transcriptional module consisting of bHLH66-ELIP1 in the adaptation of olive trees to cold stress.

橄榄(Olea europaea. L)是一种具有重要经济价值的产油作物,对低温非常敏感,这严重限制了其产量和地理分布。然而,橄榄耐寒性的内在机制仍然难以捉摸。本研究对两个橄榄栽培品种的幼苗进行了冷冻实验(4 °C),结果发现,与 O. europaea cv. Leccino 相比,O. europaea cv. Arbequina 表现出更强的耐寒性,光合作用活性更高。转录组分析表明,叶绿素合成的主要调节因子--早期光诱导蛋白 1(ELIP1)被显著诱导,以保护低温下的光合作用。此外,加权基因共表达网络分析(WGCNA)、酵母单杂交(Y1H)和荧光素酶(LUC)实验证明,转录因子 bHLH66 通过与启动子中的 G-box motif 结合,成为 ELIP1 转录的重要调控因子。综上所述,我们的研究揭示了由 bHLH66- ELIP1 组成的新型转录模块在橄榄树适应寒冷胁迫过程中的作用。
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引用次数: 0
Adaptation of stomatal conductance, photosynthesis and water-use efficiency at shoot and canopy scales in adjacent stands of Dacrycarpus dacrydioides and Podocarpus totara. Dacrycarpus dacrydioides 和 Podocarpus totara 相邻林分的气孔导度、光合作用和水分利用效率在嫩枝和树冠尺度上的适应性。
IF 3.5 2区 农林科学 Q1 FORESTRY Pub Date : 2024-08-03 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpae087
Horacio E Bown, John E Hunt, Margaret M Barbour, Graeme N D Rogers, David Whitehead

We tested an approach to estimate daily canopy net photosynthesis, A, based on estimates of transpiration, E, using measurements of sap flow and water-use efficiency, ω, by measuring δ13C in CO2 respired from shoots in the canopies of two conifers (Podocarpaceae) native to New Zealand. The trees were planted in adjacent 20-year-old stands with the same soil and environmental conditions. Leaf area index was lower for Dacrycarpus dacrydioides D.Don in Lamb (1.34 m2 m-2) than for Podocarpus totara G.Benn. ex D.Don var. totara (2.01 m2 m-2), but mean (± standard error) stem diameters were the same at 152 ± 21 mm for D. dacrydioides and 154 ± 25 mm for P. totara. Over a 28-day period, daily A (per unit ground area) ranged almost five-fold but there were no significant differences between species (mean 2.73 ± 1.02 gC m-2 day-1). This was attributable to higher daily values of E (2.63 ± 0.83 mm day-1) and lower ω (1.35 ± 0.53 gC kg H2O-1) for D. dacrydioides compared with lower E (1.82 ± 0.72 mm day-1) and higher ω (1.90 ± 0.77 gC kg H2O-1) for P. totara. We attributed this to higher nitrogen availability and nitrogen concentration per unit foliage area, Na, and greater exposure to irradiance in the D. dacrydioides canopy compared with P. totara. Our findings support earlier observations that D. dacrydioides is more adapted to sites with poor drainage. In contrast, the high retention of leaf area and maintaining low rates of transpiration by P. totara, resulting in higher water-use efficiency, is an adaptive response to survival in dry conditions. Our findings show that physiological adjustments for two species adapted to different environments led to similar canopy photosynthesis rates when the trees were grown in the same conditions. We demonstrated consistency between whole-tree and more intensive shoot-scale measurements, confirming that integrated approaches are appropriate for comparative estimates of carbon uptake in stands with different species.

我们通过测量新西兰原产的两种针叶树(荚果科)树冠中嫩枝呼吸的 CO2 中的δ13C,测试了一种基于蒸腾作用估算值 E 来估算树冠每日净光合作用 A 的方法。这些树木种植在相邻的 20 年树龄的林地中,土壤和环境条件相同。Dacrycarpus dacrydioides(1.34 m2 m-2)的叶面积指数低于 Podocarpus totara(2.01 m2 m-2),但平均(± 标准误差)茎直径相同,D. dacrydioides 为 152 ± 21 毫米,P. totara 为 154 ± 25 毫米。在 28 天的时间里,日 A(单位地面面积)几乎变化了五倍,但物种之间没有显著差异(平均 2.73 ± 1.02 gC m-2 d-1)。这是因为 D. dacrydioides 的日 E 值(2.63 ± 0.83 mm d-1)较高,ω 值(1.35 ± 0.53 gC kg H2O-1)较低,而 P. totara 的日 E 值(1.82 ± 0.72 mm d-1)较低,ω 值(1.90 ± 0.77 gC kg H2O-1)较高。我们认为这是由于 D. dacrydioides 树冠比 P. totara 更高的氮可用性和单位叶面积的氮浓度(Na)以及更高的辐照度造成的。我们的研究结果支持了之前的观察,即 D. dacrydioides 更适应排水不良的地点。相比之下,图腾草保持较高的叶面积和较低的蒸腾速率,从而提高了水分利用效率,这是一种在干旱条件下生存的适应性反应。我们的研究结果表明,两种适应不同环境的树种在相同条件下生长时,其生理调整会导致相似的树冠光合作用率。我们证明了整棵树和更密集的嫩枝尺度测量之间的一致性,从而证实了综合方法适用于比较估算不同树种林木的碳吸收量。
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引用次数: 0
Preserving isohydricity: vertical environmental variability explains Amazon forest water-use strategies. 保持等水性:垂直环境变化解释了亚马逊森林的用水策略。
IF 3.5 2区 农林科学 Q1 FORESTRY Pub Date : 2024-08-03 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpae088
Deliane Penha, Mauro Brum, Luciana F Alves, Tomas F Domingues, Anderson Meneses, Rardiles Branches, Natalia Restrepo-Coupe, Rafael S Oliveira, José Mauro S Moura, Pedro A C L Aurélio Pequeno, Neill Prohaska, Scott R Saleska

Increases in hydrological extremes, including drought, are expected for Amazon forests. A fundamental challenge for predicting forest responses lies in identifying ecological strategies which underlie such responses. Characterization of species-specific hydraulic strategies for regulating water-use, thought to be arrayed along an 'isohydric-anisohydric' spectrum, is a widely used approach. However, recent studies have questioned the usefulness of this classification scheme, because its metrics are strongly influenced by environments, and hence can lead to divergent classifications even within the same species. Here, we propose an alternative approach positing that individual hydraulic regulation strategies emerge from the interaction of environments with traits. Specifically, we hypothesize that the vertical forest profile represents a key gradient in drought-related environments (atmospheric vapor pressure deficit, soil water availability) that drives divergent tree water-use strategies for coordinated regulation of stomatal conductance (gs) and leaf water potentials (ΨL) with tree rooting depth, a proxy for water availability. Testing this hypothesis in a seasonal eastern Amazon forest in Brazil, we found that hydraulic strategies indeed depend on height-associated environments. Upper canopy trees, experiencing high vapor pressure deficit (VPD), but stable soil water access through deep rooting, exhibited isohydric strategies, defined by little seasonal change in the diurnal pattern of gs and steady seasonal minimum ΨL. In contrast, understory trees, exposed to less variable VPD but highly variable soil water availability, exhibited anisohydric strategies, with fluctuations in diurnal gs that increased in the dry season along with increasing variation in ΨL. Our finding that canopy height structures the coordination between drought-related environmental stressors and hydraulic traits provides a basis for preserving the applicability of the isohydric-to-anisohydric spectrum, which we show here may consistently emerge from environmental context. Our work highlights the importance of understanding how environmental heterogeneity structures forest responses to climate change, providing a mechanistic basis for improving models of tropical ecosystems.

亚马逊森林的极端水文情况(包括干旱)预计会加剧。预测森林应对措施的一个基本挑战在于确定这种应对措施的生态策略。物种调节用水的水力策略被认为是沿着 "等水力-无水力 "光谱排列的,这种方法被广泛使用。然而,最近的研究对这种分类方法的实用性提出了质疑,因为它的指标受环境影响很大,因此即使在同一物种中也会导致不同的分类。在这里,我们提出了另一种方法,即个体的水力调节策略产生于环境与性状的相互作用。具体来说,我们假设森林垂直剖面代表了干旱相关环境(大气蒸气压不足、土壤水分可用性)中的一个关键梯度,该梯度促使树木采用不同的水分利用策略来协调调节气孔导度(gs)和叶片水势(ΨL),而树木的根系深度则是水分可用性的代表。我们在巴西亚马逊东部的季节性森林中测试了这一假设,发现水力策略确实取决于高度相关的环境。树冠上部的树木VPD较高,但通过深根可以稳定地获得土壤水分,因此表现出等水力策略,即gs的昼夜模式几乎没有季节性变化,ΨL的季节性最小值保持稳定。相比之下,林下树木的VPD变化较小,但土壤水分供应量变化很大,因此表现出无水策略,昼夜gs的波动在旱季随着ΨL变化的增加而增加。我们发现,冠层高度构造了干旱相关环境胁迫因素与水力特征之间的协调,这为保持等水力到等水力光谱的适用性提供了基础,我们在此表明,等水力到等水力光谱可能会根据环境背景持续出现。我们的工作强调了了解环境异质性如何构建森林对气候变化的响应的重要性,为改进热带生态系统模型提供了机制基础。
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引用次数: 0
Correction to: Balance between carbon gain and loss in warmer environments: impacts on photosynthesis and leaf respiration in four temperate tree species. 更正:较暖环境中碳增减的平衡:对四种温带树种光合作用和叶片呼吸作用的影响。
IF 3.5 2区 农林科学 Q1 FORESTRY Pub Date : 2024-08-03 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpae101
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引用次数: 0
Xylem conduit widening: globally convergent yet variable. 木质部导管拓宽:全球趋同但又各不相同。
IF 3.5 2区 农林科学 Q1 FORESTRY Pub Date : 2024-08-03 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpae089
Patrick Fonti, Antoine Cabon
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引用次数: 0
Correction to: Xylem cell size regulation is a key adaptive response to water deficit in Eucalyptus grandis. 更正:木质部细胞大小调节是桉树对缺水的关键适应性反应
IF 3.5 2区 农林科学 Q1 FORESTRY Pub Date : 2024-08-03 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpae108
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引用次数: 0
Integrative analysis of transcriptome and metabolome reveal the differential tolerance mechanisms to low and high salinity in the roots of facultative halophyte Avicennia marina. 转录组和代谢组的综合分析揭示了兼性盐生植物 Avicennia marina 根系对高低盐度的不同耐受机制。
IF 3.5 2区 农林科学 Q1 FORESTRY Pub Date : 2024-08-03 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpae082
Jing Li, Chao-Qun Xu, Ling-Yu Song, Ze-Jun Guo, Lu-Dan Zhang, Han-Chen Tang, Ji-Cheng Wang, Shi-Wei Song, Jing-Wen Liu, You-Hui Zhong, Bing-Jie Chi, Xue-Yi Zhu, Hai-Lei Zheng

Mangroves perform a crucial ecological role along the tropical and subtropical coastal intertidal zone where salinity fluctuation occurs frequently. However, the differential responses of mangrove plant at the combined transcriptome and metabolome level to variable salinity are not well documented. In this study, we used Avicennia marina (Forssk.) Vierh., a pioneer species of mangrove wetlands and one of the most salt-tolerant mangroves, to investigate the differential salt tolerance mechanisms under low and high salinity using inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry, transcriptomic and metabolomic analysis. The results showed that HAK8 was up-regulated and transported K+ into the roots under low salinity. However, under high salinity, AKT1 and NHX2 were strongly induced, which indicated the transport of K+ and Na+ compartmentalization to maintain ion homeostasis. In addition, A. marina tolerates low salinity by up-regulating ABA signaling pathway and accumulating more mannitol, unsaturated fatty acids, amino acids' and L-ascorbic acid in the roots. Under high salinity, A. marina undergoes a more drastic metabolic network rearrangement in the roots, such as more L-ascorbic acid and oxiglutatione were up-regulated, while carbohydrates, lipids and amino acids were down-regulated in the roots, and, finally, glycolysis and TCA cycle were promoted to provide more energy to improve salt tolerance. Our findings suggest that the major salt tolerance traits in A. marina can be attributed to complex regulatory and signaling mechanisms, and show significant differences between low and high salinity.

红树林在盐度波动频繁的热带和亚热带沿海潮间带发挥着重要的生态作用。然而,红树植物在转录组和代谢组水平上对盐度变化的不同反应还没有很好的记录。在本研究中,我们以红树林湿地的先锋物种、最耐盐的红树林之一 Avicennia marina 为研究对象,利用 ICP-MS、转录组和代谢组分析方法研究了其在低盐度和高盐度下的不同耐盐机制。结果表明,在低盐度条件下,HAK8上调并将K+运入根部。然而,在高盐度条件下,AKT1和NHX2被强烈诱导,这表明K+和Na+的运输分区可维持离子平衡。此外,马利筋草通过上调 ABA 信号通路和在根部积累更多的甘露醇、不饱和脂肪酸、氨基酸和 L-抗坏血酸来耐受低盐度。在高盐度条件下,A. marina 的根系发生了更剧烈的代谢网络重排,如更多的 L-抗坏血酸和氧化还原酶被上调,而碳水化合物、脂类和氨基酸在根系中被下调,最后促进糖酵解和 TCA 循环,以提供更多的能量来提高耐盐性。我们的研究结果表明,滨藜的主要耐盐性状可归因于复杂的调控和信号转导机制,并在低盐度和高盐度之间表现出显著差异。
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引用次数: 0
Inter-generational consistency of the ectomycorrhizal fungal community in a mixed pine-cedar post-fire stand. 松杉混交林火后外生菌根真菌群落的代际一致性。
IF 3.5 2区 农林科学 Q1 FORESTRY Pub Date : 2024-08-03 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpae094
Stav Livne-Luzon, Mor Avidar, Lior Herol, Ido Rog, Tamir Klein, Hagai Shemesh

The mutualistic interaction between trees and ectomycorrhizal fungi (EMF) can have a major effect on forest dynamics and specifically on seedling establishment. Here, we compared the EMF community composition associated with the roots of young saplings and mature trees of two co-habiting Pinaceae: Pinus halepensis and Cedrus deodara growing together in a post-fire forest plot, using fungal ITS metabarcoding. We found that the differences in the EMF community between the two sapling groups were mostly attributed to changes in the relative abundance of specific fungal species, with little species turnover. Specifically, Tomentella showed high abundance on pine roots, while Tuber, Russula and Sebacina were more common on the roots of cedars. The physical proximity to a specific host species was correlated with the EMF community composition of young saplings. Specifically, regardless of the sapling's own identity, the roots of saplings growing next to mature cedars had higher abundance of Tuber species, while Tomentella coerulea (Höhn. & Litsch), Russula densifolia (Secr. ex Gillet) and Tuber nitidum (Vittadini) dominated saplings next to mature pines. Cedar saplings' shoot structure was correlated with a specific EMF species. Overall, these results suggest that when germinating next to mature trees, the EMF community of saplings could be determined by extrinsic factors such as the small-scale distribution of mature trees in the forest.

树木与外生菌根真菌(EMF)之间的相互影响会对森林动态,特别是对幼苗的建立产生重大影响。在这里,我们利用真菌 ITS 代谢编码技术,比较了在火灾后森林地块中共同生长的两种共生松科植物--欧洲赤松(Pinus halepensis)和雪松(Cedrus deodara)--幼苗和成龄树根部相关的 EMF 群落组成。我们发现,两组树苗之间电磁场群落的差异主要归因于特定真菌物种相对丰度的变化,而物种更替很少。具体来说,松树根部的 Tomentella 数量较多,而雪松根部的 Tuber、Russula 和 Sebacina 则更为常见。与特定寄主物种的物理距离与幼苗的电磁场群落组成有关。具体来说,无论树苗本身的身份如何,生长在成熟雪松旁的树苗根部都有较多的块菌物种,而生长在成熟松树旁的树苗则以 Tomentella coerulea、Russula densifolia 和 Tuber nitidum 为主。雪松树苗的嫩枝结构与特定的电磁场物种有关。总之,这些结果表明,当树苗在成熟树木旁发芽时,其电磁场群落可能由森林中成熟树木的小规模分布等外在因素决定。
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引用次数: 0
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Tree physiology
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