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Linking physiological drought resistance traits to growth and mortality of three northeastern tree species. 将三种东北树种的生理抗旱特性与生长和死亡联系起来。
IF 3.5 2区 农林科学 Q1 FORESTRY Pub Date : 2024-09-03 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpae095
Alexandra M Barry, Bean Bein, Yong-Jiang Zhang, Jay W Wason

Climate change is raising concerns about how forests will respond to extreme droughts, heat waves and their co-occurrence. In this greenhouse study, we tested how carbon and water relations relate to seedling growth and mortality of northeastern US trees during and after extreme drought, warming, and combined drought and warming. We compared the response of our focal species red spruce (Picea rubens Sarg.) with a common associate (paper birch, Betula papyrifera Marsh.) and a species expected to increase abundance in this region with climate change (northern red oak, Quercus rubra L.). We tracked growth and mortality, photosynthesis and water use of 216 seedlings of these species through a treatment and a recovery year. Each red spruce seedling was planted in containers either alone or with another seedling to simulate potential competition, and the seedlings were exposed to combinations of drought (irrigated, 15-d 'short' or 30-d 'long') and temperature (ambient or 16 days at +3.5 °C daily maximum) treatments. We found dominant effects of the drought reducing photosynthesis, midday water potential, and growth of spruce and birch, but that oak showed considerable resistance to drought stress. The effects of planting seedlings together were moderate and likely due to competition for limited water. Despite high temperatures reducing photosynthesis for all species, the warming imposed in this study minorly impacted growth only for oak in the recovery year. Overall, we found that the diverse water-use strategies employed by the species in our study related to their growth and recovery following drought stress. This study provides physiological evidence to support the prediction that native species to this region like red spruce and paper birch are susceptible to future climate extremes that may favor other species like northern red oak, leading to potential impacts on tree community dynamics under climate change.

气候变化引起了人们对森林如何应对极端干旱、热浪及其共同发生的问题的关注。在这项温室研究中,我们测试了美国东北部树木在极端干旱、气候变暖以及干旱和气候变暖共同作用期间和之后的碳和水关系与幼苗生长和死亡率的关系。我们比较了重点物种红云杉(Picea rubens Sarg.我们对这些物种的 216 株幼苗在处理年和恢复年的生长和死亡率、光合作用和用水情况进行了跟踪。每棵红云杉幼苗都被单独或与另一棵幼苗一起种植在容器中,以模拟潜在的竞争,幼苗暴露在干旱(灌溉、15 天 "短 "或 30 天 "长")和温度(环境或 16 天 +3.5 °C 日最高温度)处理组合中。我们发现,干旱会显著降低云杉和桦树的光合作用、正午水势和生长,但橡树对干旱胁迫表现出相当大的抵抗力。将幼苗种植在一起的影响不大,可能是由于对有限水分的竞争。尽管高温降低了所有物种的光合作用,但本研究中施加的升温仅对橡树在恢复年份的生长产生了轻微影响。总之,我们发现本研究中的物种所采用的不同用水策略与其在干旱胁迫后的生长和恢复有关。这项研究提供了生理学证据来支持这样的预测,即红云杉和纸桦等该地区的原生物种很容易受到未来极端气候的影响,而极端气候可能会有利于北方红栎等其他物种,从而对气候变化下的树木群落动态产生潜在影响。
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引用次数: 0
A novel growth-promoting dark septate endophytic fungus improved drought tolerance in blueberries by modulating phytohormones and non-structural carbohydrates. 一种新型促进生长的暗隔内生真菌通过调节植物激素和非结构性碳水化合物提高了蓝莓的耐旱性。
IF 3.5 2区 农林科学 Q1 FORESTRY Pub Date : 2024-09-03 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpae105
Hongyan Su, Yingtian Guo, Liang Gu, Xiaomeng Shi, Yangyan Zhou, Fanlin Wu, Lei Wang

Drought is a significant global issue affecting agricultural production, and the utilization of beneficial rhizosphere microorganisms is one of the effective ways to increase the productivity of crops and forest under drought. In this study, we characterized a novel growth-promoting dark septate endophytes (DSE) fungus R16 (Dothideomycetes sp.) derived from blueberry roots. Hyphae or microsclerotia were visible within the epidermal or cortical cells of R16-colonized blueberry roots, which was consistent with the typical characteristics of DSE fungi. Inoculation with R16 promoted the growth of blueberry seedlings, and the advantage over the control group was more significant under PEG-induced drought. Comparison of physiological indicators related to drought resistance between the inoculated and control groups was performed on the potted blueberry plants, including the chlorophyll content, net photosynthetic rate, root activities, malondialdehyde and H2O2 content, which indicated that R16 colonization mitigated drought injury in blueberry plants. We further analyzed the effects of R16 on phytohormones and non-structural carbohydrates (NSCs) to explore the mechanism of increased drought tolerance by R16 in blueberry seedlings. The results showed that except for the gibberellin content, indole-3-acetic acid, zeatin and abscisic acid varied significantly between the inoculated and control groups. Sucrose phosphate synthase and sorbitol-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activities in mature leaves, the key enzymes responsible for sucrose and sorbitol synthesis, respectively, as well as sorbitol dehydrogenase, sucrose synthase, cell wall invertase, hexokinase and fructokinase in roots, the key enzymes involved in the NSCs metabolism, showed significant differences between the inoculated and control groups before and after drought treatment. These results suggested that the positive effects of R16 colonization on the drought tolerance of blueberry seedlings are partially attributable to the regulation of phytohormone and sugar metabolism. This study provided valuable information for the research on the interaction between DSE fungi and host plants as well as the application of DSE preparations in agriculture.

干旱是影响农业生产的一个重大全球性问题,而利用有益的根瘤微生物是提高干旱条件下农作物和森林生产力的有效方法之一。在这项研究中,我们鉴定了一种来自蓝莓根部的新型促生长暗隔内生菌(DSE)R16。在R16定殖的蓝莓根系表皮或皮层细胞内可见菌丝或小硬孢子,这符合DSE真菌的典型特征。接种 R16 能促进蓝莓幼苗的生长,在 PEG 诱导的干旱条件下,与对照组相比优势更为显著。在盆栽蓝莓植株上比较了接种组和对照组与抗旱相关的生理指标,包括叶绿素含量、净光合速率、根系活性、MDA 和 H2O2 含量,结果表明 R16 定殖减轻了蓝莓植株的干旱伤害。我们进一步分析了 R16 对植物激素和非结构碳水化合物(NSCs)的影响,以探讨 R16 提高蓝莓幼苗抗旱性的机制。结果表明,除 GA 含量外,IAA、ZT 和 ABA 在接种组和对照组之间存在显著差异。接种组和对照组在干旱处理前后的SPS和S6PDH活性(分别是合成蔗糖和山梨醇的关键酶)以及根中的SDH、SuSy、CWINV、HXK和FRK活性(参与NSCs代谢的关键酶)均有显著差异。这些结果表明,R16 定殖对蓝莓幼苗抗旱性的积极影响部分归因于植物激素和糖代谢的调控。这项研究为 DSE 真菌与寄主植物之间相互作用的研究以及 DSE 制剂在农业中的应用提供了宝贵的信息。
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引用次数: 0
Impact of extreme pre-monsoon drought on xylogenesis and intra-annual radial increments of two tree species in a tropical montane evergreen broad-leaved forest, southwest China. 季风前极端干旱对中国西南热带山地常绿阔叶林中两种树种的木质部生成和年内径增量的影响
IF 3.5 2区 农林科学 Q1 FORESTRY Pub Date : 2024-09-03 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpae086
Ya-Nan Liu, Ze-Xin Fan, You-Xing Lin, Arisa Kaewmano, Xiao-Lian Wei, Pei-Li Fu, Jussi Grießinger, Achim Bräuning

Tropical montane evergreen broad-leaved forests cover the majority of forest areas and have high carbon storage in Xishuangbanna, southwest China. However, stem radial growth dynamics and their correlations with climate factors have never been analyzed in this forest type. By combining bi-weekly microcoring and high-resolution dendrometer measurements, we monitored xylogenesis and stem radius variations of the deciduous species Betula alnoides Buch.-Ham. ex D. Don and the evergreen species Schima wallichii (DC.) Korth. We analyzed the relationships between weekly climate variables prior to sampling and the enlarging zone width or wall-thickening zone width, as well as weekly radial increments and climate factors during two consecutive years (2020 to 2021) showing contrasting hydrothermal conditions in the pre-monsoon season. In the year 2020, which was characterized by a warmer and drier pre-monsoon season, the onset of xylogenesis and radial increments of B. alnoides and S. wallichii were delayed by three months and one month, respectively, compared with the year 2021. In 2020, xylem formation and radial increments were significantly reduced for B. alnoides, but not for S. wallichii. The thickness of enlarging zone and wall-thickening zone in S. wallichii were positively correlated with relative humidity, and minimum and mean air temperature, but were negatively correlated with vapor pressure deficit during 2020 to 2021. The radial increments of both species showed significant positive correlations with precipitation and relative humidity, and negative correlations with vapor pressure deficit and maximum air temperature during two years. Our findings reveal that drier pre-monsoon conditions strongly delay growth initiation and reduce stem radial growth, providing deep insights to understand tree growth and carbon sequestration potential in tropical forests under a predicted increase in frequent drought events.

热带山地常绿阔叶林覆盖了中国西南部西双版纳的大部分林区,具有很高的碳储量。然而,该森林类型的茎径向生长动态及其与气候因素的相关性却从未被分析过。通过结合双周微量刻痕和高分辨率树干仪测量,我们监测了落叶树种白桦(Betula alnoides)和常绿树种五味子(Schima wallichii)的木质部发生和茎杆半径变化。我们分析了采样前每周气候变量与扩大区宽度或壁增厚区宽度之间的关系,以及连续两年(2020-2021 年)中每周径向增量与气候因子之间的关系,这两年季风前的水热条件截然不同。与 2021 年相比,2020 年的季风前期较为温暖干燥,B. alnoides 和 S. wallichi 的木质部形成时间和径向增量分别推迟了三个月和一个月。2020 年,B. alnoides 的木质部形成和径向增量显著减少,而 S. wallichill 则没有。2020-2021 年期间,S. wallichill 的木质部扩大区厚度和壁增厚区厚度与相对湿度、最低气温和平均气温呈正相关,但与水汽压差呈负相关。在这两年中,两种植物的径向增量与降水量和相对湿度呈显著正相关,而与水汽压差和最高气温呈负相关。我们的研究结果表明,季风前的干旱条件会严重推迟树木的生长启动,并降低茎干的径向生长,这为了解热带雨林在干旱事件频繁发生的情况下树木的生长和碳封存潜力提供了深刻的见解。
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引用次数: 0
Recent warming and increasing CO2 stimulate growth of dominant trees under no water limitation in South Korea. 最近的气候变暖和二氧化碳增加刺激了韩国无水限制条件下优势树种的生长。
IF 3.5 2区 农林科学 Q1 FORESTRY Pub Date : 2024-09-03 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpae103
Julieta Gabriela Arco Molina, Matthias Saurer, Nela Altmanova, Kerstin Treydte, Jiri Dolezal, Jong-Suk Song, Jan Altman

Increases in temperatures and atmospheric CO2 concentration influence the growth performance of trees worldwide. The direction and intensity of tree growth and physiological responses to changing climate do, however, vary according to environmental conditions. Here we present complex, long-term, tree-physiological responses to unprecedented temperature increase in East Asia. For this purpose, we studied radial growth and isotopic (δ13C and δ18O) variations using tree-ring data for the past 100 yr of dominant Quercus mongolica trees from the cool-temperate forests from Hallasan, South Korea. Overall, we found that tree stem basal area increment, intercellular CO2 concentration and intrinsic water-use efficiency significantly increased over the last century. We observed, however, short-term variability in the trends of these variables among four periods identified by change point analysis. In comparison, δ18O did not show significant changes over time, suggesting no major hydrological changes in this precipitation-rich area. The strength and direction of growth-climate relationships also varied during the past 100 yr. Basal area increment (BAI) did not show significant relationships with the climate over the 1924-1949 and 1975-1999 periods. However, over 1950-1974, BAI was negatively affected by both temperature and precipitation, while after 2000, a temperature stimulus was observed. Finally, over the past two decades, the increase in Q. mongolica tree growth accelerated and was associated with high spring-summer temperatures and atmospheric CO2 concentrations and decreasing intrinsic water-use efficiency, δ18O and vapour pressure deficit, suggesting that the photosynthetic rate continued increasing under no water limitations. Our results indicate that the performance of dominant trees of one of the most widely distributed species in East Asia has benefited from recent global changes, mainly over the past two decades. Such findings are essential for projections of forest dynamics and carbon sequestration under climate change.

气温和大气中二氧化碳浓度的升高影响着全球树木的生长表现。然而,树木生长的方向和强度以及对气候变化的生理反应确实因环境条件而异。在此,我们介绍了东亚地区树木对前所未有的温度上升所产生的复杂、长期的生理反应。为此,我们利用韩国哈拉山(Hallasan)寒温带森林中主要柞树过去 100 年的树环数据,研究了其径向生长和同位素(δ13C 和 δ18O)变化。总体而言,我们发现在过去的一个世纪中,树木茎干基部面积增量、细胞间二氧化碳浓度和内在水分利用效率显著增加。然而,通过变化点分析,我们观察到这些变量在四个时期的变化趋势存在短期差异。相比之下,δ18O 并未随时间发生显著变化,这表明这一降水丰富的地区没有发生重大水文变化。在过去 100 年中,生长与气候关系的强度和方向也各不相同。在 1924-1949 年和 1975-1999 年期间,基底面积增量(BAI)与气候的关系并不明显。然而,1950-1974 年期间,BAI 受到温度和降水的负面影响,而 2000 年之后,BAI 受到温度的刺激。最后,在过去二十年中,蒙古栎树的生长速度加快,并与春夏季气温和大气二氧化碳浓度较高以及内在水分利用效率、δ18O 和 VPD 下降有关,这表明光合速率在不受水分限制的情况下继续增加。我们的研究结果表明,东亚分布最广的物种之一的优势树种的表现得益于最近的全球变化,主要是在过去二十年里。这些发现对于预测气候变化下的森林动态和碳吸收至关重要。
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引用次数: 0
Scales and scaling in Tree Physiology. 树木生理学中的尺度和缩放。
IF 3.5 2区 农林科学 Q1 FORESTRY Pub Date : 2024-08-13 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpae100
Maurizio Mencuccini
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引用次数: 0
Estimation of phloem conductance at tree level in young, middle-aged and old-aged Scots pine trees growing in different climatic conditions in boreal forests. 估算在北方森林不同气候条件下生长的苏格兰松树幼树、中龄树和老龄树的韧皮部传导率。
IF 3.5 2区 农林科学 Q1 FORESTRY Pub Date : 2024-08-03 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpae081
Tatiana V Tarelkina, Aleksandra A Serkova, Natalia A Galibina, Elena V Novichonok, Sergei A Moshnikov, Diana S Ivanova, Ludmila I Semenova

In forests, a significant proportion of the carbon fixed by trees during photosynthesis is transported belowground along the conducting phloem, so variations in phloem anatomy can lead to variations in transport capacity. Phloem conductance at tree level (Ktree) is also affected by tree height. Both the phloem anatomy and the tree size change during ontogeny, and also differ under different environmental conditions. The goal of our work was to identify the main drivers of variation in Ktree in Scots pine trees growing in natural boreal forests. We conducted a phloem anatomical study and calculated Ktree in trees of three age groups growing in different climatic conditions along a latitudinal gradient from south to north. We found that Ktree was maintained at the same level in actively growing pine trees (25-80-years-old) but increased in old-aged trees (180-190-years-old), possibly reflecting the shift in source-sink relationships of aboveground and belowground parts of trees. Trees of the same age group growing in different climatic conditions demonstrated similar values of Ktree due to coordinated changes in the phloem anatomy and the tree height. In general, the negative influence of tree height on Ktree is offset by the positive influence of phloem width (or trunk diameter) and sieve cell diameter. The exception was young trees growing in the transition zone of the northern taiga subzone to the tundra, where Ktree was the highest in its age group and even exceeded Ktree of middle-aged trees.

在森林中,树木在光合作用中固定的碳有很大一部分是沿着导电的韧皮部输送到地下的,因此韧皮部解剖结构的变化会导致输送能力的变化。树木层面的韧皮部传导率(Ktree)也受树木高度的影响。韧皮部解剖结构和树的大小都会在生长过程中发生变化,而且在不同的环境条件下也会有所不同。我们的工作目标是找出生长在北方天然林中的苏格兰松树 Ktree 变化的主要驱动因素。我们进行了一项韧皮部解剖学研究,并计算了生长在不同气候条件下的三个年龄组树木的 Ktree,这些树木的纬度梯度从南到北。我们发现,在生长旺盛的松树(25-80 岁)中,Ktree 保持在同一水平,但在树龄较大的松树(180-190 岁)中则有所增加,这可能反映了树木地上部分和地下部分源汇关系的变化。由于韧皮部解剖结构和树高的协调变化,在不同气候条件下生长的同一树龄组的树木表现出相似的 Ktree 值。一般来说,树高对 Ktree 的负面影响会被韧皮部宽度(或树干直径)和筛孔直径的正面影响所抵消。但生长在泰加亚区北部向苔原过渡地带的幼树是个例外,其 Ktree 是该树龄组中最高的,甚至超过了中龄树的 Ktree。
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引用次数: 0
Correction to: Balance between carbon gain and loss in warmer environments: impacts on photosynthesis and leaf respiration in four temperate tree species. 更正:较暖环境中碳增减的平衡:对四种温带树种光合作用和叶片呼吸作用的影响。
IF 3.5 2区 农林科学 Q1 FORESTRY Pub Date : 2024-08-03 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpae101
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引用次数: 0
Comparative transcriptome provides new insights into the molecular regulation of olive trees to chilling stress. 比较转录组为了解橄榄树对寒冷胁迫的分子调控提供了新的视角。
IF 3.5 2区 农林科学 Q1 FORESTRY Pub Date : 2024-08-03 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpae075
Wenjun Wu, Chengying Jiang, Qianqian Wei, Ling He, Gaoming Jin, Yuming Zheng, Jianli Qi, Rong Zhang, Yufang Yao, Dongshi Wan, Jiaojiao Lv

Olive (Olea europaea L.), an economically important oil-producing crop, is sensitive to low temperature, which severely limits its productivity and geographical distribution. However, the underlying mechanism of cold tolerance in olive remains elusive. In this study, a chilling experiment (4 °C) on the living saplings of two olive cultivars revealed that O. europaea cv. Arbequina showed stronger cold tolerance with greater photosynthetic activity compared with O. europaea cv. Leccino. Transcriptome analyses revealed that early light-inducible protein 1 (ELIP1), the main regulator for chlorophyll synthesis, is dramatically induced to protect the photosynthesis at low temperatures. Furthermore, weighted gene co-expression network analysis, yeast one-hybrid and luciferase assays demonstrated that transcription factor bHLH66 serves as an important regulator of ELIP1 transcription by binding to the G-box motif in the promoter. Taken together, our research revealed a novel transcriptional module consisting of bHLH66-ELIP1 in the adaptation of olive trees to cold stress.

橄榄(Olea europaea. L)是一种具有重要经济价值的产油作物,对低温非常敏感,这严重限制了其产量和地理分布。然而,橄榄耐寒性的内在机制仍然难以捉摸。本研究对两个橄榄栽培品种的幼苗进行了冷冻实验(4 °C),结果发现,与 O. europaea cv. Leccino 相比,O. europaea cv. Arbequina 表现出更强的耐寒性,光合作用活性更高。转录组分析表明,叶绿素合成的主要调节因子--早期光诱导蛋白 1(ELIP1)被显著诱导,以保护低温下的光合作用。此外,加权基因共表达网络分析(WGCNA)、酵母单杂交(Y1H)和荧光素酶(LUC)实验证明,转录因子 bHLH66 通过与启动子中的 G-box motif 结合,成为 ELIP1 转录的重要调控因子。综上所述,我们的研究揭示了由 bHLH66- ELIP1 组成的新型转录模块在橄榄树适应寒冷胁迫过程中的作用。
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引用次数: 0
Adaptation of stomatal conductance, photosynthesis and water-use efficiency at shoot and canopy scales in adjacent stands of Dacrycarpus dacrydioides and Podocarpus totara. Dacrycarpus dacrydioides 和 Podocarpus totara 相邻林分的气孔导度、光合作用和水分利用效率在嫩枝和树冠尺度上的适应性。
IF 3.5 2区 农林科学 Q1 FORESTRY Pub Date : 2024-08-03 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpae087
Horacio E Bown, John E Hunt, Margaret M Barbour, Graeme N D Rogers, David Whitehead

We tested an approach to estimate daily canopy net photosynthesis, A, based on estimates of transpiration, E, using measurements of sap flow and water-use efficiency, ω, by measuring δ13C in CO2 respired from shoots in the canopies of two conifers (Podocarpaceae) native to New Zealand. The trees were planted in adjacent 20-year-old stands with the same soil and environmental conditions. Leaf area index was lower for Dacrycarpus dacrydioides D.Don in Lamb (1.34 m2 m-2) than for Podocarpus totara G.Benn. ex D.Don var. totara (2.01 m2 m-2), but mean (± standard error) stem diameters were the same at 152 ± 21 mm for D. dacrydioides and 154 ± 25 mm for P. totara. Over a 28-day period, daily A (per unit ground area) ranged almost five-fold but there were no significant differences between species (mean 2.73 ± 1.02 gC m-2 day-1). This was attributable to higher daily values of E (2.63 ± 0.83 mm day-1) and lower ω (1.35 ± 0.53 gC kg H2O-1) for D. dacrydioides compared with lower E (1.82 ± 0.72 mm day-1) and higher ω (1.90 ± 0.77 gC kg H2O-1) for P. totara. We attributed this to higher nitrogen availability and nitrogen concentration per unit foliage area, Na, and greater exposure to irradiance in the D. dacrydioides canopy compared with P. totara. Our findings support earlier observations that D. dacrydioides is more adapted to sites with poor drainage. In contrast, the high retention of leaf area and maintaining low rates of transpiration by P. totara, resulting in higher water-use efficiency, is an adaptive response to survival in dry conditions. Our findings show that physiological adjustments for two species adapted to different environments led to similar canopy photosynthesis rates when the trees were grown in the same conditions. We demonstrated consistency between whole-tree and more intensive shoot-scale measurements, confirming that integrated approaches are appropriate for comparative estimates of carbon uptake in stands with different species.

我们通过测量新西兰原产的两种针叶树(荚果科)树冠中嫩枝呼吸的 CO2 中的δ13C,测试了一种基于蒸腾作用估算值 E 来估算树冠每日净光合作用 A 的方法。这些树木种植在相邻的 20 年树龄的林地中,土壤和环境条件相同。Dacrycarpus dacrydioides(1.34 m2 m-2)的叶面积指数低于 Podocarpus totara(2.01 m2 m-2),但平均(± 标准误差)茎直径相同,D. dacrydioides 为 152 ± 21 毫米,P. totara 为 154 ± 25 毫米。在 28 天的时间里,日 A(单位地面面积)几乎变化了五倍,但物种之间没有显著差异(平均 2.73 ± 1.02 gC m-2 d-1)。这是因为 D. dacrydioides 的日 E 值(2.63 ± 0.83 mm d-1)较高,ω 值(1.35 ± 0.53 gC kg H2O-1)较低,而 P. totara 的日 E 值(1.82 ± 0.72 mm d-1)较低,ω 值(1.90 ± 0.77 gC kg H2O-1)较高。我们认为这是由于 D. dacrydioides 树冠比 P. totara 更高的氮可用性和单位叶面积的氮浓度(Na)以及更高的辐照度造成的。我们的研究结果支持了之前的观察,即 D. dacrydioides 更适应排水不良的地点。相比之下,图腾草保持较高的叶面积和较低的蒸腾速率,从而提高了水分利用效率,这是一种在干旱条件下生存的适应性反应。我们的研究结果表明,两种适应不同环境的树种在相同条件下生长时,其生理调整会导致相似的树冠光合作用率。我们证明了整棵树和更密集的嫩枝尺度测量之间的一致性,从而证实了综合方法适用于比较估算不同树种林木的碳吸收量。
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引用次数: 0
Preserving isohydricity: vertical environmental variability explains Amazon forest water-use strategies. 保持等水性:垂直环境变化解释了亚马逊森林的用水策略。
IF 3.5 2区 农林科学 Q1 FORESTRY Pub Date : 2024-08-03 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpae088
Deliane Penha, Mauro Brum, Luciana F Alves, Tomas F Domingues, Anderson Meneses, Rardiles Branches, Natalia Restrepo-Coupe, Rafael S Oliveira, José Mauro S Moura, Pedro A C L Aurélio Pequeno, Neill Prohaska, Scott R Saleska

Increases in hydrological extremes, including drought, are expected for Amazon forests. A fundamental challenge for predicting forest responses lies in identifying ecological strategies which underlie such responses. Characterization of species-specific hydraulic strategies for regulating water-use, thought to be arrayed along an 'isohydric-anisohydric' spectrum, is a widely used approach. However, recent studies have questioned the usefulness of this classification scheme, because its metrics are strongly influenced by environments, and hence can lead to divergent classifications even within the same species. Here, we propose an alternative approach positing that individual hydraulic regulation strategies emerge from the interaction of environments with traits. Specifically, we hypothesize that the vertical forest profile represents a key gradient in drought-related environments (atmospheric vapor pressure deficit, soil water availability) that drives divergent tree water-use strategies for coordinated regulation of stomatal conductance (gs) and leaf water potentials (ΨL) with tree rooting depth, a proxy for water availability. Testing this hypothesis in a seasonal eastern Amazon forest in Brazil, we found that hydraulic strategies indeed depend on height-associated environments. Upper canopy trees, experiencing high vapor pressure deficit (VPD), but stable soil water access through deep rooting, exhibited isohydric strategies, defined by little seasonal change in the diurnal pattern of gs and steady seasonal minimum ΨL. In contrast, understory trees, exposed to less variable VPD but highly variable soil water availability, exhibited anisohydric strategies, with fluctuations in diurnal gs that increased in the dry season along with increasing variation in ΨL. Our finding that canopy height structures the coordination between drought-related environmental stressors and hydraulic traits provides a basis for preserving the applicability of the isohydric-to-anisohydric spectrum, which we show here may consistently emerge from environmental context. Our work highlights the importance of understanding how environmental heterogeneity structures forest responses to climate change, providing a mechanistic basis for improving models of tropical ecosystems.

亚马逊森林的极端水文情况(包括干旱)预计会加剧。预测森林应对措施的一个基本挑战在于确定这种应对措施的生态策略。物种调节用水的水力策略被认为是沿着 "等水力-无水力 "光谱排列的,这种方法被广泛使用。然而,最近的研究对这种分类方法的实用性提出了质疑,因为它的指标受环境影响很大,因此即使在同一物种中也会导致不同的分类。在这里,我们提出了另一种方法,即个体的水力调节策略产生于环境与性状的相互作用。具体来说,我们假设森林垂直剖面代表了干旱相关环境(大气蒸气压不足、土壤水分可用性)中的一个关键梯度,该梯度促使树木采用不同的水分利用策略来协调调节气孔导度(gs)和叶片水势(ΨL),而树木的根系深度则是水分可用性的代表。我们在巴西亚马逊东部的季节性森林中测试了这一假设,发现水力策略确实取决于高度相关的环境。树冠上部的树木VPD较高,但通过深根可以稳定地获得土壤水分,因此表现出等水力策略,即gs的昼夜模式几乎没有季节性变化,ΨL的季节性最小值保持稳定。相比之下,林下树木的VPD变化较小,但土壤水分供应量变化很大,因此表现出无水策略,昼夜gs的波动在旱季随着ΨL变化的增加而增加。我们发现,冠层高度构造了干旱相关环境胁迫因素与水力特征之间的协调,这为保持等水力到等水力光谱的适用性提供了基础,我们在此表明,等水力到等水力光谱可能会根据环境背景持续出现。我们的工作强调了了解环境异质性如何构建森林对气候变化的响应的重要性,为改进热带生态系统模型提供了机制基础。
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Tree physiology
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