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Local neighborhood affects stem rehydration under drought: evidence from mixtures of European beech with two different conifers. 干旱条件下当地邻近地区对茎干补水的影响:欧洲山毛榉与两种不同针叶树混种的证据。
IF 3.5 2区 农林科学 Q1 FORESTRY Pub Date : 2024-10-03 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpae114
Christina A Hackmann, Holger Sennhenn-Reulen, Martina Mund, Christian Ammer

Mixed-species forests are, for multiple reasons, promising options for forest management in Central Europe. However, the extent to which interspecific competition affects tree hydrological processes is not clear. High-resolution dendrometers capture subdaily variations in stem diameter; they can simultaneously monitor stem growth (irreversible changes in diameter) and water status (reversible changes) of individual trees. Using the information on water status, we aimed to assess potential effects of tree species mixture, expressed as local neighborhood identity, on night-time rehydration and water stress. We deployed 112 sensors in pure and mixed forest stands of European beech, Norway spruce and Douglas fir on four sites in the northwestern Germany, measuring stem diameter in 10-min intervals for a period of four years (2019-2022). In a mixture distribution model, we used environmental variables, namely soil matric potential, atmospheric vapor pressure deficit, temperature, precipitation and neighborhood identity to explain night-time rehydration, measured as the daily minimum tree water deficit (TWDmin). TWDmin was used as a daily indicator of water stress and the daily occurrence of sufficient water supply, allowing for stem growth (potential growth). We found that species and neighborhood identity affected night-time rehydration, but the impacts varied depending on soil water availability. While there was no effect at high water availability, increasing drought revealed species-specific patterns. Beech improved night-time rehydration in mixture with Douglas fir, but not in mixture with spruce. Douglas fir, however, only improved rehydration at a smaller share of beech in the neighborhood, while beech dominance tended to reverse this effect. Spruce was adversely affected when mixed with beech. At species level and under dry conditions, we found that night-time rehydration was reduced in all species, but beech had a greater capacity to rehydrate under high to moderate soil water availability than the conifers, even under high atmospheric water demand. Our study gives new insights into neighborhood effects on tree water status and highlights the importance of species-specific characteristics for tree-water relations in mixed-species forests. It shows that drought stress of European beech can be reduced by admixing Douglas fir, which may point towards a strategy to adapt beech stands to climate change.

由于多种原因,混交林是中欧地区森林管理的一个很有前景的选择。然而,种间竞争对树木水文过程的影响程度尚不清楚。高分辨率树干直径测量仪可捕捉树干直径的亚日变化;它们可同时监测单棵树木的树干生长(直径的不可逆变化)和水分状况(可逆变化)。利用水分状态信息,我们旨在评估树种混杂对夜间补水和水分胁迫的潜在影响,这种影响表现为局部邻域特征。我们在德国西北部四个地点的欧洲山毛榉、挪威云杉和道格拉斯冷杉纯林和混交林林分中部署了 112 个传感器,以 10 分钟为间隔测量茎干直径,为期四年(2019-2022 年)。在一个混合分布模型中,我们使用环境变量,即土壤锍势、大气蒸汽压力亏缺、温度、降水和邻近特征来解释夜间补水,以每日最小树木缺水量(TWDmin)来衡量。TWDmin被用作水分胁迫的日指标,也是茎干生长(潜在生长)所需充足水分供应的日指标。我们发现,树种和小区特征会影响夜间补水,但影响程度因土壤水分供应情况而异。虽然在水分充足的情况下没有影响,但干旱的加剧揭示了物种特有的模式。山毛榉与花旗松混合能提高夜间补水率,但与云杉混合则不能。不过,花旗松只有在榉树在附近所占比例较小的情况下才能改善补水效果,而榉树占优势的情况往往会逆转这种效果。云杉与山毛榉混合后会受到不利影响。在物种水平和干燥条件下,我们发现所有物种的夜间补水能力都有所下降,但在土壤水分供应量较高到适中的情况下,榉树的补水能力要强于针叶树,即使在大气需水量较高的情况下也是如此。我们的研究为了解邻域对树木水分状况的影响提供了新的视角,并强调了混交林中树种特异性对树木水分关系的重要性。研究表明,欧洲山毛榉的干旱压力可以通过混种花旗松来减轻,这可能是山毛榉林适应气候变化的一种策略。
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引用次数: 0
Extreme precipitation reduces the recent photosynthetic carbon isotope signal detected in ecosystem respiration in an old-growth temperate forest. 极端降水减少了在温带原始森林生态系统呼吸中检测到的近期光合作用碳同位素信号。
IF 3.5 2区 农林科学 Q1 FORESTRY Pub Date : 2024-10-03 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpae118
Haoyu Diao, Jiabing Wu

The successful utilization of stable carbon isotope approaches in investigating forest carbon dynamics has relied on the assumption that the carbon isotope compositions (δ13C) therein have detectable temporal variations. However, interpreting the δ13C signal transfer can be challenging, given the complexities involved in disentangling the effect of a single environmental factor, the isotopic dilution effect from background CO2 and the lack of high-resolution δ13C measurements. In this study, we conducted continuous in situ monitoring of atmospheric CO2 (δ13Ca) across a canopy profile in an old-growth temperate forest in northeast China during the normal year 2020 and the wet year 2021. Both years exhibited similar temperature conditions in terms of both seasonal variations and annual averages. We tracked the natural carbon isotope composition from δ13Ca to photosynthate (δ13Cp) and to ecosystem respiration (δ13CReco). We observed significant differences in δ13Ca between the two years. Contrary to in 2020, in 2021 there was a δ13Ca valley in the middle of the growing season, attributed to surges in soil CO2 efflux induced by precipitation, while in 2020 values peaked during that period. Despite substantial and similar seasonal variations in canopy photosynthetic discrimination (Δ13Ccanopy) in the two years, the variability of δ13Cp in 2021 was significantly lower than in 2020, due to corresponding differences in δ13Ca. Furthermore, unlike in 2020, we found almost no changes in δ13CReco in 2021, which we ascribed to the imprint of the δ13Cp signal on above-ground respiration and, more importantly, to the contribution of stable δ13C signals from soil heterotrophic respired CO2. Our findings suggest that extreme precipitation can impede the detectability of recent photosynthetic δ13C signals in ecosystem respiration in forests, thus complicating the interpretation of above- and below-ground carbon linkage using δ13CReco. This study provides new insights for unravelling precipitation-related variations in forest carbon dynamics using stable isotope techniques.

成功利用稳定碳同位素方法研究森林碳动态的前提是其中的碳同位素组成(δ13C)具有可检测的时间变化。然而,要解释δ13C 信号的传递可能具有挑战性,因为要分清单一环境因素的影响、背景 CO2 的同位素稀释效应以及缺乏高分辨率的δ13C 测量结果是非常复杂的。在本研究中,我们在 2020 年正常年和 2021 年潮湿年期间,对中国东北某温带原始森林的树冠剖面上的大气二氧化碳(δ13Ca)进行了连续的原位监测。这两年的季节变化和年平均气温条件相似。我们跟踪了从 δ13Ca 到光合作用(δ13Cp)和生态系统呼吸作用(δ13CReco)的天然碳同位素组成。我们观察到这两年的 δ13Ca 有明显差异。与 2020 年相反,2021 年的δ13Ca 在生长季中期出现了一个谷底,这是由于降水引起的土壤二氧化碳外流激增所致,而 2020 年的δ13Ca 值在这一时期达到峰值。尽管这两年冠层光合分辨力(Δ13Ccanopy)的季节变化巨大且相似,但 2021 年的δ13Cp 变异性明显低于 2020 年,这是因为δ13Ca 存在相应的差异。此外,与 2020 年不同的是,我们发现 2021 年的δ13CReco 几乎没有变化,我们将其归因于δ13Cp 信号对地面呼吸作用的影响,更重要的是,土壤异养生物呼吸的 CO2 对稳定的δ13C 信号的贡献。我们的研究结果表明,极端降水会阻碍森林生态系统呼吸作用中近期光合作用δ13C信号的可探测性,从而使利用δ13CReco解释地上和地下碳联系变得更加复杂。这项研究为利用稳定同位素技术揭示与降水相关的森林碳动态变化提供了新的见解。
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引用次数: 0
How is tree growth rate linked to root functional traits in phylogenetically related poplar hybrids? 在系统发育相关的杨树杂交种中,树木生长速度与根系功能特性有何联系?
IF 3.5 2区 农林科学 Q1 FORESTRY Pub Date : 2024-10-03 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpae120
Toky Jeriniaina Rabearison, Vincent Poirier, Jérôme Laganière, Annie DesRochers

Fine roots play a crucial role in soil nutrient and water acquisition, significantly contributing to tree growth. Fine roots with a high specific root length (SRL) and small diameter are often considered to help trees grow fast. However, inconsistencies in the literature do not provide a clear basis on the effect of root functional traits, such as SRL or root mass density (RMD), on tree growth rate in phylogenetically related trees. Our aim was to examine relationships between tree growth rate and root functional traits, using clones displaying different growth rates in a hybrid poplar plantation located in New Liskeard, ON, Canada. Fine roots (diameter < 2 mm) samples were collected using soil cores at depths of 0-20, 20-40 and 40-60 cm, and analyzed for morphological, chemical and architectural traits. High SRL and thin fine roots were associated with the least productive clones, which is not consistent with the root economics spectrum (RES) theory. However, the most productive clone had larger fine root diameter and higher root lignin concentrations, probably reducing root construction and maintenance costs and carbon losses. Therefore, at the 0-20 and 20-40 cm depths, tree growth rates showed positive correlations with root diameter and root lignin concentrations, but negative correlations with SRL and root soluble compounds concentration. Increasing RMD at the 0-20 cm depth promoted tree growth rates, showing the importance of soil exploration in the topsoil for tree growth. We conclude that fine root variation does not always follow the RES hypothesis and argue that the rapid growth rate of trees may also be driven by fine root growth in diameter and mass in phylogenetically related trees.

细根在获取土壤养分和水分方面起着至关重要的作用,对树木的生长有很大的促进作用。比根长(SRL)大、直径小的细根通常被认为有助于树木快速生长。然而,在系统发育相关的树木中,根系功能特征(如SRL或根系密度(RMD))对树木生长速度的影响并没有明确的依据,文献中的说法也不一致。我们的目的是利用加拿大安大略省新利斯基尔德(New Liskeard)杂交杨种植园中不同生长速率的克隆来研究树木生长速率与根系功能特性之间的关系。细根(直径
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引用次数: 0
Nearly instantaneous stem diameter response to fluctuations in the atmospheric water demand. 茎干直径对大气需水量波动的反应近乎瞬时。
IF 3.5 2区 农林科学 Q1 FORESTRY Pub Date : 2024-10-03 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpae116
Roberto L Salomón, Jaime Puértolas, José Carlos Miranda, Pilar Pita

Changes in vapour pressure deficit can lead to the depletion and replenishment of stem water pools to buffer water potential variations in the xylem. Yet, the precise velocity at which stem water pools track environmental cues remains poorly explored. Nine eucalyptus seedlings grown in a glasshouse experienced high-frequency environmental oscillations and their stem radial variations (ΔR) were monitored at a 30-s temporal resolution in upper and lower stem locations and on the bark and xylem. The stem ΔR response to vapour pressure deficit changes was nearly instantaneous (<1 min), while temperature lagged behind stem ΔR. No temporal differences in the stem ΔR response were observed between locations. Punctual gravimetric measurements confirmed the synchrony between transpiration and stem ΔR dynamics. These results indicate (i) that stem-stored water can respond to the atmospheric evaporative demand much faster than commonly assumed and (ii) that the origin of the water released to the transpiration stream seems critical in determining time lags in stem water pool dynamics. Near-zero time lags may be explained by the high elasticity of eucalyptus woody tissues and the predominant water use from the xylem, circumventing the hydraulic radial barriers to water flow from/to the outer tissues.

蒸气压差(VPD)的变化会导致茎干水池的消耗和补充,以缓冲木质部的水势变化。然而,对茎干水池跟踪环境线索的精确速度仍缺乏深入研究。在玻璃温室中生长的九株桉树幼苗经历了高频环境振荡,它们的茎干径向变化(ΔR)在茎干上部和下部位置以及树皮和木质部受到了30秒时间分辨率的监测。茎杆ΔR对VPD变化的反应几乎是瞬时的(< 1分钟),而温度则滞后于茎杆ΔR。不同地点的茎干 ΔR 反应没有时间上的差异。准时重力测量证实了蒸腾作用和茎ΔR动态之间的同步性。这些结果表明:(i) 茎干储存的水对大气蒸发需求的响应速度比通常假设的要快得多;(ii) 释放到蒸腾流中的水的来源似乎是决定茎干水池动态时滞的关键。桉树木质组织的高弹性和木质部的主要用水量,绕过了水流进出外部组织的径向水力障碍,可以解释近乎零的时滞。
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引用次数: 0
The yellowhorn MYB transcription factor MYB30 is required for wax accumulation and drought tolerance. 黄角 MYB 转录因子 MYB30 是蜡质积累和抗旱所必需的。
IF 3.5 2区 农林科学 Q1 FORESTRY Pub Date : 2024-10-03 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpae111
Xiaojuan Liu, Zhuo Ban, Yingying Yang, Huihui Xu, Yifan Cui, Chenxue Wang, Quanxin Bi, Haiyan Yu, Libing Wang

Yellowhorn (Xanthoceras sorbifolium Bunge) is an economically important tree species in northern China, mainly distributed in arid and semi-arid areas where water resources are scarce. Drought affects its yield and the expansion of its suitable growth area. It was found that the wax content in yellowhorn leaves varied significantly among different germplasms, which had a strong correlation with the drought resistance of yellowhorn. In this study, XsMYB30 was isolated from 'Zhongshi 4' of yellowhorn, a new highly waxy variety. DAP-Seq technology revealed that the pathways associated with fatty acids were significantly enriched in the target genes of XsMYB30. Moreover, the results of electrophoretic mobility shift assay, yeast one hybrid assay and dual-luciferase assay demonstrated that XsMYB30 could directly and specifically bind with the promoters of genes involved in wax biosynthesis (XsFAR4, XsCER1 and XsKCS1), lipid transfer (XsLTPG1 and XsLTP1) and fatty acid synthesis (XsKASIII), thus enhancing their expression. In addition, the overexpression of XsMYB30 in poplar promoted the expression levels of these target genes and increased the wax deposition on poplar leaves leading to a notable improvement in the plant's ability to withstand drought. These findings indicate that XsMYB30 is an important regulatory factor in cuticular wax biosynthesis and the drought resistance of yellowhorn.

黄角树(Xanthoceras sorbifolium)是中国北方重要的经济树种,主要分布在水资源匮乏的干旱和半干旱地区。干旱影响其产量和适宜生长区域的扩大。研究发现,黄角树不同种质资源叶片蜡质含量差异显著,这与黄角树的抗旱性有很大关系。本研究从高蜡质新品种黄角'中实 4 号'中分离出 XsMYB30。DAP-Seq 技术显示,与脂肪酸相关的通路在 XsMYB30 的靶基因中显著富集。此外,电泳迁移试验、酵母一杂交试验和双荧光素酶试验的结果表明,XsMYB30能直接与蜡质生物合成(XsFAR4、XsCER1和XsKCS1)、脂质转移(XsLTPG1和XsLTP1)和脂肪酸合成(XsKASIII)相关基因的启动子结合,从而提高它们的表达量。此外,在杨树中过表达 XsMYB30 能促进这些靶基因的表达水平,并增加杨树叶片上的蜡沉积,从而显著提高植物的抗旱能力。这些研究结果表明,XsMYB30 是黄杨角质蜡生物合成和抗旱性的重要调控因子。
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引用次数: 0
Drought and heat stress interactions modify photorespiration and hydrogen peroxide content in Silver fir. 干旱和热胁迫相互作用改变银杉的光呼吸和过氧化氢含量
IF 3.5 2区 农林科学 Q1 FORESTRY Pub Date : 2024-09-27 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpae126
Franklin Alongi, Peter Petrík, Nadine K Ruehr

Photorespiration (PR) greatly reduces net carbon assimilation in trees (by c. 25%), but has received recent attention particular for its potential role in stress-signaling through the accumulation of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), a stress signaling agent. Despite an increasing frequency of drought and heat events affecting forests worldwide, little is known about how concurrent abiotic stressors may interact to affect PR and subsequent H2O2 accumulation in trees. Here, we sought to identify how drought and a compounded one-day heat treatment individually and interactively affect PR (determined under variable O2) in Abies alba Mill. seedlings. Additionally, we quantified foliar H2O2 accumulation and enzymatic scavenging via peroxidase in relation to PR rates. We found drought stress to slightly increase PR (+5.2%) during mild-drought (12 days, Ψmd = -0.85 MPa), but ultimately to decrease PR (-13.6%) during severe-drought (26 days, Ψmd = -1.70 MPa) compared to the control, corresponding to increasing non-stomatal limitations of photosynthesis (i.e., decreased electron transport rate). The response of PR to heat stress was dependent on soil water availability as heat stress increased PR in control seedlings (+37.8%), but not in drought-stressed seedlings. Decreased PR during severe-drought corresponded to ~2x lower foliar H2O2 compared to the control. Despite increased PR under heat stress in control seedlings, foliar H2O2 decreased to near-zero likely due to enhanced scavenging as observed in ~2x greater peroxidase activity. Our results demonstrate that carbon loss to PR during drought stress can be highly dynamic, depending on the severity of soil dehydration. Additionally, increased PR under abiotic stress does not necessarily lead to accumulated H2O2, as tight regulation by scavenging enzymes instead minimize oxidative stress, reducing stress-signaling potential.

光呼吸(PR)大大降低了树木的净碳同化(约减少 25%),但最近因其通过积累过氧化氢(H2O2)(一种应激信号物质)在应激信号传递中的潜在作用而受到特别关注。尽管影响全球森林的干旱和高温事件日益频繁,但人们对同时发生的非生物胁迫如何相互作用以影响树木的 PR 和随后的 H2O2 积累知之甚少。在这里,我们试图确定干旱和为期一天的复合热处理如何单独和相互作用地影响白叶松苗的 PR(在可变氧气条件下测定)。此外,我们还量化了叶片 H2O2 积累和过氧化物酶清除与 PR 率的关系。我们发现,在轻度干旱(12 天,Ψmd = -0.85 MPa)期间,干旱胁迫会使 PR 略有增加(+5.2%),但与对照相比,在严重干旱(26 天,Ψmd = -1.70 MPa)期间,PR 最终会降低(-13.6%),这与光合作用的非气孔限制增加(即电子传输速率降低)相对应。PR对热胁迫的反应取决于土壤水分的供应情况,因为热胁迫会提高对照幼苗的PR(+37.8%),但不会提高干旱胁迫幼苗的PR。与对照组相比,严重干旱时 PR 的降低与叶片 H2O2 降低约 2 倍相对应。尽管对照组幼苗在热胁迫下 PR 增加,但叶片 H2O2 降低到接近零,这可能是由于过氧化物酶活性提高了约 2 倍,从而增强了清除作用。我们的研究结果表明,干旱胁迫期间 PR 的碳损失是高度动态的,这取决于土壤脱水的严重程度。此外,非生物胁迫下 PR 的增加并不一定会导致 H2O2 的积累,因为清除酶的严格调节反而会将氧化胁迫降到最低,从而降低胁迫信号转导的潜力。
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引用次数: 0
Funneliformis mosseae potentiates defense mechanisms of citrus rootstocks against citrus nematode, Tylenchulus semipenetrans. 疫霉能增强柑橘根茎对柑橘线虫 Tylenchulus semipenetrans 的防御机制。
IF 3.5 2区 农林科学 Q1 FORESTRY Pub Date : 2024-09-03 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpae097
Iman Shahabi, Ebrahim Mohammadi Goltapeh, Amirreza Amirmijani, Majid Pedram, Mohammad Reza Atighi

Using integrated pest management without relying on chemical pesticides is one of the most attractive approaches to controlling plant pathogens. Among them, using resistant cultivars or rootstocks against diseases in combination with beneficial microorganisms has attracted special attention. The citrus nematode is one of the major constraints of citrus cultivation worldwide. We showed that the mycorrhizal arbuscular fungus, Funneliformis mosseae, increased growth parameters including shoot and root length and biomass of two main rootstocks of citrus, sour orange and Volkamer lemon, in noninfected and infected plants with citrus nematode. It decreased the infection rate by citrus nematode in both rootstocks compared with nonmycorrhizal plants. The rate of decrease in nematode infection was highest when plants were pre-inoculated with F. mosseae and was lowest when nematode was inoculated before F. mosseae. However, when nematode was inoculated before the fungus, the fungus was still able to mitigate the negative effect of infection by nematode compared with plants inoculated with nematode only. This suggests that the timing of inoculation plays a crucial role in the effectiveness of F. mosseae in reducing nematode infection. Moreover, monitoring of the expression of two genes, phenylalanine ammonia-lyase and β-1,3-glucanase, which are involved in systemic-acquired resistance (SAR) showed that although they were significantly upregulated in mycorrhizal plants compared with nonmycorrhizal plants, they showed the highest expression when plants were pretreated with fungus before nematode inoculation, thus, indicating that plants were primed. In summary, F. mosseae primes the defense-related genes involved in SAR, increasing plant defensive capacity and boosting growth parameters in citrus rootstock. This has important implications for the agricultural industry.

不依赖化学农药而采用病虫害综合防治是控制植物病原体最有吸引力的方法之一。其中,利用抗病栽培品种或砧木与有益微生物相结合防治病害的方法尤其受到关注。柑橘线虫是全球柑橘种植的主要制约因素之一。我们的研究表明,在未感染柑橘线虫和已感染柑橘线虫的植株中,菌根丛生真菌 Funneliformis mosseae 能提高两种主要柑橘砧木(酸橙和沃尔卡默柠檬)的生长参数,包括芽和根的长度以及生物量。与不施菌根的植物相比,它降低了两种根茎的柑橘线虫感染率。当植株预先接种 F. mosseae 时,线虫感染的降低率最高,而在 F. mosseae 之前接种线虫时,线虫感染的降低率最低。然而,当线虫接种在真菌之前时,与只接种线虫的植物相比,真菌仍能减轻线虫感染的负面影响。这表明,接种的时机对 F. mosseae 减少线虫感染的效果起着至关重要的作用。此外,对参与系统获得性抗性(SAR)的苯丙氨酸氨解酶(PAL)和β-1,3-葡聚糖酶这两个基因的表达进行的监测表明,虽然与非菌根植物相比,菌根植物中这两个基因的表达显著上调,但在接种线虫之前用真菌对植物进行预处理时,这两个基因的表达量最高,这表明植物已经做好了接种准备。总之,F. mosseae 触发了参与 SAR 的防御相关基因,增强了植物的防御能力,提高了柑橘根茎的生长参数,这对农业生产具有重要意义。
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引用次数: 0
Unveiling intra-population functional variability patterns in a European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) population from the southern range edge: drought resistance, post-drought recovery and phenotypic plasticity. 揭示欧洲山毛榉(Fagus sylvatica L.)南部分布边缘种群的种群内功能变异模式:抗旱性、旱后恢复和表型可塑性。
IF 3.5 2区 农林科学 Q1 FORESTRY Pub Date : 2024-09-03 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpae107
David Sánchez-Gómez, Ismael Aranda

Understanding covariation patterns of drought resistance, post-drought recovery and phenotypic plasticity, and their variability at the intra-population level are crucial for predicting forest vulnerability to increasing aridity. This knowledge is particularly urgent at the trailing range edge since, in these areas, tree species are proximal to their ecological niche boundaries. While this proximity increases their susceptibility, these populations are recognized as valuable genetic reservoirs against environmental stressors. The conservation of this genetic variability is critical for the adaptive capacity of the species in the current context of climate change. Here we examined intra-population patterns of stem basal growth, gas exchange and other leaf functional traits in response to an experimental drought in seedlings of 16 open-pollinated families within a marginal population of European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) from its southern range edge. We found a high degree of intra-population variation in leaf functional traits, photosynthetic performance, growth patterns and phenotypic plasticity in response to water availability. Low phenotypic plasticity was associated with higher resistance to drought. Both drought resistance and post-drought recovery of photosynthetic performance varied between maternal lines. However, drought resistance and post-drought recovery exhibited independent variation. We also found intra-population variation in stomatal sensitivity to soil drying, but it was not associated with either drought resistance or post-drought recovery. We conclude that an inverse relationship between phenotypic plasticity and drought resistance is not necessarily a sign of maladaptive plasticity, but rather it may reflect stability of functional performance and hence adaptation to withstand drought. The independent variation found between drought resistance and post-drought recovery should facilitate to some extent microevolution and adaption to increasing aridity. The observed variability in stomatal sensitivity to soil drying was consistent with previous findings at other scales (e.g., inter-specific variation, inter-population variation) that challenge the iso-anisohydric concept as a reliable surrogate of drought tolerance.

了解抗旱性、旱后恢复和表型可塑性的共变模式及其在种群内部的变异性,对于预测森林面对日益干旱的脆弱性至关重要。这方面的知识在迹地边缘尤为迫切,因为在这些地区,树种已接近其生态位边界。虽然这种接近性增加了它们的易感性,但这些种群被认为是抵御环境压力的宝贵基因库。在当前气候变化的背景下,保护这种基因变异性对物种的适应能力至关重要。在这里,我们研究了欧洲山毛榉(Fagus sylvatica L.)南部边缘种群中 16 个开放授粉家系的幼苗对试验性干旱的茎基部生长、气体交换和其他叶片功能特征的种群内模式。我们发现,在叶片功能特征、光合作用表现、生长模式和表型可塑性方面,种群内部对水分供应的反应存在很大差异。低表型可塑性与高抗旱性相关。不同母本品系的抗旱性和旱后光合作用恢复能力都有差异。然而,抗旱性和旱后恢复表现出独立的差异。我们还发现气孔对土壤干燥的敏感性在种群内存在差异,但这与抗旱性和旱后恢复能力都无关。我们的结论是,表型可塑性与抗旱性之间的反比关系并不一定是适应性可塑性不良的表现,相反,它可能反映了功能表现的稳定性,从而适应干旱。抗旱性与旱后恢复之间的独立变异在一定程度上促进了微进化和对日益干旱的适应。观察到的气孔对土壤干燥敏感性的变异与之前在其他尺度上的发现(如种间变异、种群间变异)一致,这对将等无水概念作为耐旱性的可靠替代物提出了挑战。
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引用次数: 0
Seeing the forest for the trees: upscaling approaches in Tree Physiology. 只见树木不见森林:树木生理学的升级方法。
IF 3.5 2区 农林科学 Q1 FORESTRY Pub Date : 2024-09-03 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpae119
Maurizio Mencuccini
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引用次数: 0
An in situ 15N labeling experiment unveils distinct responses to N application approaches in a mountain beech forest. 原位 15N 标记实验揭示了山毛榉林对氮施用方法的不同反应。
IF 3.5 2区 农林科学 Q1 FORESTRY Pub Date : 2024-09-03 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpae104
Luca Da Ros, Mirco Rodeghiero, Maurizio Ventura, Roberto Tognetti, Giustino Tonon, Damiano Gianelle

Atmospheric nitrogen (N) deposition has notably increased since the industrial revolution, doubling N inputs to terrestrial ecosystems. This could mitigate N limitations in forests, potentially enhancing productivity and carbon sequestration. However, excessive N can lead to forest N saturation, causing issues like soil acidification, nutrient imbalances, biodiversity loss, increased tree mortality and a potential net greenhouse gas emission. Traditional experiments often overlook the canopy's role in N fate, focusing instead on direct N addition to the forest floor. In our study, we applied 20 kg N ha y-1 of labeled 15NH415NO3 solution (δ15N = 30‰) both above and below the canopy, maintaining also control plots. We assessed ecosystem components before and after treatment, calculated N stocks, and used mass balance for fertilizer recovery analysis. Findings revealed that the above-canopy N addition intercepted up to 31 ± 4% of added N in foliage, a significant contrast to the negligible recovery in leaves with below-canopy treatment. Overall plant recovery was higher in the above-canopy treatment (43 ± 11%) compared with below (9 ± 24%). Post-vegetative season, about 15 ± 1% of above-canopy added N was transferred to soil via litterfall, indicating substantial N reabsorption or loss through volatilization, stemflow or throughfall. In contrast, the below-canopy approach resulted in just 4.0 ± 0.6% recovery via litterfall. These results highlight a significant difference in N fate based on the application method. Nitrogen applied to the canopy showed distinct recovery in transient compartments like foliage. However, over a few months, there was no noticeable change in N recovery in long-lived tissues across treatments. This implies that N application strategy does not significantly alter the distribution of simulated wet N deposition in high Carbon/N tissues, underscoring the complex dynamics of forest N cycling.

自工业革命以来,大气中的氮沉降量显著增加,使陆地生态系统的氮输入量翻了一番。这可以缓解森林中的氮限制,潜在地提高生产力和碳吸收。然而,过量的氮会导致森林氮饱和,造成土壤酸化、养分失衡、生物多样性丧失、树木死亡率增加等问题,并可能造成温室气体净排放。传统的实验通常会忽略树冠在氮的归宿中的作用,而将重点放在直接向林地添加氮上。在我们的研究中,我们在树冠上下各施用了 20 kg N ha y-1 的标记 15NH415NO3 溶液(δ15N = 30 ‰),同时还保留了对照地块。我们评估了处理前后的生态系统成分,计算了氮储量,并利用质量平衡进行了肥料回收分析。研究结果表明,树冠上方的氮添加可在叶片中截获 31 ± 4% 的氮添加量,这与树冠下方处理时叶片中可忽略不计的氮回收量形成了鲜明对比。与树冠下处理(9 ± 24%)相比,树冠上处理的植物整体恢复率更高(43 ± 11%)。植被生长季节后,树冠上方添加的氮约有 15 ± 1%通过落叶转移到土壤中,这表明大量的氮通过挥发、茎流或直通落叶被重新吸收或流失。相比之下,树冠下方法通过落叶回收的氮仅为 4.0 ± 0.6%。这些结果突显了施肥方法对氮归宿的显著影响。施用到冠层的氮在叶片等瞬时分区中表现出明显的恢复。然而,在几个月的时间里,不同处理的长效组织中氮的恢复没有明显变化。这意味着氮的施用策略不会显著改变模拟湿氮沉积在高 C/N 组织中的分布,突出了森林氮循环的复杂动态。
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Tree physiology
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