Pub Date : 2025-11-01DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2025.199657
Liwei Zhang , Yingfei Li , Xuehui Zhang , Jing Zhao , Guozhong Zhang , Ye Zhao
Infectious bronchitis (IB), caused by the infectious bronchitis virus (IBV), is a contagious respiratory disease of chickens that poses a serious threat to the poultry industry worldwide. In this study, four monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) targeting the heptad repeat 2 (HR2) region of the spike protein S2 subunit were generated through mouse immunization, hybridoma cell fusion, and clonal purification. Western blot and indirect immunofluorescence assays confirmed that all four mAbs specifically recognized IBV. Epitope identification revealed two novel linear B-cell epitopes: 1040KWWND1044, recognized by mAbs 6A6 and 6E2; and 1046KHELPDF1052, recognized by mAbs 6A1 and 6A9, which are conserved among different IBV lineages. Furthermore, both epitopes are exposed on the surface of the spike protein, suggesting their potential as immunologically relevant targets. This study contributes to further elucidating the structure and function of the IBV S2 subunit and provide assistance for the development of IBV diagnostic technology.
{"title":"Two novel conserved linear B-cell epitopes identified in the S2 subunit of the infectious bronchitis virus spike protein","authors":"Liwei Zhang , Yingfei Li , Xuehui Zhang , Jing Zhao , Guozhong Zhang , Ye Zhao","doi":"10.1016/j.virusres.2025.199657","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.virusres.2025.199657","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Infectious bronchitis (IB), caused by the infectious bronchitis virus (IBV), is a contagious respiratory disease of chickens that poses a serious threat to the poultry industry worldwide. In this study, four monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) targeting the heptad repeat 2 (HR2) region of the spike protein S2 subunit were generated through mouse immunization, hybridoma cell fusion, and clonal purification. Western blot and indirect immunofluorescence assays confirmed that all four mAbs specifically recognized IBV. Epitope identification revealed two novel linear B-cell epitopes: <sup>1040</sup>KWWND<sup>1044</sup>, recognized by mAbs 6A6 and 6E2; and <sup>1046</sup>KHELPDF<sup>1052</sup>, recognized by mAbs 6A1 and 6A9, which are conserved among different IBV lineages. Furthermore, both epitopes are exposed on the surface of the spike protein, suggesting their potential as immunologically relevant targets. This study contributes to further elucidating the structure and function of the IBV S2 subunit and provide assistance for the development of IBV diagnostic technology.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23483,"journal":{"name":"Virus research","volume":"361 ","pages":"Article 199657"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145452968","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-11-01DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2025.199653
Valentina Andreoli , Sofia Lopez , Santiago Germán Delgado , Sandra Elizabeth Pérez , Susana Beatriz Pereyra , Erika Analía Gonzalez Altamiranda , Florencia Romeo , Stefano Grolli , Andrea Elizabeth Verna
Reproductive viral diseases caused by Bovine alphaherpesvirus 1.1 (BoAHV-1.1), Bovine gam-maherpesvirus 4 (BoGHV-4), and Bovine viral diarrhoea virus (BVDV) impose a substantial economic burden on the cattle industry, primarily through infertility, abortion, and impaired reproductive performance. Owing to the limited efficacy of current antiviral strategies, this study evaluated the in vitro effects of platelet-rich plasma (PRP), at concentrations of 5 % and 10 %, on the replication kinetics of these viruses in Madin-Darby bovine kidney (MDBK) cells and primary bovine endometrial stromal cells (BESc). PRP modulated viral replication in a virus-, cell type-, and dose-related manner. In BoAHV-1.1-infected MDBK cells, 10 % PRP reduced extracellular titres but increases intracellular accumulation, suggesting interference with viral egress. In BESc, both intra- and extracellular titres decreased, consistent with a broader antiviral effect. For BoGHV-4 and BVDV, PRP induced variable and time-dependent responses across cell types. These results demonstrate that PRP can influence bovine viral replication dynamics in vitro and support further investigations into its mechanistic basis and in vivo therapeutic potential.
{"title":"Modulatory effects of platelet-rich plasma on viral kinetics of BoAHV-1.1, BoGHV-4, and BVDV in bovine cell cultures: A proof-of-concept study","authors":"Valentina Andreoli , Sofia Lopez , Santiago Germán Delgado , Sandra Elizabeth Pérez , Susana Beatriz Pereyra , Erika Analía Gonzalez Altamiranda , Florencia Romeo , Stefano Grolli , Andrea Elizabeth Verna","doi":"10.1016/j.virusres.2025.199653","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.virusres.2025.199653","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Reproductive viral diseases caused by Bovine alphaherpesvirus 1.1 (BoAHV-1.1), Bovine gam-maherpesvirus 4 (BoGHV-4), and Bovine viral diarrhoea virus (BVDV) impose a substantial economic burden on the cattle industry, primarily through infertility, abortion, and impaired reproductive performance. Owing to the limited efficacy of current antiviral strategies, this study evaluated the <em>in vitro</em> effects of platelet-rich plasma (PRP), at concentrations of 5 % and 10 %, on the replication kinetics of these viruses in Madin-Darby bovine kidney (MDBK) cells and primary bovine endometrial stromal cells (BESc). PRP modulated viral replication in a virus-, cell type-, and dose-related manner. In BoAHV-1.1-infected MDBK cells, 10 % PRP reduced extracellular titres but increases intracellular accumulation, suggesting interference with viral egress. In BESc, both intra- and extracellular titres decreased, consistent with a broader antiviral effect. For BoGHV-4 and BVDV, PRP induced variable and time-dependent responses across cell types. These results demonstrate that PRP can influence bovine viral replication dynamics <em>in vitro</em> and support further investigations into its mechanistic basis and <em>in vivo</em> therapeutic potential.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23483,"journal":{"name":"Virus research","volume":"361 ","pages":"Article 199653"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145432140","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-11-01DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2025.199649
Yan Qian , Zhichen Zhu , Jie Zhu , Liang Chen , Hong Du
Antibiotic-resistant bacteria pose a significant threat to human health worldwide. Phages, natural parasitic viruses of bacteria, have the capability to kill bacterial hosts, including those resistant to antibiotics. With traditional antimicrobials becoming increasingly ineffective and research into new antibiotics waning, bacteriophage therapies are gaining renewed attention. This review discusses recent progress and experiences with phage therapy in the treatment of pulmonary infections. Emerging phage therapy is effective in treating pulmonary infections, and no adverse effects have been observed in animal models and compassionate use cases in humans to date, which encompasses synergistic treatments that combine phages with antibiotics, the use of phage derivatives, the integration of phages with bioengineering, and the development of phage vaccines. Additionally, current limitations of phage therapy are introduced. Due to the lack of pharmacokinetic data in vivo, there is no unified standard for phage dosing regimen. However, in general, phage therapy has great potential in the treatment of pulmonary infections.
{"title":"Phage therapy: Innovative approaches for refractory pulmonary infections","authors":"Yan Qian , Zhichen Zhu , Jie Zhu , Liang Chen , Hong Du","doi":"10.1016/j.virusres.2025.199649","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.virusres.2025.199649","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Antibiotic-resistant bacteria pose a significant threat to human health worldwide. Phages, natural parasitic viruses of bacteria, have the capability to kill bacterial hosts, including those resistant to antibiotics. With traditional antimicrobials becoming increasingly ineffective and research into new antibiotics waning, bacteriophage therapies are gaining renewed attention. This review discusses recent progress and experiences with phage therapy in the treatment of pulmonary infections. Emerging phage therapy is effective in treating pulmonary infections, and no adverse effects have been observed in animal models and compassionate use cases in humans to date, which encompasses synergistic treatments that combine phages with antibiotics, the use of phage derivatives, the integration of phages with bioengineering, and the development of phage vaccines. Additionally, current limitations of phage therapy are introduced. Due to the lack of pharmacokinetic data in <em>vivo</em>, there is no unified standard for phage dosing regimen. However, in general, phage therapy has great potential in the treatment of pulmonary infections.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23483,"journal":{"name":"Virus research","volume":"361 ","pages":"Article 199649"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145417071","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-11-01DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2025.199652
Rong Wen , Jiahao Tong , Shoude Liu , Chengbo Zheng , Jinshui Zheng , Donghai Peng , Ming Sun
Escherichia coli phage vB_EcoS_P78, a novel bacteriophage isolated from swine feces, exhibits typical siphovirus morphology with an isometric head and a non-contractile tail, forming clear plaques approximately 4 mm in diameter. It demonstrated a broad host range, lysing 75 % of tested ESBL-producing and MDR E. coli clinical isolates across multiple serogroups. The phage displayed strong stability, retaining activity at temperatures up to 50 °C and within a pH range of 3–10. Results from one-step growth assays showed a 20-minute latent period and that each infected cell produced a burst size of 220 PFU. Whole-genome sequencing revealed a 44,574 bp dsDNA genome containing 58 ORFs, with no antibiotic resistance, and virulence genes detected. Phylogenetic analysis based on intergenomic similarity and core protein phylogeny consistently supported its classification within the genus Dhillonvirus, showing 92.8 % similarity to Escherichia phage JL1. These results indicate that vB_EcoS_P78 represents a novel species of Dhillonvirus with potential therapeutic applications against multidrug-resistant E. coli.
{"title":"Isolation and characterization of a novel lytic bacteriophage vB_EcoS_P78 against multidrug-resistant Escherichia coli","authors":"Rong Wen , Jiahao Tong , Shoude Liu , Chengbo Zheng , Jinshui Zheng , Donghai Peng , Ming Sun","doi":"10.1016/j.virusres.2025.199652","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.virusres.2025.199652","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div><em>Escherichia coli</em> phage vB_EcoS_P78, a novel bacteriophage isolated from swine feces, exhibits typical siphovirus morphology with an isometric head and a non-contractile tail, forming clear plaques approximately 4 mm in diameter. It demonstrated a broad host range, lysing 75 % of tested ESBL-producing and MDR <em>E. coli</em> clinical isolates across multiple serogroups. The phage displayed strong stability, retaining activity at temperatures up to 50 °C and within a pH range of 3–10. Results from one-step growth assays showed a 20-minute latent period and that each infected cell produced a burst size of 220 PFU. Whole-genome sequencing revealed a 44,574 bp dsDNA genome containing 58 ORFs, with no antibiotic resistance, and virulence genes detected. Phylogenetic analysis based on intergenomic similarity and core protein phylogeny consistently supported its classification within the genus <em>Dhillonvirus</em>, showing 92.8 % similarity to <em>Escherichia</em> phage JL1. These results indicate that vB_EcoS_P78 represents a novel species of <em>Dhillonvirus</em> with potential therapeutic applications against multidrug-resistant <em>E. coli</em>.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23483,"journal":{"name":"Virus research","volume":"361 ","pages":"Article 199652"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145422721","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-11-01DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2025.199643
Raphael O. Adegbola, Dinusha C. Maheepala, Ursula K. Schuch, Judith K. Brown
The palo verde tree is native to the Sonoran Desert and consists of multiple species classified in the genus Parkinsonia, family, Fabaceae. Palo verde broom virus (PVBV), Fimoviridae, Emaravirus, is the suspect causal agent of witches’ broom disease of blue palo verde, P. florida. Here, PVBV was detected in four palo verde species and two hybrids by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) amplification of a 679-base pair (bp) fragment of RNA3, which encodes the nucleocapsid gene (NP). The prevalence of witches’ broom symptoms among the different Parkinsonia species (n = 70), collected from naturally-occurring, nursery- or urban landscape trees was 54 %. Within-species PVBV infection spanned 50–100 % and 81 % across four species and two hybrids combined. The PVBV genome segments RNAs 1–5 were de novo and reference based-assembled from Illumina® RNAseq reads obtained from total RNA isolated from PVBV-positive trees. Pairwise nucleotide identity and amino acid identity for 29 field isolates and GenBank reference PVBV RNA1–5 segments/predicted proteins was 73–100 % and 68–100 %, respectively. Phylogenetic analysis of concatenated RNA1–5 segments resolved four sister clades with no basis in host range among the four palo verde species or hybrids. Five predicted recombinants were identified with breakpoints in either tfhe RNA1 or RNA5 genomic segment. Consistent recovery of PVBV full-length genomes from four Parkinsonia spp. and two hybrids indicated that additional Parkinsonia species and hybrids besides blue palo verde, the only previously reported host, harbored PVBV. Previous studies have linked emaravirus transmission with Eriophyidae mite vectors. Here, the palo verde mite Aculus cercidii Keifer (Eriophyidae) (1965) counts ranged from eight to >1000 per tree. Prolific or minimally-detectable colonization of PVBV-infected trees by A. cercidii, together with consistent detection of PVBV in symptomatic and asymptomatic trees implicate the palo verde mite as the vector of and PVBV as the causal agent of witches’ broom disease.
{"title":"Prevalence, host range, and characterization of multiple Palo verde broom emaravirus genomes and eriophyid mites from Parkinsonia spp. in Arizona","authors":"Raphael O. Adegbola, Dinusha C. Maheepala, Ursula K. Schuch, Judith K. Brown","doi":"10.1016/j.virusres.2025.199643","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.virusres.2025.199643","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The palo verde tree is native to the Sonoran Desert and consists of multiple species classified in the genus <em>Parkinsonia</em>, family, Fabaceae. Palo verde broom virus (PVBV), <em>Fimoviridae, Emaravirus,</em> is the suspect causal agent of witches’ broom disease of blue palo verde, <em>P. florida</em>. Here, PVBV was detected in four palo verde species and two hybrids by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) amplification of a 679-base pair (bp) fragment of RNA3, which encodes the nucleocapsid gene (NP). The prevalence of witches’ broom symptoms among the different <em>Parkinsonia</em> species (<em>n</em> = 70), collected from naturally-occurring, nursery- or urban landscape trees was 54 %. Within-species PVBV infection spanned 50–100 % and 81 % across four species and two hybrids combined. The PVBV genome segments RNAs 1–5 were <em>de novo</em> and reference based-assembled from Illumina® RNAseq reads obtained from total RNA isolated from PVBV-positive trees. Pairwise nucleotide identity and amino acid identity for 29 field isolates and GenBank reference PVBV RNA1–5 segments/predicted proteins was 73–100 % and 68–100 %, respectively. Phylogenetic analysis of concatenated RNA1–5 segments resolved four sister clades with no basis in host range among the four palo verde species or hybrids. Five predicted recombinants were identified with breakpoints in either tfhe RNA1 or RNA5 genomic segment. Consistent recovery of PVBV full-length genomes from four <em>Parkinsonia</em> spp. and two hybrids indicated that additional <em>Parkinsonia</em> species and hybrids besides blue palo verde, the only previously reported host, harbored PVBV. Previous studies have linked emaravirus transmission with <em>Eriophyidae</em> mite vectors. Here, the palo verde mite <em>Aculus cercidii</em> Keifer (<em>Eriophyidae</em>) (1965) counts ranged from eight to >1000 per tree. Prolific or minimally-detectable colonization of PVBV-infected trees by <em>A. cercidii</em>, together with consistent detection of PVBV in symptomatic and asymptomatic trees implicate the palo verde mite as the vector of and PVBV as the causal agent of witches’ broom disease.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23483,"journal":{"name":"Virus research","volume":"361 ","pages":"Article 199643"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145318682","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-11-01DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2025.199647
Huixin Li, Yaping Qin, Zongxi Han, Shengwang Liu
To adapt the infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) for cell culture, the tl/CH/LDT3/03 strain was subjected to serial passaging in chicken embryo fibroblasts (CEFs) and Vero cells, respectively. Cytopathic effects (CPEs) first became apparent at the 7th passage in CEFs and the 11th passage in Vero cells, respectively. The tl/CH/LDT3/03 strain achieved stable replication and adaptation after 20 passages in CEFs (CEA P20) and 25 passages in Vero cells (VEA P25). Analysis of the genomic sequences of the two adapted viruses identified amino acid substitutions, insertions, and deletions in some of the viral proteins. To evaluate the replication capacity of the cell-adapted viruses, 1-day-old SPF chicks were inoculated with either CEA P20 or VEA P25. Both CEA P20 and VEA P25 exhibited reduced replication capacity in chickens, as determined by viral titration in 11 selected tissues collected at 5 days post-inoculation (dpi). The pathogenicity of the two viruses was also decreased for 1-day-old chicks. Furthermore, VEA P25 elicited significantly reduced neutralizing antibody responses in infected birds, nearly 3-fold lower than that induced by CEA P20. To evaluate protective efficacy for chickens, in ovo vaccination of SPF eggs with either CEA P20 or VEA P25 was carried out. Both cell-adapted viruses provided complete protection against tl/CH/LDT3/03 challenge, therefore represent promising attenuated live vaccine candidates for in ovo vaccination. In conclusion, serial propagation of IBV tl/CH/LDT3/03 in CEFs and Vero cells resulted in successful viral adaptation, which was associated with decreased replication capacity and a consequent attenuation of virulence in chickens, showing the potential of live vaccine candidates against tl/CH/LDT3/03.
{"title":"Attenuation and altered replication of IBV strain tl/CH/LDT3/03 after serial passage in chicken embryo fibroblasts and Vero cells","authors":"Huixin Li, Yaping Qin, Zongxi Han, Shengwang Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.virusres.2025.199647","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.virusres.2025.199647","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>To adapt the infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) for cell culture, the tl/CH/LDT3/03 strain was subjected to serial passaging in chicken embryo fibroblasts (CEFs) and Vero cells, respectively. Cytopathic effects (CPEs) first became apparent at the 7th passage in CEFs and the 11th passage in Vero cells, respectively. The tl/CH/LDT3/03 strain achieved stable replication and adaptation after 20 passages in CEFs (CEA P20) and 25 passages in Vero cells (VEA P25). Analysis of the genomic sequences of the two adapted viruses identified amino acid substitutions, insertions, and deletions in some of the viral proteins. To evaluate the replication capacity of the cell-adapted viruses, 1-day-old SPF chicks were inoculated with either CEA P20 or VEA P25. Both CEA P20 and VEA P25 exhibited reduced replication capacity in chickens, as determined by viral titration in 11 selected tissues collected at 5 days post-inoculation (dpi). The pathogenicity of the two viruses was also decreased for 1-day-old chicks. Furthermore, VEA P25 elicited significantly reduced neutralizing antibody responses in infected birds, nearly 3-fold lower than that induced by CEA P20. To evaluate protective efficacy for chickens, <em>in ovo</em> vaccination of SPF eggs with either CEA P20 or VEA P25 was carried out. Both cell-adapted viruses provided complete protection against tl/CH/LDT3/03 challenge, therefore represent promising attenuated live vaccine candidates for <em>in ovo</em> vaccination. In conclusion, serial propagation of IBV tl/CH/LDT3/03 in CEFs and Vero cells resulted in successful viral adaptation, which was associated with decreased replication capacity and a consequent attenuation of virulence in chickens, showing the potential of live vaccine candidates against tl/CH/LDT3/03.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23483,"journal":{"name":"Virus research","volume":"361 ","pages":"Article 199647"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145356028","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-11-01DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2025.199651
Xiaofan Wang , Ying Bao , Sheng Yin , Yizhi Peng
A total of 976 patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) confirmed by pathology in Xiangya Cancer Hospital of Central South University from May 2017 to December 2022 were recruited for the study. Meanwhile, the HBV-DNA was detected to explore the relationship between HBV-DNA and liver metastasis of NPC. The results indicated that there was no significant difference in the liver metastasis rate between the HBV-negative group and the HBV-positive group. The liver metastasis rate in the low HBV-DNA viral load group was lower than that in the high HBV-DNA viral load group (p = 0.049). Multivariate logistic regression analysis indicated that high HBV-DNA viral load was a risk factor for liver metastasis in HBV-positive NPC patients (OR=2.661, 95 %CI 1.32–4.39, p = 0.044). The HBV infection status itself had no significant association with whether NPC had liver metastasis. However, a high HBV-DNA viral load increased the risk of liver metastasis in patients with NPC.
本研究共招募2017年5月至2022年12月在中南大学湘雅肿瘤医院经病理证实的鼻咽癌患者976例。同时检测HBV-DNA，探讨HBV-DNA与鼻咽癌肝转移的关系。结果显示，乙肝病毒阴性组和乙肝病毒阳性组的肝转移率无显著差异。低HBV-DNA病毒载量组的肝转移率低于高HBV-DNA病毒载量组（p = 0.049）。多因素logistic回归分析显示，HBV-DNA病毒载量高是hbv阳性鼻咽癌患者发生肝转移的危险因素（OR=2.661, 95% CI 1.32 ~ 4.39, p = 0.044）。HBV感染状态本身与NPC是否发生肝转移无显著相关性。然而，高HBV-DNA病毒载量增加了鼻咽癌患者肝转移的风险。
{"title":"Association between high HBV-DNA viral load and liver metastasis risk in patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma","authors":"Xiaofan Wang , Ying Bao , Sheng Yin , Yizhi Peng","doi":"10.1016/j.virusres.2025.199651","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.virusres.2025.199651","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>A total of 976 patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) confirmed by pathology in Xiangya Cancer Hospital of Central South University from May 2017 to December 2022 were recruited for the study. Meanwhile, the HBV-DNA was detected to explore the relationship between HBV-DNA and liver metastasis of NPC. The results indicated that there was no significant difference in the liver metastasis rate between the HBV-negative group and the HBV-positive group. The liver metastasis rate in the low HBV-DNA viral load group was lower than that in the high HBV-DNA viral load group (<em>p</em> = 0.049). Multivariate logistic regression analysis indicated that high HBV-DNA viral load was a risk factor for liver metastasis in HBV-positive NPC patients (OR=2.661, 95 %CI 1.32–4.39, <em>p</em> = 0.044). The HBV infection status itself had no significant association with whether NPC had liver metastasis. However, a high HBV-DNA viral load increased the risk of liver metastasis in patients with NPC.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23483,"journal":{"name":"Virus research","volume":"361 ","pages":"Article 199651"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145417070","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-10-18DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2025.199645
Cong You , Mei Wang , Jiangyi Wang , Tingting Lian , Quanzhong Liu
Chlamydia trachomatis (C. t) is the most common causative agent of sexually transmitted bacterial urogenital infections worldwide. C. t treatment failure is increasing because antibiotic resistance has developed in recent years. Therefore, the development of novel therapeutic strategies is necessary. Here, we constructed an M13 phage carrying two functional peptides, including the integrin binding peptide arginine-glycine-aspartic acid (RGD) on pⅧ and the IN5 protein from Chlamydia caviae phage φCPG1 on pIII to reduce C. t infection. We called these phages M13-RGD8-IN53. The recombinant phages successfully expressed IN5 proteins. Confocal laser scanning microscopy confirmed that the recombinant phages were able to enter HeLa cells and C. t inclusion bodies. IN5 protein was responsible for the observed decrease in C. t infection, while RGD enhanced the permeability of phages into the cells. The M13-RGD8-IN53 phage was better than the M13-IN53 phage in ameliorating C. t infection. qPCR revealed that treatment with the recombinant phages downregulated several C. t genes related to virulence, such as CT_046 (Hc2), CT_443 (OmcB), CT_444 (OmcA), CT_456 (Tarp), CT_666 (Cdsf), CT_694, CT_743 (Hc1), and CT_875 (TepP). The only upregulated gene was CT_119 (IncA). The recombinant phages impacted the C. t mainly in the middle and late stages of the development cycle. Our results suggest that novel recombinant phages are promising as candidates to treat C. t infection.
{"title":"M13 phages engineered with chlamydia phage φCPG1 protein IN5 and arginine-glycine-aspartic acid inhibits Chlamydia trachomatis intracellular growth","authors":"Cong You , Mei Wang , Jiangyi Wang , Tingting Lian , Quanzhong Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.virusres.2025.199645","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.virusres.2025.199645","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div><em>Chlamydia trachomatis</em> (<em>C. t</em>) is the most common causative agent of sexually transmitted bacterial urogenital infections worldwide. <em>C. t</em> treatment failure is increasing because antibiotic resistance has developed in recent years. Therefore, the development of novel therapeutic strategies is necessary. Here, we constructed an M13 phage carrying two functional peptides, including the integrin binding peptide arginine-glycine-aspartic acid (RGD) on pⅧ and the IN5 protein from <em>Chlamydia caviae</em> phage φCPG1 on pIII to reduce <em>C. t</em> infection. We called these phages M13-RGD<sub>8</sub>-IN5<sub>3</sub>. The recombinant phages successfully expressed IN5 proteins. Confocal laser scanning microscopy confirmed that the recombinant phages were able to enter HeLa cells and <em>C. t</em> inclusion bodies. IN5 protein was responsible for the observed decrease in <em>C. t</em> infection, while RGD enhanced the permeability of phages into the cells. The M13-RGD<sub>8</sub>-IN5<sub>3</sub> phage was better than the M13-IN5<sub>3</sub> phage in ameliorating <em>C. t</em> infection. qPCR revealed that treatment with the recombinant phages downregulated several <em>C. t</em> genes related to virulence, such as <em>CT_046</em> (<em>Hc2</em>), <em>CT_443</em> (<em>OmcB</em>), <em>CT_444</em> (<em>OmcA</em>), <em>CT_456</em> (<em>Tarp</em>), <em>CT_666</em> (<em>Cdsf</em>), <em>CT_694, CT_743</em> (<em>Hc1</em>)<em>, and CT_875</em> (<em>TepP</em>). The only upregulated gene was <em>CT_119</em> (<em>IncA</em>)<em>.</em> The recombinant phages impacted the <em>C. t</em> mainly in the middle and late stages of the development cycle. Our results suggest that novel recombinant phages are promising as candidates to treat <em>C. t</em> infection.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23483,"journal":{"name":"Virus research","volume":"361 ","pages":"Article 199645"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-10-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145337719","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-10-17DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2025.199644
Roberta Della Marca , Rosa Giugliano , Carla Zannella , Marina Acunzo , Preetu Parimal , Avinash Mali , Annalisa Chianese , Valentina Iovane , Massimiliano Galdiero , Anna De Filippis
Exosomes are a type of extracellular vesicles (EVs) released by cells under normal and pathological conditions. These lipid-enclosed vesicles play a key role in intracellular communication by delivering various molecules, such as proteins, nucleic acids, and lipids, thereby influencing the activity of recipient cells. In recent years, exosomes have attracted considerable attention for their involvement in viral infections and immune system evasion. Many viruses hijack the exosome biogenesis machinery to facilitate their replication, spread infection, and evade immune defenses. Therefore, gaining insights into how exosomes modulate the immune system or contribute to viral infectivity is crucial. This review explores how viral exosomes interact with host mammalian cells, highlighting their unique ability to transfer genetic material and proteins to recipient cells independent of virus-receptor interaction. Additionally, we examine the role of viral exosomes in intercellular communication, particularly how they may both promote viral infectivity and transmission, as well as participate in antiviral defense and immune regulation. Unlike previous reviews, our study integrates findings across both human and animal viral infections, critically discusses methodological standardization in exosome research, and introduces emerging therapeutic approaches such as engineered exosomes and exosome mimetics.
{"title":"Role of exosomes in viral infections: a narrative review","authors":"Roberta Della Marca , Rosa Giugliano , Carla Zannella , Marina Acunzo , Preetu Parimal , Avinash Mali , Annalisa Chianese , Valentina Iovane , Massimiliano Galdiero , Anna De Filippis","doi":"10.1016/j.virusres.2025.199644","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.virusres.2025.199644","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Exosomes are a type of extracellular vesicles (EVs) released by cells under normal and pathological conditions. These lipid-enclosed vesicles play a key role in intracellular communication by delivering various molecules, such as proteins, nucleic acids, and lipids, thereby influencing the activity of recipient cells. In recent years, exosomes have attracted considerable attention for their involvement in viral infections and immune system evasion. Many viruses hijack the exosome biogenesis machinery to facilitate their replication, spread infection, and evade immune defenses. Therefore, gaining insights into how exosomes modulate the immune system or contribute to viral infectivity is crucial. This review explores how viral exosomes interact with host mammalian cells, highlighting their unique ability to transfer genetic material and proteins to recipient cells independent of virus-receptor interaction. Additionally, we examine the role of viral exosomes in intercellular communication, particularly how they may both promote viral infectivity and transmission, as well as participate in antiviral defense and immune regulation. Unlike previous reviews, our study integrates findings across both human and animal viral infections, critically discusses methodological standardization in exosome research, and introduces emerging therapeutic approaches such as engineered exosomes and exosome mimetics.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23483,"journal":{"name":"Virus research","volume":"361 ","pages":"Article 199644"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-10-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145330081","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Antiviral peptides (AVPs) are emerging as next-generation therapeutics due to their broad-spectrum activity, low toxicity, and ability to overcome drug resistance. The objective of this review is to provide an integrated perspective on AVP research, with particular emphasis on artificial intelligence (AI)-driven discovery, novel delivery strategies, and translational applications. We first summarize the origins, mechanisms, and structural diversity of AVPs. We then highlight recent advances in computational pipelines, including machine learning, deep learning, generative adversarial networks (GANs), large language models (LLMs), and reinforcement learning frameworks for de novo peptide design. Translational aspects are addressed by discussing novel delivery systems such as nanoparticles, hydrogels, and intranasal/inhalable formulations, as well as clinical trial examples (like, enfuvirtide (T-20), sifuvirtide, lactoferrin-based formulations, PAC-113). Finally, we explore future directions, including CRISPR- and mRNA-based peptide delivery and synergies with immune checkpoint inhibitors. By combining classical mechanisms with AI-driven design and innovative delivery platforms, this review underscores the potential of AVPs as versatile antiviral agents ready for clinical translation.
{"title":"Next-generation antiviral peptides: AI-driven design, translational delivery platforms, and future therapeutic directions","authors":"Maryam Mashhadi Abolghasem Shirazi, Setareh Haghighat, Zahra Nikbakht, Elaheh Salimkia, Armity Kiumarsy","doi":"10.1016/j.virusres.2025.199642","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.virusres.2025.199642","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Antiviral peptides (AVPs) are emerging as next-generation therapeutics due to their broad-spectrum activity, low toxicity, and ability to overcome drug resistance. The objective of this review is to provide an integrated perspective on AVP research, with particular emphasis on artificial intelligence (AI)-driven discovery, novel delivery strategies, and translational applications. We first summarize the origins, mechanisms, and structural diversity of AVPs. We then highlight recent advances in computational pipelines, including machine learning, deep learning, generative adversarial networks (GANs), large language models (LLMs), and reinforcement learning frameworks for <em>de novo</em> peptide design. Translational aspects are addressed by discussing novel delivery systems such as nanoparticles, hydrogels, and intranasal/inhalable formulations, as well as clinical trial examples (like, enfuvirtide (T-20), sifuvirtide, lactoferrin-based formulations, PAC-113). Finally, we explore future directions, including CRISPR- and mRNA-based peptide delivery and synergies with immune checkpoint inhibitors. By combining classical mechanisms with AI-driven design and innovative delivery platforms, this review underscores the potential of AVPs as versatile antiviral agents ready for clinical translation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23483,"journal":{"name":"Virus research","volume":"361 ","pages":"Article 199642"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-10-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145313772","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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