Pub Date : 2016-01-01DOI: 10.17925/USE.2016.12.01.10
J. M. González-Campoy
A search of PubMed shows that in 1960, the year I was born, there were 110 publications on obesity. In 1991, the year I graduated from Mayo Medical School, the number had risen to 406 publications. By contrast, in 2015 there were 5470 publications on obesity. The last quarter of a century has led to the recognition of a world-wide epidemic of overweight and obesity, with a rise in all their complications.1–3 And with this recognition came the need to understand the underlying physiology and pathophysiology, and the eventual development of therapeutic interventions.4–6
对PubMed的搜索显示，在1960年，也就是我出生的那一年，有110篇关于肥胖的出版物。1991年，也就是我从梅奥医学院(Mayo Medical School)毕业的那一年，这一数字已经上升到406篇。相比之下，2015年有5470篇关于肥胖的出版物。在过去的25年里，人们认识到超重和肥胖是一种世界性的流行病，其并发症也在增加。1-3有了这种认识，就需要了解潜在的生理学和病理生理学，并最终发展治疗干预
{"title":"The Birth of Bariatric Endocrinology and the Coming of Age of Obesity Medicine","authors":"J. M. González-Campoy","doi":"10.17925/USE.2016.12.01.10","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17925/USE.2016.12.01.10","url":null,"abstract":"A search of PubMed shows that in 1960, the year I was born, there were 110 publications on obesity. In 1991, the year I graduated from Mayo Medical School, the number had risen to 406 publications. By contrast, in 2015 there were 5470 publications on obesity. The last quarter of a century has led to the recognition of a world-wide epidemic of overweight and obesity, with a rise in all their complications.1–3 And with this recognition came the need to understand the underlying physiology and pathophysiology, and the eventual development of therapeutic interventions.4–6","PeriodicalId":23490,"journal":{"name":"US endocrinology","volume":"12 1","pages":"10"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67601598","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-01-01DOI: 10.17925/USE.2016.12.02.83
M. Brito, T. Davies
{"title":"Advancements in Clinical Thyroidology in 2016","authors":"M. Brito, T. Davies","doi":"10.17925/USE.2016.12.02.83","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17925/USE.2016.12.02.83","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":23490,"journal":{"name":"US endocrinology","volume":"12 1","pages":"83"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67602857","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-01-01DOI: 10.17925/USE.2016.12.02.85
T. Nguyen, Monica S Tsai, T. Grogan, C. Goh
Background: Hair loss can be a troublesome aspect of thyroid disease for some patients. In addition to diffuse hair thinning, thyroid disease has been associated with clinically significant forms of alopecia, including alopecia areata (AA) and telogen effluvium. The role of thyroid disease in other causes of alopecia, such as lichen planopilaris (LPP) and frontal fibrosing alopecia (FFA), remains unclear. This study retrospectively assessed the role of thyroid dysfunction in AA, LPP and FFA. Methods: A systematic chart review of 144 patients was performed from September 2010 to July 2013. Data were analyzed using multivariate logistic regression to test for a relationship between thyroid disease and type of alopecia. Results: A total of 113 alopecia patients were analyzed. A positive history of thyroid disease was found in 16.0% of AA, 25.0% of FFA, 17.1% of LPP, and 15.1% of control patients. After controlling for age and sex, alopecia was not found to be a statistically significant predictor of thyroid disease. Conclusions: Although alopecia patients in this study had rates of thyroid dysfunction higher than the U.S. population, there were no significant differences in rates of thyroid dysfunction compared to the control group.
{"title":"Thyroid Disease in Alopecia Areata, Lichen Planopilaris, and Frontal Fibrosing Alopecia—A Case Control Study of 144 Patients","authors":"T. Nguyen, Monica S Tsai, T. Grogan, C. Goh","doi":"10.17925/USE.2016.12.02.85","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17925/USE.2016.12.02.85","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Hair loss can be a troublesome aspect of thyroid disease for some patients. In addition to diffuse hair thinning, thyroid disease has been associated with clinically significant forms of alopecia, including alopecia areata (AA) and telogen effluvium. The role of thyroid disease in other causes of alopecia, such as lichen planopilaris (LPP) and frontal fibrosing alopecia (FFA), remains unclear. This study retrospectively assessed the role of thyroid dysfunction in AA, LPP and FFA. Methods: A systematic chart review of 144 patients was performed from September 2010 to July 2013. Data were analyzed using multivariate logistic regression to test for a relationship between thyroid disease and type of alopecia. Results: A total of 113 alopecia patients were analyzed. A positive history of thyroid disease was found in 16.0% of AA, 25.0% of FFA, 17.1% of LPP, and 15.1% of control patients. After controlling for age and sex, alopecia was not found to be a statistically significant predictor of thyroid disease. Conclusions: Although alopecia patients in this study had rates of thyroid dysfunction higher than the U.S. population, there were no significant differences in rates of thyroid dysfunction compared to the control group.","PeriodicalId":23490,"journal":{"name":"US endocrinology","volume":"12 1","pages":"85"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67602877","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-01-01DOI: 10.17925/USE.2016.12.02.94
Charikleia Stefanaki
1. Center for Adolescent Medicine and UNESCO Chair on Adolescent Health Care, Choremeio Research Laboratory, First Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Aghia Sophia Children's Hospital, Athens, Greece; 2. Endocrine Unit, Second Department of Internal Medicine-Propaedeutic, Research Institute and Diabetes Center, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Attikon University Hospital, Athens, Greece
{"title":"Prediabetes and Adolescence—Trends, Causes, Effects, and Screening","authors":"Charikleia Stefanaki","doi":"10.17925/USE.2016.12.02.94","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17925/USE.2016.12.02.94","url":null,"abstract":"1. Center for Adolescent Medicine and UNESCO Chair on Adolescent Health Care, Choremeio Research Laboratory, First Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Aghia Sophia Children's Hospital, Athens, Greece; 2. Endocrine Unit, Second Department of Internal Medicine-Propaedeutic, Research Institute and Diabetes Center, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Attikon University Hospital, Athens, Greece","PeriodicalId":23490,"journal":{"name":"US endocrinology","volume":"12 1","pages":"94"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67602929","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2015-01-01DOI: 10.17925/EE.2015.11.02.112
E. Sobngwi, J. Mbanya
There is growing evidence for an etiological interaction between infectious diseases and diabetes, as well as for bidirectional influence of clinical presentation, spread, and outcomes. Some HIV treatments increase diabetes risk, and some infectious diseases may determine unique phenotypes of diabetes. Individuals who have type 2 diabetes have increased risk for tuberculosis and viral hepatitis and have poorer treatment outcomes. Joint noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) and infectious diseases clinics are the ideal method of tackling the double burden of these diseases in developing countries.
{"title":"The Double Burden of Infectious Diseases and Diabetes—A Bidirectional Relationship","authors":"E. Sobngwi, J. Mbanya","doi":"10.17925/EE.2015.11.02.112","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17925/EE.2015.11.02.112","url":null,"abstract":"There is growing evidence for an etiological interaction between infectious diseases and diabetes, as well as for bidirectional influence of clinical presentation, spread, and outcomes. Some HIV treatments increase diabetes risk, and some infectious diseases may determine unique phenotypes of diabetes. Individuals who have type 2 diabetes have increased risk for tuberculosis and viral hepatitis and have poorer treatment outcomes. Joint noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) and infectious diseases clinics are the ideal method of tackling the double burden of these diseases in developing countries.","PeriodicalId":23490,"journal":{"name":"US endocrinology","volume":"11 1","pages":"112"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67586416","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2015-01-01DOI: 10.17925/USE.2015.11.1.17
Kelly D. Mccall, F. Schwartz
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are pattern-recognition receptors located on the surface or within (endosome) immune cells (dendritic), whose function is to recognize pathogens from the environment and mediate both the innate and acquired immune responses. Environmental activation of TLRs in nonimmune cells is now recognized as a significant pathway that mediates the loss of self-tolerance in autoimmune diseases, as well as inflammationinduced cell damage in many chronic diseases. We have developed a small molecule drug derived from methimazole, phenylmethimazole (C10), which interferes with the environmental induction of TLR signaling in nonimmune cells and is an active inhibitor of pathologic inflammation in many animal disease models. This article has been written to introduce clinicians to TLR function and the potential therapeutic role that their inhibition could play in many inflammatory/autoimmune diseases, including diabetes and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD).
{"title":"A Novel Small Molecule Drug Derived from Methimazole (Phenylmethimazole) that Targets Aberrant Toll-like Receptor Expression and Signaling for the Potential Prevention or Treatment of Diabetes Mellitus and Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease","authors":"Kelly D. Mccall, F. Schwartz","doi":"10.17925/USE.2015.11.1.17","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17925/USE.2015.11.1.17","url":null,"abstract":"Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are pattern-recognition receptors located on the surface or within (endosome) immune cells (dendritic), whose function is to recognize pathogens from the environment and mediate both the innate and acquired immune responses. Environmental activation of TLRs in nonimmune cells is now recognized as a significant pathway that mediates the loss of self-tolerance in autoimmune diseases, as well as inflammationinduced cell damage in many chronic diseases. We have developed a small molecule drug derived from methimazole, phenylmethimazole (C10), which interferes with the environmental induction of TLR signaling in nonimmune cells and is an active inhibitor of pathologic inflammation in many animal disease models. This article has been written to introduce clinicians to TLR function and the potential therapeutic role that their inhibition could play in many inflammatory/autoimmune diseases, including diabetes and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD).","PeriodicalId":23490,"journal":{"name":"US endocrinology","volume":"11 1","pages":"17"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67601281","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2015-01-01DOI: 10.17925/USE.2015.11.1.30
R. Aronson
A recent literature survey reviewed all published global registries, evaluating them for patient outcome data and characteristics. Using registry data to define the patient characteristics of refractory patients, the authors characterized the functionally refractory patient in diabetes and provided a predictive model to facilitate the recognition of such a patient in a specialist practice. At the specialist level, the authors have identified common predictive elements of a functional refractory status: insulin usage, greater number of microvascular complications, earlier age of onset and longer durations of diabetes, and greater complexity and number of therapies. This editorial provides a brief overview and commentary of the authors’ original descriptive literature review and findings.
{"title":"The Functionally Refractory Patient in Diabetes—Prevalence and Predictors within Specialist Care Registries","authors":"R. Aronson","doi":"10.17925/USE.2015.11.1.30","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17925/USE.2015.11.1.30","url":null,"abstract":"A recent literature survey reviewed all published global registries, evaluating them for patient outcome data and characteristics. Using registry data to define the patient characteristics of refractory patients, the authors characterized the functionally refractory patient in diabetes and provided a predictive model to facilitate the recognition of such a patient in a specialist practice. At the specialist level, the authors have identified common predictive elements of a functional refractory status: insulin usage, greater number of microvascular complications, earlier age of onset and longer durations of diabetes, and greater complexity and number of therapies. This editorial provides a brief overview and commentary of the authors’ original descriptive literature review and findings.","PeriodicalId":23490,"journal":{"name":"US endocrinology","volume":"11 1","pages":"30"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67601404","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2015-01-01DOI: 10.17925/USE.2015.11.02.75
L. Siminerio
Diabetes is a lifestyle disease that requires the person living with the disease to make many daily decisions about diet, activity level, and medications, as well as adequate support to manage the disease successfully. Research has shown that a team-based approach to diabetes care is an effective way to help people with diabetes manage the disease, prevent and treat complications, provide behavior-change strategies, and cope with the emotional challenges this chronic disease brings [1]. Although the team may look different for each patient, it usually represents a variety of disciplines and may include a physician, registered dietitian, diabetes educator, nurse, pharmacist, psychologist, podiatrist, dentist, other professionals and resources within the community.
{"title":"Team Care—The Preferred Approach to Diabetes Treatment","authors":"L. Siminerio","doi":"10.17925/USE.2015.11.02.75","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17925/USE.2015.11.02.75","url":null,"abstract":"Diabetes is a lifestyle disease that requires the person living with the disease to make many daily decisions about diet, activity level, and medications, as well as adequate support to manage the disease successfully. Research has shown that a team-based approach to diabetes care is an effective way to help people with diabetes manage the disease, prevent and treat complications, provide behavior-change strategies, and cope with the emotional challenges this chronic disease brings [1]. Although the team may look different for each patient, it usually represents a variety of disciplines and may include a physician, registered dietitian, diabetes educator, nurse, pharmacist, psychologist, podiatrist, dentist, other professionals and resources within the community.","PeriodicalId":23490,"journal":{"name":"US endocrinology","volume":"11 1","pages":"75"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67601511","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2015-01-01DOI: 10.17925/USE.2015.11.02.92
Elizabeth A. McAninch, A. Bianco
The type 2 deiodinase (D2) has an important role in hypothyroidism, where its ability to activate thyroid hormone provides justification for levothyroxine “monotherapy.” A prevalent polymorphism in D2, Thr92AlaD2, has been associated with improved well-being on “combination therapy” with T4+T3; the underlying mechanism is unclear as T4-to-T3 conversion appears normal. Novel studies indicate this might be a risk factor for neurodegenerative disease. If the relationship between Thr92AlaD2-expression and treatment preference is confirmed, personalized medicine may play a role in hypothyroidism.
{"title":"The Thr92AlaD2 Polymorphism May Play a Novel Role in Hypothyroidism","authors":"Elizabeth A. McAninch, A. Bianco","doi":"10.17925/USE.2015.11.02.92","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17925/USE.2015.11.02.92","url":null,"abstract":"The type 2 deiodinase (D2) has an important role in hypothyroidism, where its ability to activate thyroid hormone provides justification for levothyroxine “monotherapy.” A prevalent polymorphism in D2, Thr92AlaD2, has been associated with improved well-being on “combination therapy” with T4+T3; the underlying mechanism is unclear as T4-to-T3 conversion appears normal. Novel studies indicate this might be a risk factor for neurodegenerative disease. If the relationship between Thr92AlaD2-expression and treatment preference is confirmed, personalized medicine may play a role in hypothyroidism.","PeriodicalId":23490,"journal":{"name":"US endocrinology","volume":"11 1","pages":"92"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67601225","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2015-01-01DOI: 10.17925/USE.2015.11.1.32
S. Kalra, Y. Gupta
Refractory, or ‘difficult to control,’ diabetes is a commonly encountered condition in specialist practice. This editorial describes the characteristics of people with diabetes who are unable to achieve optimal glycemic control, despite aggressive drug therapy. It reflects upon the importance of bidirectional communication between patient and physician, and highlights the need for systematic history taking, empathic listening, and therapeutic patient education. The editors call for practicing ‘diabetes therapy by the ear,’ in conjunction with evidence-based pharmacological therapy, to help reduce the prevalence of refractory diabetes.
{"title":"The Refractory Patient—Managing Diabetes by the Ear","authors":"S. Kalra, Y. Gupta","doi":"10.17925/USE.2015.11.1.32","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17925/USE.2015.11.1.32","url":null,"abstract":"Refractory, or ‘difficult to control,’ diabetes is a commonly encountered condition in specialist practice. This editorial describes the characteristics of people with diabetes who are unable to achieve optimal glycemic control, despite aggressive drug therapy. It reflects upon the importance of bidirectional communication between patient and physician, and highlights the need for systematic history taking, empathic listening, and therapeutic patient education. The editors call for practicing ‘diabetes therapy by the ear,’ in conjunction with evidence-based pharmacological therapy, to help reduce the prevalence of refractory diabetes.","PeriodicalId":23490,"journal":{"name":"US endocrinology","volume":"11 1","pages":"32"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67601414","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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