Pub Date : 2021-01-01DOI: 10.35198/01-2021-003-0004
{"title":"Comprehensive Evaluation of the Online Lifelong Education Course Prevention and Treatment of Substance Use Disorders for Physicians in the Czech Republic: Study Protocol","authors":"","doi":"10.35198/01-2021-003-0004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35198/01-2021-003-0004","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":23539,"journal":{"name":"Volume 1, Issue 3","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77368494","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-01DOI: 10.35198/01-2021-003-0001
{"title":"Translational Research of Cannabidiol Treatment Effects in Addictions","authors":"","doi":"10.35198/01-2021-003-0001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35198/01-2021-003-0001","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":23539,"journal":{"name":"Volume 1, Issue 3","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79984277","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-09-24DOI: 10.30799/jtfr.022.19030104
H. S. Kareem, H. F. Hanoon
Article history: Received 26 August 2019 Accepted 06 September 2019 Available online 24 September 2019 A computational study, density functional theory (DFT) have been applied on the adsorption of DDD, DDE and DDT molecules on (8,0) pristine single-walled carbon nanotubes (PSWCNTs). The DDD, DDE and DDT molecules adsorption are aggressively favorable with adsorption energy (Eads) equal to -67.266, -58.776 and -52.245 eV respectively. In this study, the electronic properties analysis reveals that the physisorbed DDD, DDE and DDT are changing the highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) energy gap and lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) energy gap of carbon nanotubes which have been reduced after interaction with these molecules from 0.519 eV to 0.356, 0.289 and 0.296 eV respectively. These three insecticide molecules make changes outside of the carbon nanotube to the set of energy molecule and thus nanotubes are obtained as conductive structure. As inference it reveals that the pristine single-walled carbon nanotubes can be a good sensor for the detection of DDD, DDE and DDT molecules.
{"title":"Study of Sensing Hazardous Insecticides - Molecule Adsorption on Pristine Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes","authors":"H. S. Kareem, H. F. Hanoon","doi":"10.30799/jtfr.022.19030104","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30799/jtfr.022.19030104","url":null,"abstract":"Article history: Received 26 August 2019 Accepted 06 September 2019 Available online 24 September 2019 A computational study, density functional theory (DFT) have been applied on the adsorption of DDD, DDE and DDT molecules on (8,0) pristine single-walled carbon nanotubes (PSWCNTs). The DDD, DDE and DDT molecules adsorption are aggressively favorable with adsorption energy (Eads) equal to -67.266, -58.776 and -52.245 eV respectively. In this study, the electronic properties analysis reveals that the physisorbed DDD, DDE and DDT are changing the highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) energy gap and lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) energy gap of carbon nanotubes which have been reduced after interaction with these molecules from 0.519 eV to 0.356, 0.289 and 0.296 eV respectively. These three insecticide molecules make changes outside of the carbon nanotube to the set of energy molecule and thus nanotubes are obtained as conductive structure. As inference it reveals that the pristine single-walled carbon nanotubes can be a good sensor for the detection of DDD, DDE and DDT molecules.","PeriodicalId":23539,"journal":{"name":"Volume 1, Issue 3","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-09-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82597210","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-09-23DOI: 10.30799/jtfr.020.19030102
A. Naser, H. F. Hanoon
Article history: Received 27 August 2019 Accepted 05 September 2019 Available online 23 September 2019 Carbazole-triphenylamine-based dyes (MA and MA-B) are designed. These dyes were studied by DFT and TD-DFT methods using the B3LYP level with 6-31 G (d, p) on a group basis to verify their electronic structures, electronic optical properties and electronic absorption spectra as applied in Gaussian 09 program. For the case state (PDOS) of these dyes, the electron density of HOMO is present in the electron donation group and has also been extended to a conjugated bond. The electron density in LUMO is concentrated in a conjugated bond and in the pull of the electron clouds. The results showed that the best modified dye is MA-B based on the highest absorption in the visible spectrum of light. The calculated results of this dye show that this dye can be used as potential sensors for TiO2 crystalline solar cells.
文章历史:2019年8月27日接收2019年9月05日接受2019年9月23日在线提供2019年9月23日设计了卡巴唑-三苯胺染料(MA和MA- b)。在6-31 G (d, p)的B3LYP能级上对这些染料进行了DFT和TD-DFT研究，验证了它们的电子结构、电子光学性质和应用于高斯09程序的电子吸收光谱。对于这些染料的情况态(PDOS)， HOMO的电子密度存在于给电子基团中，并且也扩展到共轭键。LUMO中的电子密度集中在共轭键和电子云的引力中。结果表明，MA-B染料在可见光光谱中具有最高的吸收率，是改性效果最好的染料。计算结果表明，该染料可作为TiO2晶体太阳能电池的潜在传感器。
{"title":"D-π-A Organic Dye with Carbazole-Triphenylamine as Donor for Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells","authors":"A. Naser, H. F. Hanoon","doi":"10.30799/jtfr.020.19030102","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30799/jtfr.020.19030102","url":null,"abstract":"Article history: Received 27 August 2019 Accepted 05 September 2019 Available online 23 September 2019 Carbazole-triphenylamine-based dyes (MA and MA-B) are designed. These dyes were studied by DFT and TD-DFT methods using the B3LYP level with 6-31 G (d, p) on a group basis to verify their electronic structures, electronic optical properties and electronic absorption spectra as applied in Gaussian 09 program. For the case state (PDOS) of these dyes, the electron density of HOMO is present in the electron donation group and has also been extended to a conjugated bond. The electron density in LUMO is concentrated in a conjugated bond and in the pull of the electron clouds. The results showed that the best modified dye is MA-B based on the highest absorption in the visible spectrum of light. The calculated results of this dye show that this dye can be used as potential sensors for TiO2 crystalline solar cells.","PeriodicalId":23539,"journal":{"name":"Volume 1, Issue 3","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-09-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77561221","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-09-23DOI: 10.30799/jtfr.021.19030103
Abdellah Mrij, A. Bakkali, J. Foshi
Article history: Received 28 August 2019 Accepted 06 September 2019 Available online 23 September 2019 This work presents the fabrication process of an intelligent thin film from a hybrid compound to realize transparency and flexibility characteristics. Various delicate operations are encountered during preparation of the film such as exposition to radiations and baking in vacuum oven for many times. The built film with specifics materials improves the performances. The phase quality depends on the type of additives materials during preparation. The band gap of the film is controlled to permit reliability of the fabricated film and endurement of temperature variations. The fabricated thin film can be an alternative and crucial solution for many smart devices that are influenced by blazing and glazing limits. This work also parallelly represent the characteristics such as electrical impedance in function of temperature and optical reflection coefficient.
{"title":"Development of Transparent and Flexible Thin Film from Hybrid Alloy using Deposition by Evaporation Technique","authors":"Abdellah Mrij, A. Bakkali, J. Foshi","doi":"10.30799/jtfr.021.19030103","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30799/jtfr.021.19030103","url":null,"abstract":"Article history: Received 28 August 2019 Accepted 06 September 2019 Available online 23 September 2019 This work presents the fabrication process of an intelligent thin film from a hybrid compound to realize transparency and flexibility characteristics. Various delicate operations are encountered during preparation of the film such as exposition to radiations and baking in vacuum oven for many times. The built film with specifics materials improves the performances. The phase quality depends on the type of additives materials during preparation. The band gap of the film is controlled to permit reliability of the fabricated film and endurement of temperature variations. The fabricated thin film can be an alternative and crucial solution for many smart devices that are influenced by blazing and glazing limits. This work also parallelly represent the characteristics such as electrical impedance in function of temperature and optical reflection coefficient.","PeriodicalId":23539,"journal":{"name":"Volume 1, Issue 3","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-09-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91513879","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-06-14DOI: 10.30799/JTFR.019.19030101
C. Maghanga, M. Mwamburi
Article history: Received 22 April 2019 Accepted 27 May 2019 Available online 12 June 2019 This work reports on the influence of niobium on the structural and optical properties of titanium dioxide thin films made by DC Magnetron sputtering. The films were deposited on glass substrates at ambient temperature which stood at below 50 °C in the deposition chamber. Film thickness based on profilometry ranged from 432 nm to 620 nm. Parameters investigated among others include structure, optical constants, grain size and film density. The as-deposited films were found to be amorphous and turn to crystalline upon annealing in air. The film density increased with doping to a maximum estimated to be 5.77 at. % Nb, beyond which a decrease was recorded. It was also observed that the refractive index of the film increased with doping.
{"title":"Optical and Structural Properties of Nb:TiO2 Thin Films Deposited by DC Magnetron Sputtering at Ambient Temperature","authors":"C. Maghanga, M. Mwamburi","doi":"10.30799/JTFR.019.19030101","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30799/JTFR.019.19030101","url":null,"abstract":"Article history: Received 22 April 2019 Accepted 27 May 2019 Available online 12 June 2019 This work reports on the influence of niobium on the structural and optical properties of titanium dioxide thin films made by DC Magnetron sputtering. The films were deposited on glass substrates at ambient temperature which stood at below 50 °C in the deposition chamber. Film thickness based on profilometry ranged from 432 nm to 620 nm. Parameters investigated among others include structure, optical constants, grain size and film density. The as-deposited films were found to be amorphous and turn to crystalline upon annealing in air. The film density increased with doping to a maximum estimated to be 5.77 at. % Nb, beyond which a decrease was recorded. It was also observed that the refractive index of the film increased with doping.","PeriodicalId":23539,"journal":{"name":"Volume 1, Issue 3","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83635156","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-06-01DOI: 10.21428/b6e95092.c60df452
T. Harmon, David McCord
The annual number of new death sentences in the United States has fallen by more than 75% in the last two decades. The current study examines 1,665 death-eligible cases from 1994, 2004, and 2014 to draw empirically based conclusions that can shed light on some significant predictors associated with this dramatic decline. The results of logistic regression models suggest that the following were consistently significant predictors of case outcomes throughout the country over time: multiple perpetrators, age of perpetrators between 18 and 20 years, number of mitigators, cases with high and low aggravation, and five formerly high-volume counties. By contrast, factors that were important predictors of case outcomes in 1994 but that became insignificant in later years were robbery-murder and limited-revenue counties; the murder rate was not significant in 1994 but became significant in later years. Allegations of intellectual disability and county population size were not significant predictors in any of the years. _______________________________________________________________________________ The number of new death sentences in the United States fell from 310 in 1994 to 73 in 2014. The media have noticed this sharp decline of more than 75% (Khadaroo, 2014; Wolf & Johnson, A Statistical Analysis of Predictors Associated with the Dramatic Decline in Death Sentences in the United States in the Last Two Decades Journal of Criminal Justice and Law: Official Journal of the Law and Public Policy Section of the Academy of Criminal Justice Sciences Volume 3, Issue 1, pp. 1-21 (2019) 2 Talia Roitberg Harmon and David McCord 2015). In this article, we examine a host of death-eligible cases to draw empirically based conclusions that illuminate some of the significant predictors of case outcome over time. We chose 10 possible predictors for hypothesis testing: level of case aggravation, robbery as an aggravator, size of county population, county financial resources, changes in five populous counties, multiple perpetrators, number of kinds of mitigation evidence presented, claims of intellectual disability, perpetrator age between 18 and 20 years, and murder rate. We tested these predictors for 3 years: 1994, 2004, and 2014. We selected these years for two reasons. First, when we began the project, 2014 was the most recent year for which data were available. Second, this choice allowed us to backtrack two decades to 1994, which was one of the peak years for death sentence imposition in the post-Furman, contemporary death penalty era. The year 2004 then became a midpoint year to examine what was happening between 1994 and 2014. We employed a comparison methodology for death-eligible cases, which was necessary “to ensure that what is being observed is not merely a correlate” (Gould, Carrano, Leo, & Hail-Jares, 2014, p. 479). Specifically, we split the cases into two groups: those in which the defendants were sentenced to death, and those in which defendants were spa
{"title":"ARTICLE: A Statistical Analysis of Predictors Associated with the Dramatic Decline in Death Sentences in the United States in the Last Two Decades","authors":"T. Harmon, David McCord","doi":"10.21428/b6e95092.c60df452","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21428/b6e95092.c60df452","url":null,"abstract":"The annual number of new death sentences in the United States has fallen by more than 75% in the last two decades. The current study examines 1,665 death-eligible cases from 1994, 2004, and 2014 to draw empirically based conclusions that can shed light on some significant predictors associated with this dramatic decline. The results of logistic regression models suggest that the following were consistently significant predictors of case outcomes throughout the country over time: multiple perpetrators, age of perpetrators between 18 and 20 years, number of mitigators, cases with high and low aggravation, and five formerly high-volume counties. By contrast, factors that were important predictors of case outcomes in 1994 but that became insignificant in later years were robbery-murder and limited-revenue counties; the murder rate was not significant in 1994 but became significant in later years. Allegations of intellectual disability and county population size were not significant predictors in any of the years. _______________________________________________________________________________ The number of new death sentences in the United States fell from 310 in 1994 to 73 in 2014. The media have noticed this sharp decline of more than 75% (Khadaroo, 2014; Wolf & Johnson, A Statistical Analysis of Predictors Associated with the Dramatic Decline in Death Sentences in the United States in the Last Two Decades Journal of Criminal Justice and Law: Official Journal of the Law and Public Policy Section of the Academy of Criminal Justice Sciences Volume 3, Issue 1, pp. 1-21 (2019) 2 Talia Roitberg Harmon and David McCord 2015). In this article, we examine a host of death-eligible cases to draw empirically based conclusions that illuminate some of the significant predictors of case outcome over time. We chose 10 possible predictors for hypothesis testing: level of case aggravation, robbery as an aggravator, size of county population, county financial resources, changes in five populous counties, multiple perpetrators, number of kinds of mitigation evidence presented, claims of intellectual disability, perpetrator age between 18 and 20 years, and murder rate. We tested these predictors for 3 years: 1994, 2004, and 2014. We selected these years for two reasons. First, when we began the project, 2014 was the most recent year for which data were available. Second, this choice allowed us to backtrack two decades to 1994, which was one of the peak years for death sentence imposition in the post-Furman, contemporary death penalty era. The year 2004 then became a midpoint year to examine what was happening between 1994 and 2014. We employed a comparison methodology for death-eligible cases, which was necessary “to ensure that what is being observed is not merely a correlate” (Gould, Carrano, Leo, & Hail-Jares, 2014, p. 479). Specifically, we split the cases into two groups: those in which the defendants were sentenced to death, and those in which defendants were spa","PeriodicalId":23539,"journal":{"name":"Volume 1, Issue 3","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90315434","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-06-01DOI: 10.21428/b6e95092.2c7ebdb2
Phil Marcin, Nancy E. Marion
Little academic research has been carried out on the agenda-setting process for judges, particularly in states. This study examines the rhetoric and agenda setting of judges in 47 state courts of last resort from 2005 to 2015. A content analysis of the end-of-the-year speeches delivered by the justices was performed to determine patterns and trends in rhetoric according to political party affiliation, region, proximity to the border, and method of appointment. It was discovered that the topics discussed by state chief justices did not vary over time; that agenda items differed slightly between Republican and Democratic justices; that there were limited differences between the issues discussed by judges in border and non-border states; that agenda items did not differ significantly according to region; that issues mentioned by U.S. Supreme Court justices and state justices differed; and that the method of seating justices did not influence agenda items.
{"title":"ARTICLE: Agenda Setting in State Courts of Last Resort","authors":"Phil Marcin, Nancy E. Marion","doi":"10.21428/b6e95092.2c7ebdb2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21428/b6e95092.2c7ebdb2","url":null,"abstract":"Little academic research has been carried out on the agenda-setting process for judges, particularly in states. This study examines the rhetoric and agenda setting of judges in 47 state courts of last resort from 2005 to 2015. A content analysis of the end-of-the-year speeches delivered by the justices was performed to determine patterns and trends in rhetoric according to political party affiliation, region, proximity to the border, and method of appointment. It was discovered that the topics discussed by state chief justices did not vary over time; that agenda items differed slightly between Republican and Democratic justices; that there were limited differences between the issues discussed by judges in border and non-border states; that agenda items did not differ significantly according to region; that issues mentioned by U.S. Supreme Court justices and state justices differed; and that the method of seating justices did not influence agenda items.","PeriodicalId":23539,"journal":{"name":"Volume 1, Issue 3","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75231056","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-06-01DOI: 10.21428/b6e95092.8c8ec43d
Brittany Ripper, R. Johnson
In Miller v. Alabama (2012), the United States Supreme Court held that mandatory sentences of life without parole for juveniles are unconstitutional. In Montgomery v. Louisiana (2016), the Supreme Court made this holding retroactive, leaving the states to fashion new sentencing schemes for juveniles previously sentenced to life without parole. Complicating this task is the debate around “de facto,” or virtual, life sentences, which are term-of-years sentences that extend beyond an individual’s life expectancy. This essay proposes a framework to be used for sentencing juvenile lifers in light of the Supreme Court’s opinions and the Third Circuit Court of Appeal’s decision in United States v. Grant (2018). The framework considers an individual’s life expectancy and health, the national retirement age, and the time needed to reconnect with society. The output is a liveable term-of-years sentence that allows persons sentenced to life without parole as juveniles the prospect of release and the achievement of a meaningful life in the free world. “Incorrigibility is inconsistent with youth.” — Graham v. Florida (2010). _______________________________________________________________________________ It is difficult for most of us, who have never been sentenced to prison, to truly appreciate the reality of a life sentence. “Statistics” about abstractions like a life term “don’t bleed; it is the detail which counts” (Koestler, 1945, p. 91). Without prison experience, most of us in society lack the Livable Term Sentences as Alternatives to Juvenile Life Without Parole: A Sentencing Framework Based on United States v. Grant Journal of Criminal Justice and Law: Official Journal of the Law and Public Policy Section of the Academy of Criminal Justice Sciences Volume 3, Issue 1, pp. 59-75 (2019) 60 Talia Roitberg Harmon and David McCord essential details needed to comprehend a life sentence. To most, a life sentence is just another term of punishment proclaimed by a judge or a punishment authorized by lawmakers, but for children subjected to this penalty, a life term means they will spend their entire lives in prison, a remote and alien world, until they die. Life in prison means 24 hours a day, 365 days per year, in one cage or another, among outcasts who sit ostracized from a society that is unwilling to give them a chance to show they have changed. In considerable measure a consequence of the fear of juvenile “super-predators,” the transfer of juvenile defendants to adult courts increased in the 1990s (Adams & Addie, 2009; Mauer & Nellis, 2018). One salient example of the harsh sentences meted out to juveniles in adult courts is the life-without-parole sanction. Many juveniles were sentenced to this sanction on a mandatory basis. Between 1979 and 1996 alone, the number of juveniles serving sentences of life without the possibility of parole increased from 9 to 160 (Mauer & Nellis, 2018). But, in the 2012 case of Miller v. Alabama, the United States Supreme Cou
通过遵循这一量刑框架，法院和各州可以遵守美国最高法院的规定，即只有无可救药的青少年才应被判处终身监禁，不得假释。21政府对该决定提出上诉，并于2019年2月20日由第三巡回上诉法院全院审理。第三巡回法院的决定被搁置，等待2019年10月16日在美国最高法院进行口头辩论的马蒂纳诉马尔沃案(mathea v. Malvo, 2019)的结果。2在某些情况下(例如，Jones v. Commonwealth, 2017;州诉内森案(2017年)，法院认为，最高法院的裁决仅适用于终身监禁不得假释的强制性判决，这是马蒂纳诉马尔沃案(2019年)的问题。刑事司法和法律杂志:61刑事司法科学院法律和公共政策科官方杂志
{"title":"ARTICLE: Livable Term Sentences as Alternatives to Juvenile Life Without Parole: A Sentencing Framework Based on United States v. Grant","authors":"Brittany Ripper, R. Johnson","doi":"10.21428/b6e95092.8c8ec43d","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21428/b6e95092.8c8ec43d","url":null,"abstract":"In Miller v. Alabama (2012), the United States Supreme Court held that mandatory sentences of life without parole for juveniles are unconstitutional. In Montgomery v. Louisiana (2016), the Supreme Court made this holding retroactive, leaving the states to fashion new sentencing schemes for juveniles previously sentenced to life without parole. Complicating this task is the debate around “de facto,” or virtual, life sentences, which are term-of-years sentences that extend beyond an individual’s life expectancy. This essay proposes a framework to be used for sentencing juvenile lifers in light of the Supreme Court’s opinions and the Third Circuit Court of Appeal’s decision in United States v. Grant (2018). The framework considers an individual’s life expectancy and health, the national retirement age, and the time needed to reconnect with society. The output is a liveable term-of-years sentence that allows persons sentenced to life without parole as juveniles the prospect of release and the achievement of a meaningful life in the free world. “Incorrigibility is inconsistent with youth.” — Graham v. Florida (2010). _______________________________________________________________________________ It is difficult for most of us, who have never been sentenced to prison, to truly appreciate the reality of a life sentence. “Statistics” about abstractions like a life term “don’t bleed; it is the detail which counts” (Koestler, 1945, p. 91). Without prison experience, most of us in society lack the Livable Term Sentences as Alternatives to Juvenile Life Without Parole: A Sentencing Framework Based on United States v. Grant Journal of Criminal Justice and Law: Official Journal of the Law and Public Policy Section of the Academy of Criminal Justice Sciences Volume 3, Issue 1, pp. 59-75 (2019) 60 Talia Roitberg Harmon and David McCord essential details needed to comprehend a life sentence. To most, a life sentence is just another term of punishment proclaimed by a judge or a punishment authorized by lawmakers, but for children subjected to this penalty, a life term means they will spend their entire lives in prison, a remote and alien world, until they die. Life in prison means 24 hours a day, 365 days per year, in one cage or another, among outcasts who sit ostracized from a society that is unwilling to give them a chance to show they have changed. In considerable measure a consequence of the fear of juvenile “super-predators,” the transfer of juvenile defendants to adult courts increased in the 1990s (Adams & Addie, 2009; Mauer & Nellis, 2018). One salient example of the harsh sentences meted out to juveniles in adult courts is the life-without-parole sanction. Many juveniles were sentenced to this sanction on a mandatory basis. Between 1979 and 1996 alone, the number of juveniles serving sentences of life without the possibility of parole increased from 9 to 160 (Mauer & Nellis, 2018). But, in the 2012 case of Miller v. Alabama, the United States Supreme Cou","PeriodicalId":23539,"journal":{"name":"Volume 1, Issue 3","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87022130","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Odour emissions from industrial plants affect air quality and are consequently cause of a growing number of public complaints. The control of odour represents a key issue in plant management. The starting point for an effective odour control is their objective measurement. The electronic nose represents probably the odour monitoring technique with the greatest potential, but currently there is not a universally recognized procedure for their application in the continuous characterization of environmental odours. The paper aims to present a novel procedure for training electronic noses in order to maximize their capability of operating a qualitative classification and estimating the odour concentration of ambient air. This novel approach reduces the uncertainty and increases the reliability of the continuous odour measures. The Electronic Nose (E.Nose) seedOA realized by the Sanitary Environmental Engineering Division (SEED) of the University of Salerno was applied to a real case in a large wastewater treatment plant. The papers highlights the characterization of the odour concentrations from the different treatment units and the identification of the principal odour sources.
{"title":"Environmental odour monitoring by Electronic Nose","authors":"","doi":"10.30955/gnj.002794","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30955/gnj.002794","url":null,"abstract":"Odour emissions from industrial plants affect air quality and are consequently cause of a growing number of public complaints. The control of odour represents a key issue in plant management. The starting point for an effective odour control is their objective measurement. The electronic nose represents probably the odour monitoring technique with the greatest potential, but currently there is not a universally recognized procedure for their application in the continuous characterization of environmental odours. The paper aims to present a novel procedure for training electronic noses in order to maximize their capability of operating a qualitative classification and estimating the odour concentration of ambient air. This novel approach reduces the uncertainty and increases the reliability of the continuous odour measures. The Electronic Nose (E.Nose) seedOA realized by the Sanitary Environmental Engineering Division (SEED) of the University of Salerno was applied to a real case in a large wastewater treatment plant. The papers highlights the characterization of the odour concentrations from the different treatment units and the identification of the principal odour sources. \u0000","PeriodicalId":23539,"journal":{"name":"Volume 1, Issue 3","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84117613","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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