Pub Date : 2025-01-28DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2025.110415
Stephanie Hewitt, Kapil Chousalkar, Kandarp Patel, Andrea McWhorter
Big Liver and Spleen (BLS) disease in poultry is caused by avian Hepatitis E virus (aHEV) and has been reported in poultry flocks across the world including Australia. BLS was first characterised in Australia in the 1980s but currently the prevalence of aHEV in commercial egg layer flocks is not known. How aHEV effects production performance has also not been investigated. In this study, a cross-sectional epidemiological survey was conducted across several commercial egg producing flocks. Two rearing (5 flocks) and five production farms (19 flocks) were included in the study. Blood samples were collected from 20 birds from each flock. Serum was used to evaluate the seroprevalence of aHEV. The production parameters were also investigated by comparing weekly mean egg production, weekly mortality as well as food and water consumption between seropositive and seronegative sheds. The seroprevalence of aHEV for birds sampled was 14.5 % in production and 1 % in rearing flocks. A decrease in weekly egg production (p < 0.001), increased mortality (p < 0.001) as well as food (p = 0.003) and water (p < 0.001) intake were associated with seropositive sheds. The detection of anti-avian HEV antibodies in this study and its associated influence on production parameters in layer hen flocks highlights the importance of continued surveillance and impacts of aHEV in the egg industry. Further research is required to investigate the pathophysiology of avian hepatitis E viral infection and its impact on egg production and mortality.
{"title":"Avian hepatitis E seroprevalence and its association with production parameters in layer hens","authors":"Stephanie Hewitt, Kapil Chousalkar, Kandarp Patel, Andrea McWhorter","doi":"10.1016/j.vetmic.2025.110415","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.vetmic.2025.110415","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Big Liver and Spleen (BLS) disease in poultry is caused by avian Hepatitis E virus (aHEV) and has been reported in poultry flocks across the world including Australia. BLS was first characterised in Australia in the 1980s but currently the prevalence of aHEV in commercial egg layer flocks is not known. How aHEV effects production performance has also not been investigated. In this study, a cross-sectional epidemiological survey was conducted across several commercial egg producing flocks. Two rearing (5 flocks) and five production farms (19 flocks) were included in the study. Blood samples were collected from 20 birds from each flock. Serum was used to evaluate the seroprevalence of aHEV. The production parameters were also investigated by comparing weekly mean egg production, weekly mortality as well as food and water consumption between seropositive and seronegative sheds. The seroprevalence of aHEV for birds sampled was 14.5 % in production and 1 % in rearing flocks. A decrease in weekly egg production (p < 0.001), increased mortality (p < 0.001) as well as food (p = 0.003) and water (p < 0.001) intake were associated with seropositive sheds. The detection of anti-avian HEV antibodies in this study and its associated influence on production parameters in layer hen flocks highlights the importance of continued surveillance and impacts of aHEV in the egg industry. Further research is required to investigate the pathophysiology of avian hepatitis E viral infection and its impact on egg production and mortality.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23551,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary microbiology","volume":"302 ","pages":"Article 110415"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-01-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143075725","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-01-28DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2025.110417
Jun Zhou , Fan Yang , Congsen Zheng, Yanting Chen, Meiting Chen, Qiaoer Lin, Chuanzhe Chang, Shikai Cai, Zhaoyang Sun, Hua Li, Limei Qin, Yanfeng Chen
Marek's disease virus (MDV) is an oncogenic alphaherpesvirus that infects poultry and causes fatal lymphomas in infected chickens. Notably, the mdv1-miR-M7–5p, a pivotal oncomiR encoded by MDV, is closely associated with viral replication and latency. Here, mdv1-miR-M7–5p was transfected into the chicken lymphoma cell line MSB1, which resulted in the inhibition of lymphoma cell apoptosis and an increase in lymphoma cell proliferation and migration. Additionally, the expression of the tumor suppressor genes p53 and ARRDC3 were significantly downregulated, while the MDV latency-associated genes such as ICP4 and ICP27 were significantly upregulated. The BCL2/Bax ratio was increased while the expression of genes involved in the apoptotic signaling pathway were decreased. Furthermore, our mitochondrial function experiments in MSB1 cells demonstrated that mdv1-miR-M7–5p enhanced mitochondrial ATP release and altered the mitochondrial membrane potential, thereby affecting mitochondrial function and inhibiting lymphoma cell apoptosis. Dual-luciferase assays revealed that mdv1-miR-M7–5p binds to caspase-6. For the in vivo study, a cholesterol-modified inhibitor of mdv1-miR-M7–5p was administered to chickens. Inhibition of mdv1-miR-M7–5p resulted in a lower mortality rate than that in the control groups. Furthermore, the expression levels of the cytokines interferon-gamma (IFN-γ), interleukin (IL)-4, and IL-17 in the plasma of MDV-infected chickens were significantly increased. A marked increase was observed in apoptosis in the spleen tissues, and the expression of apoptosis-related genes including caspase-3 and tumor suppressor gene PTEN in immune organs, including the spleen, bursa of Fabricius, and thymus, were markedly upregulated. In summary, the oncogenic miRNA mdv1-miR-M7–5p promotes MDV latency and may facilitate lymphoma formation by mediating the BCL2/CytC signaling pathway. This mediation enhances mitochondrial function and inhibits lymphoma cell apoptosis, thereby contributing to lymphoma development.
{"title":"OncomiR mdv1-miR-M7-5p promotes avian lymphomatosis by modulating the BCL2/Bax mitochondrial apoptosis signaling pathway","authors":"Jun Zhou , Fan Yang , Congsen Zheng, Yanting Chen, Meiting Chen, Qiaoer Lin, Chuanzhe Chang, Shikai Cai, Zhaoyang Sun, Hua Li, Limei Qin, Yanfeng Chen","doi":"10.1016/j.vetmic.2025.110417","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.vetmic.2025.110417","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Marek's disease virus (MDV) is an oncogenic alphaherpesvirus that infects poultry and causes fatal lymphomas in infected chickens. Notably, the mdv1-miR-M7–5p, a pivotal oncomiR encoded by MDV, is closely associated with viral replication and latency. Here, mdv1-miR-M7–5p was transfected into the chicken lymphoma cell line MSB1, which resulted in the inhibition of lymphoma cell apoptosis and an increase in lymphoma cell proliferation and migration. Additionally, the expression of the tumor suppressor genes p53 and ARRDC3 were significantly downregulated, while the MDV latency-associated genes such as ICP4 and ICP27 were significantly upregulated. The BCL2/Bax ratio was increased while the expression of genes involved in the apoptotic signaling pathway were decreased. Furthermore, our mitochondrial function experiments in MSB1 cells demonstrated that mdv1-miR-M7–5p enhanced mitochondrial ATP release and altered the mitochondrial membrane potential, thereby affecting mitochondrial function and inhibiting lymphoma cell apoptosis. Dual-luciferase assays revealed that mdv1-miR-M7–5p binds to caspase-6. For the <em>in vivo</em> study, a cholesterol-modified inhibitor of mdv1-miR-M7–5p was administered to chickens. Inhibition of mdv1-miR-M7–5p resulted in a lower mortality rate than that in the control groups. Furthermore, the expression levels of the cytokines interferon-gamma (<strong>IFN-γ</strong>), interleukin (<strong>IL</strong>)-4, and IL-17 in the plasma of MDV-infected chickens were significantly increased. A marked increase was observed in apoptosis in the spleen tissues, and the expression of apoptosis-related genes including caspase-3 and tumor suppressor gene PTEN in immune organs, including the spleen, bursa of Fabricius, and thymus, were markedly upregulated. In summary, the oncogenic miRNA mdv1-miR-M7–5p promotes MDV latency and may facilitate lymphoma formation by mediating the BCL2/CytC signaling pathway. This mediation enhances mitochondrial function and inhibits lymphoma cell apoptosis, thereby contributing to lymphoma development.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23551,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary microbiology","volume":"302 ","pages":"Article 110417"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-01-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143075729","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) causes significant economic losses to the swine industry worldwide. Despite numerous studies on this virus, the molecular mechanisms underlying PRRSV infection remain unclear. Enhancer of mRNA decapping 3 (EDC3) is a crucial scaffold protein for P-body assembly that stimulates mRNA decapping by alleviating self-inhibition of the DCP1/2 decapping complex. In this study, we investigated the impact of EDC3 on PRRSV proliferation, as well as its influence on three key adaptor proteins of the innate immune system: Toll-like receptor interleukin-1 receptor domain-containing adaptor inducing interferon-β (TRIF), mitochondrial antiviral signaling protein (MAVs), and myeloid differentiation factor 88 (MyD88). Western blotting and quantitative real-time PCR assays showed that EDC3 overexpression in both Marc-145 and PAM-CD163 cells significantly inhibited transcription of the PRRSV N gene and expression of the N protein. Conversely, knockdown of EDC3 expression in these cells significantly promoted the transcription of the PRRSV N gene and expression of the N protein. Furthermore, our results demonstrated that EDC3 overexpression significantly enhanced the expression of MyD88, whereas the inhibition of EDC3 expression led to a reduction in this process. In contrast, EDC3 did not effectively promote the increase in protein levels of TRIF and MAVs. In conclusion, the P-body EDC3 protein suppresses PRRSV proliferation and function by upregulating MyD88. This work is the first to report the mechanism of action of EDC3 against PRRSV, providing ideas for studying antiviral innate immunity.
{"title":"EDC3 protein of P-body suppresses PRRSV proliferation and functions by upregulating MyD88","authors":"Yiran Wang, Changhong Li, Qiaomu Deng, Xuan Hu, Jing Zhao, Hongxing Yang, Guilan Wen","doi":"10.1016/j.vetmic.2025.110414","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.vetmic.2025.110414","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) causes significant economic losses to the swine industry worldwide. Despite numerous studies on this virus, the molecular mechanisms underlying PRRSV infection remain unclear. Enhancer of mRNA decapping 3 (EDC3) is a crucial scaffold protein for P-body assembly that stimulates mRNA decapping by alleviating self-inhibition of the DCP1/2 decapping complex. In this study, we investigated the impact of EDC3 on PRRSV proliferation, as well as its influence on three key adaptor proteins of the innate immune system: Toll-like receptor interleukin-1 receptor domain-containing adaptor inducing interferon-β (TRIF), mitochondrial antiviral signaling protein (MAVs), and myeloid differentiation factor 88 (MyD88). Western blotting and quantitative real-time PCR assays showed that EDC3 overexpression in both Marc-145 and PAM-CD163 cells significantly inhibited transcription of the PRRSV <em>N</em> gene and expression of the N protein. Conversely, knockdown of EDC3 expression in these cells significantly promoted the transcription of the PRRSV <em>N</em> gene and expression of the N protein. Furthermore, our results demonstrated that EDC3 overexpression significantly enhanced the expression of MyD88, whereas the inhibition of EDC3 expression led to a reduction in this process. In contrast, EDC3 did not effectively promote the increase in protein levels of TRIF and MAVs. In conclusion, the P-body EDC3 protein suppresses PRRSV proliferation and function by upregulating MyD88. This work is the first to report the mechanism of action of EDC3 against PRRSV, providing ideas for studying antiviral innate immunity.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23551,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary microbiology","volume":"302 ","pages":"Article 110414"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-01-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143378010","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-01-28DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2025.110418
Bin Ma , Yanxi Wan , Ran Zhuo , Huimin Gong , Yuan Gao , Rui Luo , Xueying Hu , Kexin Hua , Yuncai Xiao , Hui Jin
Glaesserella parasuis (GPS) is the causative agent of Glässer’s disease, leading to significant economic losses in the global swine industry. During post-mortem inspection, the main observation in pigs affected by Glässer's disease is the presence of serofibrinous or fibrinopurulent exudate on the mucosal surface. Nevertheless, the mechanism by which fibrinogen is converted into a fibrin clot during Glässer's disease is not fully understood. In this study, we discovered in the liver, lung, and kidney, that GPS infection upregulates the expression of tissue transglutaminase (tTG) and promotes the co-localization of tTG with fibrin. In porcine aortic endothelial cells, knockdown of tTG significantly reduced fibrinogen cross-linking and pro-inflammatory factor production after GPS infection. In addition, in investigating the mechanism of tTG upregulation by GPS infection, inhibitor assays revealed the involvement of the NF-κB signaling pathway in the upregulation of tTG expression during GPS infection. Further data from dual-luciferase assays and chromatin immunoprecipitation confirmed that phosphorylated p65 binding to the tTG promoter sequences increased tTG expression and the specific binding site was discovered at GACCTTCCCT (-1082 to −1072 bp), AGGGAAATTG (-807 to −797 bp), and TAAGTTCCCC (+22 to +32 bp). The above results indicate that GPS infection may promote the cross-linking of fibrinogen by tTG, thereby mediating exudative fibrinous inflammation, providing new insights into the pathogenesis of GPS infection, and suggesting potential molecular targets for therapeutic intervention.
{"title":"Glaesserella parasuis induces tissue transglutaminase-mediated fibrinogen crosslinking through NF-κB activation","authors":"Bin Ma , Yanxi Wan , Ran Zhuo , Huimin Gong , Yuan Gao , Rui Luo , Xueying Hu , Kexin Hua , Yuncai Xiao , Hui Jin","doi":"10.1016/j.vetmic.2025.110418","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.vetmic.2025.110418","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div><em>Glaesserella parasuis</em> (GPS) is the causative agent of Glässer’s disease, leading to significant economic losses in the global swine industry. During post-mortem inspection, the main observation in pigs affected by Glässer's disease is the presence of serofibrinous or fibrinopurulent exudate on the mucosal surface. Nevertheless, the mechanism by which fibrinogen is converted into a fibrin clot during Glässer's disease is not fully understood. In this study, we discovered in the liver, lung, and kidney, that GPS infection upregulates the expression of tissue transglutaminase (tTG) and promotes the co-localization of tTG with fibrin. In porcine aortic endothelial cells, knockdown of tTG significantly reduced fibrinogen cross-linking and pro-inflammatory factor production after GPS infection. In addition, in investigating the mechanism of tTG upregulation by GPS infection, inhibitor assays revealed the involvement of the NF-κB signaling pathway in the upregulation of tTG expression during GPS infection. Further data from dual-luciferase assays and chromatin immunoprecipitation confirmed that phosphorylated p65 binding to the tTG promoter sequences increased tTG expression and the specific binding site was discovered at GACCTTCCCT (-1082 to −1072 bp), AGGGAAATTG (-807 to −797 bp), and TAAGTTCCCC (+22 to +32 bp). The above results indicate that GPS infection may promote the cross-linking of fibrinogen by tTG, thereby mediating exudative fibrinous inflammation, providing new insights into the pathogenesis of GPS infection, and suggesting potential molecular targets for therapeutic intervention.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23551,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary microbiology","volume":"302 ","pages":"Article 110418"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-01-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143207982","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-01-27DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2025.110412
Pengfei Shi , Zhihao Wang , Wei Sheng , Zhichen Wang , Sheng Wang , Chengguang Zhang , Ling Zhao , Jiahui Zou , Hongbo Zhou
Canine distemper virus (CDV) causes a highly contagious and fatal disease in domestic and wild carnivores. Currently, vaccination is the primary method for preventing canine distemper. However, incidents of vaccine immunization failures continue to be reported. There are no specific and effective treatment agents available for canine distemper infection. Neutralizing antibodies offer a potential approach for the treatment of viral diseases. In this study, single B cell antibody technology was applied to obtain whole-canine antibodies against CDV. 7 monoclonal antibodies were screened and showed high binding affinity to CDV hemagglutinin (H) protein, with D16 and F53 exhibited high specificity and neutralizing activity against CDV. Furthermore, D16 exhibited effective therapeutic potential in dogs subjected to lethal dose CDV attacks in vivo. In conclusion, our study offers an alternative approach for acquiring neutralizing antibody and provides a promising new strategy for the treatment of CDV infection.
{"title":"Whole-canine neutralizing antibodies generated by single B cell antibody technology elicit therapeutic protection against canine distemper virus infection","authors":"Pengfei Shi , Zhihao Wang , Wei Sheng , Zhichen Wang , Sheng Wang , Chengguang Zhang , Ling Zhao , Jiahui Zou , Hongbo Zhou","doi":"10.1016/j.vetmic.2025.110412","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.vetmic.2025.110412","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Canine distemper virus (CDV) causes a highly contagious and fatal disease in domestic and wild carnivores. Currently, vaccination is the primary method for preventing canine distemper. However, incidents of vaccine immunization failures continue to be reported. There are no specific and effective treatment agents available for canine distemper infection. Neutralizing antibodies offer a potential approach for the treatment of viral diseases. In this study, single B cell antibody technology was applied to obtain whole-canine antibodies against CDV. 7 monoclonal antibodies were screened and showed high binding affinity to CDV hemagglutinin (H) protein, with D16 and F53 exhibited high specificity and neutralizing activity against CDV. Furthermore, D16 exhibited effective therapeutic potential in dogs subjected to lethal dose CDV attacks <em>in vivo</em>. In conclusion, our study offers an alternative approach for acquiring neutralizing antibody and provides a promising new strategy for the treatment of CDV infection.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23551,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary microbiology","volume":"302 ","pages":"Article 110412"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-01-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143081192","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-01-26DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2025.110410
Mengjiao Guo , Haonan Wang , Hao Zhang , Zongyi Bo , Chengcheng Zhang , Xiaorong Zhang , Yantao Wu
Infectious coryza (IC) is a respiratory disease in poultry caused by Avibacterium paragallinarum (Av. paragallinarum). The disease caused growth retardation in broilers and reduced egg production in laying hens, resulting in significant economic losses to the global chicken industry. The biofilm is an important virulence factor for many bacterial pathogens, yet there is a paucity of research on the biofilm of Av. paragallinarum. This study aimed to construct a random mutant library of Av. paragallinarum using the Tn5-Kan transposon to identify genes involved in biofilm formation. A total of approximately 3000 mutants were obtained, and 38 of them demonstrated a reduction in biofilm formation of 70–90 % by crystal violet staining. The transposon insertion sites were further determined by chromosome walking, and 17 functional genes related to biofilm formation were identified. According to the functional analysis of the mutated genes, 14 mutants with mutated genes associated with energy metabolism, cell membrane formation, gene transcription and translation, and material transmembrane transport were screened to further explore their biological characteristics and pathogenicity in vivo and in vitro. The results indicated that the growth performance, resistance to disinfectants, adhesion and invasion ability to DF-1 cells and pathogenicity of the 14 mutants were reduced. The 14 mutants displayed increased sensitivity to antibiotics but did not show significant changes in hemagglutination titer or antiserum bactericidal ability. It is noteworthy that the M-76 mutant exhibited a marked reduction in pathogenicity. Following challenge, the experimental chickens did not present any clinical symptoms or pathological changes for a period of seven days, and the respiratory tract bacterial shedding was also the lowest. This indicates that a deficiency in biofilm formation reduces the pathogenicity of Av. paragallinarum. This study will contribute to our understanding of the molecular mechanism of biofilm formation of Av. paragallinarum and further study the pathogenesis of Av. paragallinarum.
{"title":"Identifcation of the genes involved in biofilm formation of Avibacterium paragallinarum using random transposon mutagenesis","authors":"Mengjiao Guo , Haonan Wang , Hao Zhang , Zongyi Bo , Chengcheng Zhang , Xiaorong Zhang , Yantao Wu","doi":"10.1016/j.vetmic.2025.110410","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.vetmic.2025.110410","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Infectious coryza (IC) is a respiratory disease in poultry caused by <em>Avibacterium paragallinarum</em> (<em>Av. paragallinarum</em>). The disease caused growth retardation in broilers and reduced egg production in laying hens, resulting in significant economic losses to the global chicken industry. The biofilm is an important virulence factor for many bacterial pathogens, yet there is a paucity of research on the biofilm of <em>Av. paragallinarum</em>. This study aimed to construct a random mutant library of <em>Av. paragallinarum</em> using the Tn5-Kan transposon to identify genes involved in biofilm formation. A total of approximately 3000 mutants were obtained, and 38 of them demonstrated a reduction in biofilm formation of 70–90 % by crystal violet staining. The transposon insertion sites were further determined by chromosome walking, and 17 functional genes related to biofilm formation were identified. According to the functional analysis of the mutated genes, 14 mutants with mutated genes associated with energy metabolism, cell membrane formation, gene transcription and translation, and material transmembrane transport were screened to further explore their biological characteristics and pathogenicity <em>in vivo</em> and in <em>vitro</em>. The results indicated that the growth performance, resistance to disinfectants, adhesion and invasion ability to DF-1 cells and pathogenicity of the 14 mutants were reduced. The 14 mutants displayed increased sensitivity to antibiotics but did not show significant changes in hemagglutination titer or antiserum bactericidal ability. It is noteworthy that the M-76 mutant exhibited a marked reduction in pathogenicity. Following challenge, the experimental chickens did not present any clinical symptoms or pathological changes for a period of seven days, and the respiratory tract bacterial shedding was also the lowest. This indicates that a deficiency in biofilm formation reduces the pathogenicity of <em>Av. paragallinarum</em>. This study will contribute to our understanding of the molecular mechanism of biofilm formation of <em>Av. paragallinarum</em> and further study the pathogenesis of <em>Av. paragallinarum</em>.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23551,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary microbiology","volume":"302 ","pages":"Article 110410"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-01-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143075728","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Mycobacterium leprae (M. leprae) is a globally distributed intracellular pathogen that causes human leprosy. For many years, M. leprae has been considered a human-only pathogen. However, the discovery of infected armadillos (Dasypus novemcinctus) has led to studies into its presence in animals. Many questions regarding leprosy remain unanswered, such as the epidemiological role of the environment and animals in maintaining of the disease. Thus, the objective of this study was to identify M. leprae in wild animals in Brazil. Samples from 105 wild animals of different species were analyzed using polymerase chain reaction of the RLEP region to detect M. leprae in biological samples. M. leprae was detected in 13 samples (12.3 %) from animals in the orders Artiodactyla, Carnivora, Cingulata, Pilosa, Primates and Rodentia. Eight samples were sequenced and they had 100 % identity to microorganisms of the same species. This study identified different species of wild animals infected with M. leprae in a region hyperendemic for leprosy, demonstrating that these animals may play important roles in the epidemiology and in maintaining the disease.
{"title":"Diagnosis of Mycobacterium leprae in free-living animals in a hyperendemic area in Brazil","authors":"Beatriz Silva Nogueira , Maerle Oliveira Maia , Fernanda Harumi Maruyama , Thaís Rabelo dos Santos-Doni , Edson Moleta Colodel , Richard de Campos Pacheco , Luciano Nakazato , Valéria Dutra","doi":"10.1016/j.vetmic.2025.110408","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.vetmic.2025.110408","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div><em>Mycobacterium leprae</em> (<em>M. leprae</em>) is a globally distributed intracellular pathogen that causes human leprosy. For many years, <em>M. leprae</em> has been considered a human-only pathogen. However, the discovery of infected armadillos (<em>Dasypus novemcinctus</em>) has led to studies into its presence in animals. Many questions regarding leprosy remain unanswered, such as the epidemiological role of the environment and animals in maintaining of the disease. Thus, the objective of this study was to identify <em>M. leprae</em> in wild animals in Brazil. Samples from 105 wild animals of different species were analyzed using polymerase chain reaction of the RLEP region to detect <em>M. leprae</em> in biological samples. <em>M. leprae</em> was detected in 13 samples (12.3 %) from animals in the orders Artiodactyla, Carnivora, Cingulata, Pilosa, Primates and Rodentia. Eight samples were sequenced and they had 100 % identity to microorganisms of the same species. This study identified different species of wild animals infected with <em>M. leprae</em> in a region hyperendemic for leprosy, demonstrating that these animals may play important roles in the epidemiology and in maintaining the disease.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23551,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary microbiology","volume":"302 ","pages":"Article 110408"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-01-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143075726","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-01-25DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2025.110407
Jiahua Liang , Ke Qin , Ning Xiao , Yingying Zhao , Ruiying Han , Jinhan Wang , Jiahan Liu , Huicheng Lu , Xiaoli Wang , Fuxian Yu , Xiaochuan Tang
Because of the vertical transmission of avian leukosis virus subgroup J (ALV-J), control of ALV-J in breed of chicken is still a serious issue. Blocking vertical transmission using antibodies is a potential strategy, but its high cost limits its application. We artificially designed recombinant nanobody (Nb) and efficiently expressed and secreted them in three primary chicken cells cultured in vitro by adenovirus delivery. We found that secreted the Nb could reduce the infection of cells by ALV-J. Moreover, we prepared transgenic chimeric chickens expressing Nb and found that the Nb reduced the infection and vertical transmission of ALV-J to chickens. In particular, transgenic chimeric hens expressing high concentration of the Nb eliminated vertical transmission of the virus. Collectively, current study provides new avenues for the control of ALV-J transmission.
由于禽白血病病毒 J 亚群（ALV-J）具有垂直传播性，因此在鸡种中控制 ALV-J 仍是一个严峻的问题。使用抗体阻断垂直传播是一种潜在的策略，但其高昂的成本限制了其应用。我们人工设计了重组纳米抗体（Nb），并通过腺病毒递送在体外培养的三个原代鸡细胞中高效表达和分泌。我们发现，分泌的 Nb 可减少 ALV-J 对细胞的感染。此外，我们还制备了表达 Nb 的转基因嵌合鸡，发现 Nb 可减少 ALV-J 对鸡的感染和垂直传播。特别是，表达高浓度 Nb 的转基因嵌合母鸡消除了病毒的垂直传播。总之，目前的研究为控制 ALV-J 的传播提供了新的途径。
{"title":"Recombinant nanobody expressed by transgenic chimeric chickens eliminated vertical transmission of avian leukosis virus subgroup J","authors":"Jiahua Liang , Ke Qin , Ning Xiao , Yingying Zhao , Ruiying Han , Jinhan Wang , Jiahan Liu , Huicheng Lu , Xiaoli Wang , Fuxian Yu , Xiaochuan Tang","doi":"10.1016/j.vetmic.2025.110407","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.vetmic.2025.110407","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Because of the vertical transmission of avian leukosis virus subgroup J (ALV-J), control of ALV-J in breed of chicken is still a serious issue. Blocking vertical transmission using antibodies is a potential strategy, but its high cost limits its application. We artificially designed recombinant nanobody (Nb) and efficiently expressed and secreted them in three primary chicken cells cultured in vitro by adenovirus delivery. We found that secreted the Nb could reduce the infection of cells by ALV-J. Moreover, we prepared transgenic chimeric chickens expressing Nb and found that the Nb reduced the infection and vertical transmission of ALV-J to chickens. In particular, transgenic chimeric hens expressing high concentration of the Nb eliminated vertical transmission of the virus. Collectively, current study provides new avenues for the control of ALV-J transmission.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23551,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary microbiology","volume":"302 ","pages":"Article 110407"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-01-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143053586","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-01-25DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2025.110406
Wei Zhao , Jia Su , Qinghong Xue , Jie Gao , Hongxu Bai , Yueyi Gao , Xiaochun Chen , Weijie Liu , Dongdong Liu , Guohua Wang , Xiangmei Zhou
Foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) is a highly contagious picornavirus that poses a serious threat to the global livestock industry. This study aimed to investigate the impact of FMDV infection on the memory immune response in pigs and to analyze the role of type II interferon (IFN-γ) in this process. By comparing pigs artificially infected with FMDV and those vaccinated with inactivated FMDV vaccine, we found that FMDV infection significantly suppressed the development of memory T helper (Th) and B cell populations, affecting the memory immune response. Further experiments showed that pretreatment with IFN-γ could counteract the immunosuppression caused by FMDV, and this counteraction was achieved by promoting the expression of three transcription factors: T-bet, Eomes, and Bcl-6. Our findings emphasize the key role of IFN-γ in regulating the host's immune response to FMDV infection and provide new scientific evidence for the development of effective FMDV vaccines.
{"title":"Impact of foot-and-mouth disease virus on memory T and B cell populations in swine","authors":"Wei Zhao , Jia Su , Qinghong Xue , Jie Gao , Hongxu Bai , Yueyi Gao , Xiaochun Chen , Weijie Liu , Dongdong Liu , Guohua Wang , Xiangmei Zhou","doi":"10.1016/j.vetmic.2025.110406","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.vetmic.2025.110406","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) is a highly contagious picornavirus that poses a serious threat to the global livestock industry. This study aimed to investigate the impact of FMDV infection on the memory immune response in pigs and to analyze the role of type II interferon (IFN-γ) in this process. By comparing pigs artificially infected with FMDV and those vaccinated with inactivated FMDV vaccine, we found that FMDV infection significantly suppressed the development of memory T helper (Th) and B cell populations, affecting the memory immune response. Further experiments showed that pretreatment with IFN-γ could counteract the immunosuppression caused by FMDV, and this counteraction was achieved by promoting the expression of three transcription factors: T-bet, Eomes, and Bcl-6. Our findings emphasize the key role of IFN-γ in regulating the host's immune response to FMDV infection and provide new scientific evidence for the development of effective FMDV vaccines.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23551,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary microbiology","volume":"302 ","pages":"Article 110406"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-01-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143145620","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-01-24DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2025.110405
Beatriz Cardoso , Sabrina Castro-Scholten , Roser Velarde , Salvador Rejón-Segura , Remigio Martínez , Ana M. Lopes , Lorena Pereira , Kevin P. Dalton , Andrea Menéndez-Manjón , Josep Estruch , Vanesa Alzaga , Jacinto Román , Juan José Luque-Larena , François Mougeot , Carlos Rouco , Ignacio García-Bocanegra
We investigated the circulation of myxoma viruses (MYXV) in European hare (Lepus europaeus) populations from Spain. A total of 140 individuals were sampled through passive and active surveillance from 2018 to 2024. Myxoma virus DNA was confirmed in two out of 114 (1.8 %, CI 95 %=0.2–6.2) hares analysed by PCR. One was infected with the classic MYXV strain, and the other with the recombinant ha-MYXV strain. This is the first report of ha-MYXV infection in a European hare. A commercial indirect ELISA detected antibodies against MYXV in 3.2 % (4/126; CI 95 %=0.9–7.9) of animals tested. Both molecular and serological results suggest occasional transmissions of MYXV from sympatric European rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus) and/or Iberian hares (Lepus granatensis) to European hares. These sporadic infections appear to be scattered across time and space, predominantly in areas where lagomorph species overlap. Because European hares appear to be immunologically naïve to MYXV, another recombination event could have a significant impact on populations, similar to what occurred with Iberian hares. This study highlights the importance of enhancing our understanding of MYXV epidemiology in wild lagomorph species through large-scale monitoring efforts.
{"title":"Epidemiological surveillance of myxoma virus in European hares (Lepus europaeus) in the Iberian Peninsula: First evidence of infection by the emerging ha-MYXV","authors":"Beatriz Cardoso , Sabrina Castro-Scholten , Roser Velarde , Salvador Rejón-Segura , Remigio Martínez , Ana M. Lopes , Lorena Pereira , Kevin P. Dalton , Andrea Menéndez-Manjón , Josep Estruch , Vanesa Alzaga , Jacinto Román , Juan José Luque-Larena , François Mougeot , Carlos Rouco , Ignacio García-Bocanegra","doi":"10.1016/j.vetmic.2025.110405","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.vetmic.2025.110405","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>We investigated the circulation of myxoma viruses (MYXV) in European hare (<em>Lepus europaeus</em>) populations from Spain. A total of 140 individuals were sampled through passive and active surveillance from 2018 to 2024. Myxoma virus DNA was confirmed in two out of 114 (1.8 %, CI 95 %=0.2–6.2) hares analysed by PCR. One was infected with the classic MYXV strain, and the other with the recombinant ha-MYXV strain. This is the first report of ha-MYXV infection in a European hare. A commercial indirect ELISA detected antibodies against MYXV in 3.2 % (4/126; CI 95 %=0.9–7.9) of animals tested. Both molecular and serological results suggest occasional transmissions of MYXV from sympatric European rabbits (<em>Oryctolagus cuniculus</em>) and/or Iberian hares (<em>Lepus granatensis</em>) to European hares. These sporadic infections appear to be scattered across time and space, predominantly in areas where lagomorph species overlap. Because European hares appear to be immunologically naïve to MYXV, another recombination event could have a significant impact on populations, similar to what occurred with Iberian hares. This study highlights the importance of enhancing our understanding of MYXV epidemiology in wild lagomorph species through large-scale monitoring efforts.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23551,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary microbiology","volume":"302 ","pages":"Article 110405"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-01-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143075727","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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