Pub Date : 2026-01-01Epub Date: 2025-11-08DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2025.110780
Amanda Carvalho Rosado Ferreira , Mariana Fernandes de Moura , Isabela Maki Sato , Anna Cecília Trolesi Reis Borges Costa , Thales Quedi Furian , Marcos Rogério André , Renato Gregorin , Elaine Maria Seles Dorneles
The bats have stood out for their flexibility and adaptation to urban centers; moreover, are described as potential carriers of pathogens, which altogether raises One health concerns. Therefore, the presence of potentially pathogenic bacteria (Salmonella spp., Leptospira spp., Bartonella spp., Yersinia enterocolitica, Staphylococcus aureus, Rickettsia spp., Pasteurella multocida, Coxiella burnetii, and Listeria monocytogenes) in bat species in Brazil was investigated. A total of 283 bat liver samples belonging to 78 bat species from six Brazilian states were retrieved from the Mammal Collection of the Federal University of Lavras. DNA was extracted from liver samples and tested for the presence of the described pathogens using PCR and qPCR techniques. The results showed that 5.65 % of the bats were positive for at least one pathogen, with the most commonly observed being Salmonella spp. and Y. enterocolitica. The positive samples were mainly from Minas Gerais state, with a higher prevalence in males and aerial insectivorous species. These results highlight the importance of monitoring these mammals as potential vectors/reservoirs of zoonotic pathogens and contribute to a broader understanding of the role of bats for public and animal health.
{"title":"Molecular evaluation of zoonotic bacterial pathogens in high diversity of bats from Brazil","authors":"Amanda Carvalho Rosado Ferreira , Mariana Fernandes de Moura , Isabela Maki Sato , Anna Cecília Trolesi Reis Borges Costa , Thales Quedi Furian , Marcos Rogério André , Renato Gregorin , Elaine Maria Seles Dorneles","doi":"10.1016/j.vetmic.2025.110780","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.vetmic.2025.110780","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The bats have stood out for their flexibility and adaptation to urban centers; moreover, are described as potential carriers of pathogens, which altogether raises One health concerns. Therefore, the presence of potentially pathogenic bacteria (<em>Salmonella</em> spp., <em>Leptospira</em> spp., <em>Bartonella</em> spp., <em>Yersinia enterocolitica</em>, <em>Staphylococcus aureus</em>, <em>Rickettsia</em> spp., <em>Pasteurella multocida</em>, <em>Coxiella burnetii</em>, and <em>Listeria monocytogenes</em>) in bat species in Brazil was investigated. A total of 283 bat liver samples belonging to 78 bat species from six Brazilian states were retrieved from the Mammal Collection of the Federal University of Lavras. DNA was extracted from liver samples and tested for the presence of the described pathogens using PCR and qPCR techniques. The results showed that 5.65 % of the bats were positive for at least one pathogen, with the most commonly observed being <em>Salmonella</em> spp. and <em>Y. enterocolitica</em>. The positive samples were mainly from Minas Gerais state, with a higher prevalence in males and aerial insectivorous species. These results highlight the importance of monitoring these mammals as potential vectors/reservoirs of zoonotic pathogens and contribute to a broader understanding of the role of bats for public and animal health.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23551,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary microbiology","volume":"312 ","pages":"Article 110780"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145519021","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-01Epub Date: 2025-11-11DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2025.110793
Camila Pachêco Gomes , Lucas Santana Coelho da Silva , Bruna Carolina de Brito Guimarães , Manoel Neres Santos Júnior , Maysa Santos Barbosa , Beatriz Almeida Sampaio , Jorge Timenetsky , Bruno Lopes Bastos , Lucas Miranda Marques
Mycoplasma bovis is an important pathogen that affects cattle worldwide. This study aimed to construct and evaluate the antigenicity and immunogenicity of recombinant chimeric proteins containing exclusive M. bovis epitopes. The non-redundant proteomes of M. bovis in UniProt were analyzed using the programs PsortB, TopCons, Cello2GO, BepiPred, LbTope, and IEDB, which resulted in the selection of B-cell epitopes. For the selection of T-cell epitopes, bovine alleles present in IPD were analyzed in NetMHCIIPan with previously selected M. bovis proteins. Using the chosen epitopes, two chimeric proteins (PQ1Mb and PQ2Mb) were constructed, which were expressed in E. coli BL21 Tuner (DE3) induced by Isopropyl β-D-1-tiogalactopiranosídeo (IPTG) at 18°C (PQ1Mb) and in E. coli BL21 (DE3) in auto-inducing medium at 25°C (PQ2Mb), using the pET-28a(+) vector. Antigenicity was confirmed through a Dot blot. Subsequently, Gir breed cows were immunized with the purified proteins and Montanide ISA 61 VG adjuvant, in two doses 30 days apart. The results demonstrate that the proteins induced antibody production. The avidity of the antibodies was also assessed, where the amount required to dissociate 50 % of the antibody in animals after vaccination ranged from 2.5 to 5.4 M of ammonium thiocyanate. Thus, the high specificity of these chimeric antigens suggests their potential for developing an effective vaccine against M. bovis and for improving immunodiagnostic testing.
{"title":"Construction and immunological characterization of two chimeric proteins built from the Mycoplasma bovis genome","authors":"Camila Pachêco Gomes , Lucas Santana Coelho da Silva , Bruna Carolina de Brito Guimarães , Manoel Neres Santos Júnior , Maysa Santos Barbosa , Beatriz Almeida Sampaio , Jorge Timenetsky , Bruno Lopes Bastos , Lucas Miranda Marques","doi":"10.1016/j.vetmic.2025.110793","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.vetmic.2025.110793","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div><em>Mycoplasma bovis</em> is an important pathogen that affects cattle worldwide. This study aimed to construct and evaluate the antigenicity and immunogenicity of recombinant chimeric proteins containing exclusive <em>M. bovis</em> epitopes. The non-redundant proteomes of <em>M. bovis</em> in UniProt were analyzed using the programs PsortB, TopCons, Cello2GO, BepiPred, LbTope, and IEDB, which resulted in the selection of B-cell epitopes. For the selection of T-cell epitopes, bovine alleles present in IPD were analyzed in NetMHCIIPan with previously selected <em>M. bovis</em> proteins. Using the chosen epitopes, two chimeric proteins (PQ1Mb and PQ2Mb) were constructed, which were expressed in <em>E. coli</em> BL21 Tuner (DE3) induced by Isopropyl β-D-1-tiogalactopiranosídeo (IPTG) at 18°C (PQ1Mb) and in <em>E. coli</em> BL21 (DE3) in auto-inducing medium at 25°C (PQ2Mb), using the pET-28a(+) vector. Antigenicity was confirmed through a Dot blot. Subsequently, Gir breed cows were immunized with the purified proteins and Montanide ISA 61 VG adjuvant, in two doses 30 days apart. The results demonstrate that the proteins induced antibody production. The avidity of the antibodies was also assessed, where the amount required to dissociate 50 % of the antibody in animals after vaccination ranged from 2.5 to 5.4 M of ammonium thiocyanate. Thus, the high specificity of these chimeric antigens suggests their potential for developing an effective vaccine against <em>M. bovis</em> and for improving immunodiagnostic testing.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23551,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary microbiology","volume":"312 ","pages":"Article 110793"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145519019","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-01Epub Date: 2025-12-09DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2025.110831
Subarna Barua , Asfiha Tarannum , Laura Huber , Leslie A. Easterwood , Binu Velayudhan , Bibiana Petri Da Silveira , Ben Enyetornye , Noah D. Cohen , Kiril M. Dimitrov , Erika R. Schwarz , Alex Awtrey , Erin Groover , Suchita Barua , Maria Naskou , Chengming Wang
Over the past decade, newly identified equine hepatotropic flavi- and parvoviruses, such as equine parvovirus-hepatitis (EqPV-H) and equine hepacivirus (EqHV), have generated considerable scientific and clinical interest. Pegiviruses, including Pegivirus (P.) caballi and P. equi, are also recognized and known to frequently cause persistent infections. However, comprehensive epidemiological data in the United States remain limited. This study analyzed 1195 equine serum samples collected from university-owned horses and diagnostic submissions across Alabama, Georgia, and Texas. Quantitative PCR assays were conducted to detect EqPV-H, EqHV, P. caballi, and P. equi. EqPV-H was the most prevalent virus, detected in 19.3 % (231/1195) of samples, significantly higher than EqHV at 5.6 % (67/1195) and pegiviruses (P. caballi and P. equi combined) at 1.8 % (22/1195). EqPV-H-positive horses also exhibited significantly higher viral loads compared to animals positive for EqHV or pegiviruses. Demographic analysis revealed that EqPV-H-positive horses were significantly older, and male horses had 1.62 times the odds of infection compared to females. Breed-specific associations were also identified: Tennessee Walking Horses had higher odds of EqPV-H positivity (OR = 2.46), while Quarter Horses (OR = 4.16) and Thoroughbreds (OR = 9.64) showed increased odds of testing positive for EqHV. Viral sequences identified in this study were similar to the reported ones in the United States and other regions. This largest molecular survey highlights the widespread distribution of EqPV-H and EqHV in horses in the United States and underscores the importance of continued surveillance, particularly in high-risk breeds and settings. The data provides a foundation for developing preventive strategies and understanding of the epidemiology and potential clinical impact of these important equine viruses.
{"title":"Epidemiology and risk factors of equine parvovirus-hepatitis, hepacivirus, Pegivirus caballi, and Pegivirus equi in horses from the Southern United States","authors":"Subarna Barua , Asfiha Tarannum , Laura Huber , Leslie A. Easterwood , Binu Velayudhan , Bibiana Petri Da Silveira , Ben Enyetornye , Noah D. Cohen , Kiril M. Dimitrov , Erika R. Schwarz , Alex Awtrey , Erin Groover , Suchita Barua , Maria Naskou , Chengming Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.vetmic.2025.110831","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.vetmic.2025.110831","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Over the past decade, newly identified equine hepatotropic flavi- and parvoviruses, such as equine parvovirus-hepatitis (EqPV-H) and equine hepacivirus (EqHV), have generated considerable scientific and clinical interest. Pegiviruses, including <em>Pegivirus</em> (<em>P.</em>) <em>caballi</em> and <em>P. equi</em>, are also recognized and known to frequently cause persistent infections. However, comprehensive epidemiological data in the United States remain limited. This study analyzed 1195 equine serum samples collected from university-owned horses and diagnostic submissions across Alabama, Georgia, and Texas. Quantitative PCR assays were conducted to detect EqPV-H, EqHV, <em>P. caballi</em>, and <em>P. equi</em>. EqPV-H was the most prevalent virus, detected in 19.3 % (231/1195) of samples, significantly higher than EqHV at 5.6 % (67/1195) and pegiviruses (<em>P. caballi</em> and <em>P. equi</em> combined) at 1.8 % (22/1195). EqPV-H-positive horses also exhibited significantly higher viral loads compared to animals positive for EqHV or pegiviruses. Demographic analysis revealed that EqPV-H-positive horses were significantly older, and male horses had 1.62 times the odds of infection compared to females. Breed-specific associations were also identified: Tennessee Walking Horses had higher odds of EqPV-H positivity (OR = 2.46), while Quarter Horses (OR = 4.16) and Thoroughbreds (OR = 9.64) showed increased odds of testing positive for EqHV. Viral sequences identified in this study were similar to the reported ones in the United States and other regions. This largest molecular survey highlights the widespread distribution of EqPV-H and EqHV in horses in the United States and underscores the importance of continued surveillance, particularly in high-risk breeds and settings. The data provides a foundation for developing preventive strategies and understanding of the epidemiology and potential clinical impact of these important equine viruses.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23551,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary microbiology","volume":"312 ","pages":"Article 110831"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145736892","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-01Epub Date: 2025-12-16DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2025.110840
Leonardo Teófilo Toledo , Richard Costa Polveiro , Abelardo Silva-Júnior , Maria Aparecida Scatamburlo Moreira , Fernanda Simone Marks
Enzootic pneumonia (EP) in swine, caused by Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae (M. hyopneumoniae), is a chronic respiratory disease that leads to significant economic losses in pig production. Infection with M. hyopneumoniae can induce pulmonary dysbiosis; however, the impact of different strains with varying degrees of virulence on the composition of a healthy microbiota remains incompletely understood. This study investigated alterations in the lung microbiome of pigs experimentally infected with two distinct strains of M. hyopneumoniae (UFV1 and UFV2) using 16S rRNA gene-based metataxonomic analyses and bioinformatics approaches. Pigs were divided into three experimental groups: Control (uninfected), UFV1 (infected with strain UFV1), and UFV2 (infected with strain UFV2). Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid were collected for DNA extraction and sequencing. Alpha diversity was significantly lower in the infected groups compared to the Control. Beta diversity analysis revealed significant differences in microbiota composition among the groups, with a clear separation between the Control group and the infected groups. Mycoplasma was the most abundant genus in both UFV1 and UFV2 groups, whereas the Control group exhibited greater genus-level diversity, including Stenotrophomonas, Comamonas, and Pseudomonas. Linear discriminant analysis (LDA) confirmed the enrichment of Mycoplasma in the infected groups and identified additional differentially abundant genera. Predictive modeling based on microbiota composition demonstrated high accuracy in classifying the groups, with Varibaculum, Pseudomonas, and Actinobacillus emerging as key genera for prediction. The UFV1 and UFV2 strains exhibited distinct lung microbiota profiles, suggesting different infection dynamics and interactions with the resident microbiota. This study provides new insights into the impact of diverse M. hyopneumoniae strains on the porcine lung microbiome, with implications for the development of preventive and control strategies for EP.
{"title":"Interactions between Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae strains and the resident lung microbiota in swine","authors":"Leonardo Teófilo Toledo , Richard Costa Polveiro , Abelardo Silva-Júnior , Maria Aparecida Scatamburlo Moreira , Fernanda Simone Marks","doi":"10.1016/j.vetmic.2025.110840","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.vetmic.2025.110840","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Enzootic pneumonia (EP) in swine, caused by <em>Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae</em> (<em>M. hyopneumoniae</em>), is a chronic respiratory disease that leads to significant economic losses in pig production. Infection with <em>M. hyopneumoniae</em> can induce pulmonary dysbiosis; however, the impact of different strains with varying degrees of virulence on the composition of a healthy microbiota remains incompletely understood. This study investigated alterations in the lung microbiome of pigs experimentally infected with two distinct strains of <em>M. hyopneumoniae</em> (UFV1 and UFV2) using 16S rRNA gene-based metataxonomic analyses and bioinformatics approaches. Pigs were divided into three experimental groups: Control (uninfected), UFV1 (infected with strain UFV1), and UFV2 (infected with strain UFV2). Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid were collected for DNA extraction and sequencing. Alpha diversity was significantly lower in the infected groups compared to the Control. Beta diversity analysis revealed significant differences in microbiota composition among the groups, with a clear separation between the Control group and the infected groups. <em>Mycoplasma</em> was the most abundant genus in both UFV1 and UFV2 groups, whereas the Control group exhibited greater genus-level diversity, including <em>Stenotrophomonas</em>, <em>Comamonas</em>, and <em>Pseudomonas</em>. Linear discriminant analysis (LDA) confirmed the enrichment of <em>Mycoplasma</em> in the infected groups and identified additional differentially abundant genera. Predictive modeling based on microbiota composition demonstrated high accuracy in classifying the groups, with <em>Varibaculum</em>, <em>Pseudomonas</em>, and <em>Actinobacillus</em> emerging as key genera for prediction. The UFV1 and UFV2 strains exhibited distinct lung microbiota profiles, suggesting different infection dynamics and interactions with the resident microbiota. This study provides new insights into the impact of diverse <em>M. hyopneumoniae</em> strains on the porcine lung microbiome, with implications for the development of preventive and control strategies for EP.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23551,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary microbiology","volume":"312 ","pages":"Article 110840"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145789935","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-01Epub Date: 2025-10-20DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2025.110769
Ashley Belinfante , Janel Kolar , Sarah M. Shore , Tracy L Nicholson
A high prevalence of acquired bleomycin resistance has been reported in both clinical and non-clinical settings. Streptococcus suis is a zoonotic swine pathogen capable of causing a spectrum of clinical disease outcomes in both pigs and humans and contributes to significant economic losses to the swine industry worldwide. A recent report evaluating the genomic diversity of S. suis isolates obtained from within the U.S. identified a ble gene predicted to encode a bleomycin resistance protein in all isolates evaluated. The goal of this study was to compare the amino acid sequence similarity among the predicted S. suis bleomycin resistance proteins and to functionally test the predicted ble gene allelic variants for the ability to confer bleomycin resistance. A high degree of similarity was observed among the predicted S. suis bleomycin resistance proteins. However, a weak similarity was observed in comparison to other well-characterized bleomycin resistance proteins. All tested S. suis strains exhibited phenotypic resistance to bleomycin. However, none of the S. suis ble genes tested encoded a functional bleomycin resistance protein capable of conferring resistance to bleomycin or bleomycin-like molecules.
{"title":"The Streptococcus suis ble gene does not encode a functional bleomycin resistance protein","authors":"Ashley Belinfante , Janel Kolar , Sarah M. Shore , Tracy L Nicholson","doi":"10.1016/j.vetmic.2025.110769","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.vetmic.2025.110769","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>A high prevalence of acquired bleomycin resistance has been reported in both clinical and non-clinical settings. <em>Streptococcus suis</em> is a zoonotic swine pathogen capable of causing a spectrum of clinical disease outcomes in both pigs and humans and contributes to significant economic losses to the swine industry worldwide. A recent report evaluating the genomic diversity of <em>S. suis</em> isolates obtained from within the U.S. identified a <em>ble</em> gene predicted to encode a bleomycin resistance protein in all isolates evaluated. The goal of this study was to compare the amino acid sequence similarity among the predicted <em>S. suis</em> bleomycin resistance proteins and to functionally test the predicted <em>ble</em> gene allelic variants for the ability to confer bleomycin resistance. A high degree of similarity was observed among the predicted <em>S. suis</em> bleomycin resistance proteins. However, a weak similarity was observed in comparison to other well-characterized bleomycin resistance proteins. All tested <em>S. suis</em> strains exhibited phenotypic resistance to bleomycin. However, none of the <em>S. suis ble</em> genes tested encoded a functional bleomycin resistance protein capable of conferring resistance to bleomycin or bleomycin-like molecules.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23551,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary microbiology","volume":"312 ","pages":"Article 110769"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145519073","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-01Epub Date: 2025-11-13DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2025.110790
Guihong Yang , Shimao Tian , Jinyu Yang , Yubing Tang , Ke Tian , Song Wang , Yinli Bao
Neuromedin B (NMB) and its receptor NMBR constitute a neuropeptide system implicated in various physiological processes. While previously associated with innate immunity, their precise antiviral action against influenza A virus (IAV) infection have remained poorly defined. Here, we elucidate the function of the NMB/NMBR axis in the host defense against H9N2 influenza virus. We demonstrate that NMB treatment and NMBR overexpression potentiate IFN-β production and restrict viral replication in H9N2-infected A549 cells and mouse lungs. Conversely, NMBR knockdown compromises the antiviral response, diminishing IFN-β expression and enhancing viral propagation. We further show that NMB/NMBR signaling targets the viral non-structural protein 1 (NS1) by upregulating the E3 ubiquitin ligase TRIM25. Mechanistically, NMB/NMBR activation engages a positive feedback loop with the retinoic acid-inducible gene I (RIG-I) pathway, reinforcing RIG-I activation through enhanced K63-linked ubiquitination while transcriptionally repressing the deubiquitinase CYLD. Consequently, this augmented signaling potentiates the JAK-STAT1 pathway, leading to increased STAT1 phosphorylation and elevated expression of interferon-stimulated gene 15 (ISG15). Our findings establish that the NMB/NMBR axis confers protection against H9N2 IAV by amplifying RIG-I-mediated innate immunity and facilitating NS1 suppression, revealing a pivotal neuroimmune mechanism and suggesting a promising target for developing broad-spectrum, host-directed therapeutics against IAV.
{"title":"Neuromedin B and its receptor NMBR inhibit H9N2 infection","authors":"Guihong Yang , Shimao Tian , Jinyu Yang , Yubing Tang , Ke Tian , Song Wang , Yinli Bao","doi":"10.1016/j.vetmic.2025.110790","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.vetmic.2025.110790","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Neuromedin B (NMB) and its receptor NMBR constitute a neuropeptide system implicated in various physiological processes. While previously associated with innate immunity, their precise antiviral action against influenza A virus (IAV) infection have remained poorly defined. Here, we elucidate the function of the NMB/NMBR axis in the host defense against H9N2 influenza virus. We demonstrate that NMB treatment and NMBR overexpression potentiate IFN-β production and restrict viral replication in H9N2-infected A549 cells and mouse lungs. Conversely, NMBR knockdown compromises the antiviral response, diminishing IFN-β expression and enhancing viral propagation. We further show that NMB/NMBR signaling targets the viral non-structural protein 1 (NS1) by upregulating the E3 ubiquitin ligase TRIM25. Mechanistically, NMB/NMBR activation engages a positive feedback loop with the retinoic acid-inducible gene I (RIG-I) pathway, reinforcing RIG-I activation through enhanced K63-linked ubiquitination while transcriptionally repressing the deubiquitinase CYLD. Consequently, this augmented signaling potentiates the JAK-STAT1 pathway, leading to increased STAT1 phosphorylation and elevated expression of interferon-stimulated gene 15 (ISG15). Our findings establish that the NMB/NMBR axis confers protection against H9N2 IAV by amplifying RIG-I-mediated innate immunity and facilitating NS1 suppression, revealing a pivotal neuroimmune mechanism and suggesting a promising target for developing broad-spectrum, host-directed therapeutics against IAV.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23551,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary microbiology","volume":"312 ","pages":"Article 110790"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145519074","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-01Epub Date: 2025-12-16DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2025.110844
Min-Jeong Ji , Youngjun Kim , Kyoung-Seong Choi
Trueperella pyogenes is a commensal and opportunistic pathogen found on the skin and mucous membranes of livestock and wildlife. Although the clinical significance of T. pyogenes in livestock is well recognized, information about this pathogen is scarce in the Republic of Korea (ROK). This study aimed to investigate the distribution of virulence and antibiotic resistance genes in T. pyogenes isolates from clinical infections. A total of 52 T. pyogenes isolates were obtained from cattle with respiratory distress or suppurative infections across five different farms in the ROK. PCR assays were used to detect virulence and antibiotic resistance genes, and antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed using the disk diffusion method. Among the virulence genes, plo was detected in all isolates (100 %), followed by cbpA (65.4 %), fimG (51.9 %), and fimC (42.3 %). The most common genotype was plo/fimG/cbpA (17.3 %). Resistance to penicillin, erythromycin, and oxytetracycline was widespread, whereas all isolates remained susceptible to fluoroquinolones. Among antibiotic resistance genes, ermB (84.6 %) was the most prevalent, followed by tetM (57.7 %), dfrG (48.1 %), and blaZ (46.2 %). Eight isolates (15.4 %) exhibited multidrug resistance to five antibiotics. Notably, significant associations were observed between antibiotic resistance and virulence factor genes: cbpA with blaZ; fimG and cbpA with dfrG; fimG with tetM; and fimC with aph3-IIIa. These results suggest that this interaction may contribute to the pathogenicity of T. pyogenes. Our findings will provide valuable insights for the development of targeted strategies to control T. pyogenes infections.
{"title":"Distribution of antibiotic resistance and virulence genes in Trueperella pyogenes isolated from Korean native cattle","authors":"Min-Jeong Ji , Youngjun Kim , Kyoung-Seong Choi","doi":"10.1016/j.vetmic.2025.110844","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.vetmic.2025.110844","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div><em>Trueperella pyogenes</em> is a commensal and opportunistic pathogen found on the skin and mucous membranes of livestock and wildlife. Although the clinical significance of <em>T. pyogenes</em> in livestock is well recognized, information about this pathogen is scarce in the Republic of Korea (ROK). This study aimed to investigate the distribution of virulence and antibiotic resistance genes in <em>T. pyogenes</em> isolates from clinical infections. A total of 52 <em>T. pyogenes</em> isolates were obtained from cattle with respiratory distress or suppurative infections across five different farms in the ROK. PCR assays were used to detect virulence and antibiotic resistance genes, and antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed using the disk diffusion method. Among the virulence genes, <em>plo</em> was detected in all isolates (100 %), followed by <em>cbpA</em> (65.4 %), <em>fimG</em> (51.9 %), and <em>fimC</em> (42.3 %). The most common genotype was <em>plo</em>/<em>fimG</em>/<em>cbpA</em> (17.3 %). Resistance to penicillin, erythromycin, and oxytetracycline was widespread, whereas all isolates remained susceptible to fluoroquinolones. Among antibiotic resistance genes, <em>ermB</em> (84.6 %) was the most prevalent, followed by <em>tetM</em> (57.7 %), <em>dfrG</em> (48.1 %), and <em>blaZ</em> (46.2 %). Eight isolates (15.4 %) exhibited multidrug resistance to five antibiotics. Notably, significant associations were observed between antibiotic resistance and virulence factor genes: <em>cbpA</em> with <em>blaZ</em>; <em>fimG</em> and <em>cbpA</em> with <em>dfrG</em>; <em>fimG</em> with <em>tetM</em>; and <em>fimC</em> with <em>aph3-IIIa.</em> These results suggest that this interaction may contribute to the pathogenicity of <em>T. pyogenes</em>. Our findings will provide valuable insights for the development of targeted strategies to control <em>T. pyogenes</em> infections.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23551,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary microbiology","volume":"312 ","pages":"Article 110844"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145789936","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-01Epub Date: 2025-11-16DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2025.110807
Jiannan Li , Xueting Li , Xiao Li , Wenjie Xu , Liming Yuan , Hongzhao Shi , Zuo Lei , Na Li , Yulei Wei , Jinlian Hua
Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) is a major viral pathogen that affects ruminants, resulting in significant economic losses due to issues such as immunosuppression, reproductive disorders, and growth retardation. Bulls infected with this virus may become infertile within a few months and can transmit the virus to susceptible cattle during mating. However, the mechanism of BVDV impairing the reproductive function of male livestock is not clear, as there is no suitable cell model. This study used spermatogonial stem cells(SSCs) from cattle and goats as research materials to explore the mechanism by which BVDV affects the reproductive function of male livestock. The results of this study indicate that both cytopathic (cp) and noncytopathic (ncp) BVDV can replicate in SSCs and that SSCs are capable of producing infectious BVDV. Giemsa staining showed significant changes in the morphology of SSCs after BVDV infection. Western blot and mRNA analysis showed that proliferation-related genes (PCNA, CCND1, CDK2) and SSC functional genes (Lin28A, OCT4, SOX2) were down regulated after infection. In addition, BVDV infection can induce ferroptosis in SSCs. Furthermore, CRISPR-Cas9 mediated editing of CD46 in goat SSCs resulted in a decrease in BVDV infection rate and alleviated the negative impact of the virus on cell survival and proliferation. This study provides new insights into the mechanism of reduced reproductive function in male livestock infected with BVDV, and lays the foundation for developing targeted disease resistant breeding strategies.
{"title":"CRISPR/Cas9-generated CD46-knockout spermatogonial stem cells reveal mechanisms of BVDV-induced reproductive dysfunction in male livestock","authors":"Jiannan Li , Xueting Li , Xiao Li , Wenjie Xu , Liming Yuan , Hongzhao Shi , Zuo Lei , Na Li , Yulei Wei , Jinlian Hua","doi":"10.1016/j.vetmic.2025.110807","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.vetmic.2025.110807","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) is a major viral pathogen that affects ruminants, resulting in significant economic losses due to issues such as immunosuppression, reproductive disorders, and growth retardation. Bulls infected with this virus may become infertile within a few months and can transmit the virus to susceptible cattle during mating. However, the mechanism of BVDV impairing the reproductive function of male livestock is not clear, as there is no suitable cell model. This study used spermatogonial stem cells(SSCs) from cattle and goats as research materials to explore the mechanism by which BVDV affects the reproductive function of male livestock. The results of this study indicate that both cytopathic (cp) and noncytopathic (ncp) BVDV can replicate in SSCs and that SSCs are capable of producing infectious BVDV. Giemsa staining showed significant changes in the morphology of SSCs after BVDV infection. Western blot and mRNA analysis showed that proliferation-related genes (<em>PCNA</em>, <em>CCND1</em>, <em>CDK2</em>) and SSC functional genes (<em>Lin28A</em>, <em>OCT4</em>, <em>SOX2</em>) were down regulated after infection. In addition, BVDV infection can induce ferroptosis in SSCs. Furthermore, CRISPR-Cas9 mediated editing of CD46 in goat SSCs resulted in a decrease in BVDV infection rate and alleviated the negative impact of the virus on cell survival and proliferation. This study provides new insights into the mechanism of reduced reproductive function in male livestock infected with BVDV, and lays the foundation for developing targeted disease resistant breeding strategies.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23551,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary microbiology","volume":"312 ","pages":"Article 110807"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145570253","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Atypical porcine pestivirus (APPV) is an emerging pathogen that poses a significant threat to the global swine industry. The nonstructural protein 5 A (NS5A) of Flavivirus is a known immunomodulator; however, its precise role in APPV pathogenesis, particularly its interaction with host interferon (IFN) responses, remains poorly understood. This study elucidates a novel molecular mechanism by which APPV NS5A manipulates host IFN production. We demonstrate that APPV NS5A exerts a dual effect on the phosphorylation of interferon regulatory factor 3 (IRF3): it inhibits the phosphorylation of IRF3 at Ser396 by disrupting the formation of the TBK1-IKKε-IRF3 complex, while simultaneously promoting the interaction between PKR and IRF3 by inducing PKR activation, ultimately resulting in the phosphorylation of IRF3 at Ser386. This phosphorylation switch consequently inhibits the production of IFN. Our research provides critical insights into the immune evasion strategies and pathogenic mechanisms of APPV, identifying the NS5A-PKR-IRF3 axis as a potential therapeutic target for developing novel antiviral interventions.
非典型猪瘟病毒（APPV）是一种新兴病原体，对全球养猪业构成重大威胁。黄病毒非结构蛋白5 A （NS5A）是一种已知的免疫调节剂；然而，其在APPV发病机制中的确切作用，特别是其与宿主干扰素（IFN）反应的相互作用，仍然知之甚少。本研究阐明了APPV NS5A调控宿主IFN产生的一种新的分子机制。我们发现APPV NS5A对干扰素调节因子3 （IRF3）的磷酸化具有双重作用：通过破坏TBK1-IKKε-IRF3复合物的形成，抑制IRF3在Ser396位点的磷酸化；同时通过诱导PKR活化，促进PKR与IRF3的相互作用，最终导致IRF3在Ser386位点的磷酸化。这种磷酸化开关因此抑制IFN的产生。我们的研究为APPV的免疫逃避策略和致病机制提供了重要的见解，确定了NS5A-PKR-IRF3轴作为开发新型抗病毒干预措施的潜在治疗靶点。
{"title":"APPV NS5A employs PKR activation to redirect IRF3 phosphorylation from Ser396 to Ser386, ultimately resulting in the inhibition of IFN production","authors":"Yingjie Xiang , Yongchen Ji , Jingwen Zhao , Huiguang Wu","doi":"10.1016/j.vetmic.2025.110830","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.vetmic.2025.110830","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Atypical porcine pestivirus (APPV) is an emerging pathogen that poses a significant threat to the global swine industry. The nonstructural protein 5 A (NS5A) of Flavivirus is a known immunomodulator; however, its precise role in APPV pathogenesis, particularly its interaction with host interferon (IFN) responses, remains poorly understood. This study elucidates a novel molecular mechanism by which APPV NS5A manipulates host IFN production. We demonstrate that APPV NS5A exerts a dual effect on the phosphorylation of interferon regulatory factor 3 (IRF3): it inhibits the phosphorylation of IRF3 at Ser396 by disrupting the formation of the TBK1-IKKε-IRF3 complex, while simultaneously promoting the interaction between PKR and IRF3 by inducing PKR activation, ultimately resulting in the phosphorylation of IRF3 at Ser386. This phosphorylation switch consequently inhibits the production of IFN. Our research provides critical insights into the immune evasion strategies and pathogenic mechanisms of APPV, identifying the NS5A-PKR-IRF3 axis as a potential therapeutic target for developing novel antiviral interventions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":23551,"journal":{"name":"Veterinary microbiology","volume":"312 ","pages":"Article 110830"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145736165","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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