Pyoderma caused by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus pseudintermedius poses significant challenges to canine health. Successful therapy requires an integrated approach to prudent antimicrobial use. This report describes the successful treatment of a dog with generalised superficial pyoderma using a topical formulation of S. pseudintermedius phage applied once daily for a period of 30 days.
Background: Epithelial migration (EM) is integral to normal ear structure and function. Glucocorticoids are considered the first-line therapy for various external ear disorders; however, their effects on EM on the tympanic membrane (TM) and the external auditory canal (EAC) are understudied.
Hypothesis/objectives: To test the hypothesis that topical dexamethasone decelerates EM on the TM, this study aimed to evaluate the effects of topical dexamethasone on EM on the TMs of dogs.
Animals: Seven ears of four healthy dogs.
Materials and methods: The migration distance of an ink drop deposited on the posterior quadrant of the pars tensa (TM EM rate) of dogs was calculated over 3 weeks from images captured with a video-otoscope. The results were compared by paired Student's t-test to those obtained from a subsequent experiment in which the same dogs were administered a fresh ink drop at the same position as previously (control group), yet additionally administered 0.1% dexamethasone (0.2 mL/ear) daily for the first 14 days (treatment group).
Results: One of eight ears was excluded because of an anatomical problem. The TM EM rate of the remaining seven ears decreased by 46.74% in the treatment group compared with the control group (p < 0.05).
Conclusions and clinical relevance: Topical dexamethasone decelerates EM on the TM of normal dogs' ears. In turn, it is extrapolated that debris removal from the EAC may be slowed, negatively impacting the EAC environment. Consequently, when dogs with otitis receive topical dexamethasone treatment, additional treatment, such as ear canal cleaning, may be required to minimise the effects of impaired TM EM.
Background: Psittacines (parrots and their allies) are kept under human care as companion animals, live exhibit specimens in zoological institutions and occasionally as research subjects. Cutaneous disorders such as feather destructive behaviour (FDB) and pododermatitis are commonly noted in clinical reviews, case reports and text book chapters.
Hypothesis/objectives: To document the type, signalment associations and prevalence of cutaneous disorders in a large number of captive psittacines in an academic referral teaching hospital population.
Animals: Case population at a university veterinary teaching hospital.
Methods and materials: Retrospective study using computerised medical records of birds (psittacine and non-psittacine) examined between 1 January 1988 and 31 December 2021. Inclusion criteria were records of psittacines with dermatological diagnoses.
Results: Of 3472 psittacines, 1454 (41.9%) had cutaneous disease. Age was strongly associated with an increased risk of cutaneous diseases. The most common cutaneous disorders were pododermatitis (n = 729) and FDB (n = 528). Female sex and increased age were associated with significantly higher odds of FDB, as were the genera Cacatua (cockatoos), Psittacus (African grey parrots), Ara (macaws) and Agapornis (lovebirds). Increased age and the genus Agapornis also were associated with significantly higher odds of pododermatitis. The most common infectious disease was mite (presumed Knemidocoptes) infestation, almost exclusively seen in budgerigars; increased age was associated with significantly lower odds of having mites.
Conclusions and clinical relevance: Pododermatitis and FDB were the most common cutaneous disorders in psittacines. As 50% of psittacines with skin disease presented for nonskin concerns, clinicians should perform a dermatological examination regardless of the reason for presentation.
Background: Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) in keratinocytes can be activated by Staphylococcus spp. that are frequently detected on the skin of dogs with atopic dermatitis (AD). C-C motif chemokine ligand 5 (CCL5) produced by keratinocytes has been considered to be involved in the pathogenesis of canine AD (cAD). However, whether TLR2 activation induces CCL5 production in canine keratinocytes remains unclear.
Hypothesis/objectives: To elucidate the effect of TLR2 agonists on CCL5 production in canine keratinocytes, possible synergy with interferon (IFN)-γ, interleukin (IL)-13 or IL-4 and underlying mechanisms.
Materials and methods: Canine progenitor epidermal keratinocyte (CPEK) cells were stimulated with TLR2 agonists with or without inhibitors of the TLR2 signalling pathway or IFN-γ, a T-helper (Th)1-type cytokine and/or IL-13 or IL-4, a Th2-type cytokine. CCL5 protein concentrations in the culture supernatant were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Additionally, TLR2 mRNA expression was measured by real-time PCR in CPEK cells stimulated with IFN-γ.
Results: TLR2 agonists increased CCL5 production in CPEK cells. Inhibitors of the TLR2 signalling pathway suppressed CCL5 production. IFN-γ, but not IL-13 or IL-4, synergistically enhanced TLR2 agonist-induced CCL5 production. IFN-γ partially increased TLR2 mRNA expression in CPEK cells.
Conclusions and clinical relevance: TLR2 activation by Staphylococcus spp. may produce CCL5 in canine keratinocytes, thereby recruiting immune cells into the skin of dogs with AD. During the Th1-activated chronic phase of cAD, where TLR2 expression may be partially upregulated, Staphylococcus spp. may exacerbate skin inflammation. Further studies are warranted to determine the clinical significance and mechanisms of skin bacteria-mediated CCL5 production in keratinocytes.
Background: Canine atopic dermatitis (cAD) varies in prevalence and lesion distribution across breeds. In contrast to Western countries, many Asian countries favour small-to-medium dog breeds. However, previous studies have focused primarily on medium-to-large dog breeds.
Objectives: To analyse the prevalence and lesion distribution of cAD in common breeds in Korea, focusing on breed-specific characteristics.
Animals: Nine small-to-medium breeds (<25 kg body weight) were selected from 331 client-owned dogs with cAD, representing 77% of the total cAD group.
Materials and methods: Breeds selected included Maltese, miniature/toy poodle, shih tzu, bichon frise, cocker spaniel, Pomeranian, French bulldog, Yorkshire terrier and Dachshund. The prevalence of these breeds was compared to the registered dog population. Photographs of skin lesions from each dog were reviewed, and the lesion distribution was analysed by breed.
Results: Shih tzu, cocker spaniel and French bulldog had a higher prevalence of cAD compared to the registered dog population (p < 0.01). Lesions were most commonly present on the ventral aspects of the body in 51% of shih tzus; lip folds (64%), tail folds (27%) and paws (73%) in French bulldog; and 71% of Dachshunds had dorso-lumbar distribution.
Conclusions and clinical relevance: Of the small-to-medium breeds in this study, shih tzu, cocker spaniel and French bulldog had a higher prevalence of cAD compared to the registered dog population, while specific body sites were affected in shih tzu, French bulldog and Dachshund.
Background: Janus kinase inhibitors (JAKi) have been shown to reduce pruritus and improve associated inflammatory skin lesions in canine atopic dermatitis (cAD).
Objective: To evaluate the efficacy and safety of ilunocitinib, in comparison to oclacitinib, for the control of cAD in a randomised, blinded trial.
Animals: Three-hundred-and-thirty-eight dogs with cAD.
Materials and methods: Dogs were randomised to receive oclacitinib (0.4-0.6 mg/kg twice daily for 14 days; then once daily) or ilunocitinib (0.6-0.8 mg/kg once daily), for up to 112 days. Owners assessed pruritus using an enhanced Visual Analog Scale (PVAS). Investigators assessed skin lesions using the Canine Atopic Dermatitis Extent and Severity Index, 4th interaction (CADESI-04).
Results: Reduction in pruritus and CADESI-04 scores was similar for both treatment groups from Day (D)0-D14. PVAS scores increased between D14 and D28 for oclacitinib and decreased for ilunocitinib. On D28 to D112, mean PVAS and CADESI-04 scores were significantly lower for ilunocitinib compared to oclacitinib (p ≤ 0.003 and p ≤ 0.023, respectively). On D28 to D112, a greater number of ilunocitinib-treated dogs achieved clinical remission of pruritus (i.e. PVAS score <2). Subjective assessment of overall response was significantly better for ilunocitinib on D28 to D112 (p ≤ 0.002). Both drugs demonstrated similar safety throughout the study.
Conclusions and clinical relevance: Ilunocitinib rapidly and safely controlled signs of cAD. Ilunocitinib demonstrated significantly better control of pruritus and skin lesions compared to oclacitinib, with more dogs achieving clinical remission of pruritus.
A 3-year-old male sugar glider presented with pruritus and alopecia primarily affecting the back and neck regions. Dermatologic diagnostics ruled out common causes. Skin biopsies revealed cutaneous epitheliotropic T-cell lymphoma, a rare condition in sugar gliders. Despite treatment, the glider's condition worsened, leading to death. This case highlights the importance of thorough diagnostic evaluation in exotic pets.
Background: In humans, the presence of an even distribution of melanocytes within the epidermal basal layer allows for uniform pigmentation in healthy and young individuals. Moreover, despite high variability in skin colours and tones, interindividual melanocyte density variability is low. However, dogs display a high intraindividual pigmentary variability in different anatomical areas.
Hypothesis/objective: Data on canine melanocytes, including their distribution and density, are limited. This study aimed to assess melanocyte density across different anatomical areas in dogs of various breeds.
Materials and methods: Samples were harvested postmortem from 22 dogs of different breeds and ages. Samples were collected from the following: haired skin (back, ventral abdomen, head and pinnae), oral and conjunctival mucocutaneous junctions, oral mucosa (buccal mucosa, gingiva, palate) and nose. Immunohistochemical investigation using a cocktail containing Melan-A and SOX-10 antibodies was performed to evaluate the melanocytes:keratinocytes ratio (M:K ratio).
Results: Variable melanocyte density was recorded in different anatomical areas, with a higher M:K ratio on the eyelid (median: 1:4; interquartile range [IQR]: 1:3.8-1:5.1) and on the nose (median: 1:6.5; IQR: 1:5.2-1:9.6). Lower ratios were observed on the haired skin, particularly on the head (median: 1:113.6; IQR: 1:37.8-1:255.1).
Conclusions and clinical relevance: Together with different melanocyte densities in different anatomical areas, dogs showed a high interindividual variability, particularly on haired skin. This finding could be associated with colour phenotype, sun exposure, and breed. Variable densities of melanocytes also might justify different incidence of melanocytic tumours in hyperpigmented breeds and in different somatic areas, as well as provide an increased protective effect in chronically sun-exposed areas.
Background: Alopecia X (AX) is a common noninflammatory alopecic condition of Pomeranian dogs with an unknown cause. While a genetic aetiology is suspected, no current tests can predict the development of this disorder or confirm the aetiology. Therefore, identifying potential risk indicators for the development of AX would be of value in this breed.
Objectives: This study aimed to identify risk indicators for AX in Pomeranians in the Netherlands and Belgium.
Materials and methods: A retrospective epidemiological study was conducted in the Netherlands and the Dutch-speaking parts of Belgium between March 2022 and August 2023, using an online survey of Pomeranian owners. Variables such as sex, birth season, neutering status, coat type, coat colour, grooming frequency and whether the dog experienced an 'ugly stage' of hair coat growth or not were recorded, along with the presence or absence of alopecia and the age of onset of the condition.
Results: Of 234 completed surveys, 211 were eligible for analysis. Statistical analysis with a Cox proportional-hazard model indicated that the risk of developing alopecia was greater for a woolly versus shiny coat and for males versus females.
Conclusions and clinical relevance: A woolly hair coat type and male sex were identified as risk indicators for developing AX in Pomeranian dogs in this study.
Background: Biofilm production by canine otitis externa (COE) pathogens and resistance development to multiple antimicrobials are commonly reported problems in veterinary practice. The use of adjuvants to disrupt biofilms may be a viable adjunctive therapy.
Hypothesis/objectives: To compare the in vitro antibiofilm activity against COE pathogens of three otic cleansers: PHMB-EDTA (poly [hexamethylene] biguanide hydrochloride and disodium edetate), N-acetylcysteine (NAC) and Triz-EDTA.
Animals/isolates: Thirty isolates of each species, including Staphylococcus pseudintermedius, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Streptococcus canis, Proteus mirabilis, Escherichia coli, and Malassezia pachydermatis, were collected from COE cases and stored at -80°C until tested.
Methods and materials: Biofilm production was determined by Congo-red agar and microtitre plate-assay methods. Ten of the best biofilm-producing isolates per species were selected to determine minimum biofilm eradication concentration (MBEC) values. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) values were determined to compare MBEC/MIC and MBEC/MBC.
Results: PHMB-EDTA possessed antibiofilm activity at low concentrations (MBEC range 3.9/2.3-500/300 μg/mL) against all tested COE pathogens. NAC demonstrated antibiofilm activity for all tested bacterial COE pathogens (MBEC range 4,925-19,700 μg/mL); however, most M. pachydermatis isolates exhibited MBEC values >20,000 μg/mL. Triz/EDTA at the highest concentration tested (3,025/19,520 μg/mL) did not demonstrate antibiofilm activity against most COE pathogens except for S. canis (94.5/610 μg/mL).
Conclusions and clinical relevance: PHMB-EDTA had intrinsic antibiofilm activity at low concentrations against all COE pathogens. Therefore, it is likely to be a very effective adjuvant when used in conjunction with other antimicrobials for the treatment of COE caused by biofilm-producing pathogens.
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