Veterinary dermatology最新文献

Background: Oclacitinib and lokivetmab are generally effective monotherapies for the treatment of canine allergic dermatitis yet treatment failures may occur.

Objective: To evaluate the efficacy of the combination of oclacitinib-lokivetmab therapy (COLT) in dogs that previously failed monotherapy.

Animals: Forty-four client-owned dogs diagnosed with allergic dermatitis that did not respond to both oclacitinib and lokivetmab as monotherapies were then treated with COLT.

Results: Twenty-seven of 44 (61.4%) dogs responded adequately to COLT based on a ≥ 2 cm reduction in the pruritus Visual Analog Scale (pVAS) score from baseline and client/clinician consensus on improvement. In dogs that responded, the mean pVAS for monotherapy (oclacitinib and lokivetmab group data combined) was 6.87 of 10 and fell to 2.67 of 10 after COLT (61.1% decrease; p < 0.0001). No adverse effects were noted with COLT.

Conclusions and clinical relevance: This study suggests that in dogs not adequately responsive to oclacitinib or lokivetmab monotherapy, COLT may provide superior control of pruritus.

Background: Meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus pseudintermedius (MRSP) is often resistant to multiple antibiotics. Rifampicin is effective against most MRSP isolates, yet the potential for the development of rapid resistance raises questions regarding its suitability as an antibiotic monotherapy for MRSP pyoderma.

Objectives: To describe the: (i) clinical outcome of rifampicin antibiotic monotherapy in MRSP pyoderma; (ii) frequency of adverse effects; and (iii) development of rifampicin resistance among dogs considered nonresponders to therapy.

Materials and methods: A retrospective study of medical records from 1/1/2013 to 1/12/2022 of client-owned dogs with MRSP pyoderma treated with oral rifampicin as a systemic antibiotic monotherapy for 21 days.

Results: 104 dogs were included; 77 cases of superficial pyoderma (74%) and 27 cases of deep pyoderma (26%). The mean daily rifampicin dose was 6 mg/kg. Rifampicin was clinically effective in 86 cases (82.7%). Eleven of 18 nonresponding dogs demonstrated rapidly acquired rifampicin resistance (10.6%). Eighty-two (78.8%), 17 (16.3%), two (1.9%) and three (2.9%) dogs experienced zero, mild, moderate and severe adverse effects, respectively.

Conclusions and clinical relevance: Rifampicin at 6 mg/kg is an effective and mostly well-tolerated monotherapy for treating MRSP pyoderma. However, in this study, it was associated with rapid development of resistance in ≥ 10% of treated dogs. Inadequate clinical response occurred without demonstrable resistance in 6.7% of cases. Concurrent use of ciclosporin or fluconazole with rifampicin increased the odds of severe adverse reactions.

Congenital non-epidermolytic ichthyosis was diagnosed in two littermate mixed-breed Yorkshire terrier puppies. Histopathological results confirmed lamellar orthokeratosis; genetic testing for known mutations was negative. Topical treatment improved clinical signs, yet relapse occurred upon discontinuation. This case expands the breeds affected and emphasises the need for life-long management.

Background: Perianal fistulae are a common, recurrent and painful disease in dogs, particularly in German shepherd dogs, and significantly affect the quality-of-life for both the animal and its owner.

Hypothesis/objectives: Management remains challenging and there is a lack of high-quality evidence for efficacy of the different medical treatment options. The aim of this article was to provide clinicians with a framework for decision-making.

Materials and methods: A literature review was conducted on medical treatment studies, utilising the Strength of Recommendation Taxonomy (SoRT) for grading evidence quality. PubMed, Scopus and EBSCOhost Research Databases (CAB and Medline) databases were searched for relevant publications between 1980 and August 2024, using the keywords: dog and perianal or anal and fistula, ulcer or furunculosis. Recommendations were based on authors' consensus and organised around four relevant clinical questions.

Results: Twenty clinical treatment studies were included with evidence assessed and recommendations presented for ciclosporin (alone and in combination with ketoconazole), tacrolimus, prednisolone, azathioprine, photobiomodulation, stem cells, oclacitinib, mycophenolate mofetil, dietary modifications and for surgery following medical treatment. Ciclosporin is recommended as the first-line treatment option with clinical response likely to be dependent on time and dose. In cases where ciclosporin fails, alternatives include the combination of prednisolone and tacrolimus or surgical intervention following medical treatment.

Conclusions and clinical relevance: This is the first literature review using SoRT criteria for the treatment of canine perianal fistulae. High-quality studies with precise and detailed criteria are needed to improve treatment recommendations and outcomes.

Background: Inhibition of the Janus kinase (JAK) pathway is a well-established option for canine atopic dermatitis (cAD).

Objective: To evaluate the efficacy and safety of ilunocitinib, a novel JAK inhibitor for the control of pruritus and skin lesions in client-owned dogs with cAD.

Animals: Two hundred sixty-eight dogs at 25 veterinary clinics.

Materials and methods: In this randomised, double-masked, clinical trial, dogs received either ilunocitinib (n = 181; 0.6-0.8 mg/kg) or placebo (n = 87; 0.0 mg/kg) tablets once daily for 112 days. Pruritus was assessed by owners using a pruritus Visual Analog Scale (PVAS), while skin lesions were assessed by Investigators using the cAD Extent and Severity Index, 4th iteration (CADESI-04). Treatment success was defined as ≥50% reduction from baseline PVAS or CADESI-04 score on Day (D)28. Proportions of dogs achieving clinical remission from pruritus (PVAS < 2) or skin lesions (CADESI-04 < 10) also were assessed.

Results: At D28, 83% of ilunocitinib-treated dogs achieved treatment success compared to 31% of placebo-treated dogs (p < 0.001). A significantly higher proportion of ilunocitinib-treated dogs achieved ≥50% reduction in CADESI-04 scores at all time points (p < 0.001). The proportion of dogs achieving clinical remission PVAS or CADESI-04 scores was significantly higher in the ilunocitinib group starting on D7 and D14, respectively (p < 0.05). The 112-day ilunocitinib treatment was well tolerated.

Conclusions and clinical relevance: Once daily ilunocitinib was well-tolerated and effective at rapidly reducing pruritus and resolving cAD-associated skin lesions. Clinical remission was achieved by two-thirds of dogs after 4 months of treatment. Ilunocitinib is safe and effective for managing clinical signs associated with cAD.

Canis familiaris papillomavirus type 16 was amplified from a mass in the mouth of a dog. The mass was histologically consistent with a pigmented viral plaque. This is the first report of an oral viral plaque in a dog. Histological investigation is essential to allow differentiation from an oral melanoma.

Background: Understanding the physiological and biophysical characteristics of skin provides information for developing appropriate management strategies for skin diseases. However, in dogs, variations in skin biophysical parameters, such as age, sex and breed, remain poorly understood.

Hypothesis/objectives: This study analysed three biophysical characteristics of healthy dog skin (hydration, pH and sebum content) and investigated the effects of sex, age and breed.

Materials and methods: One hundred forty-nine dogs without skin problems were enrolled. Skin hydration, pH and sebum content were measured using a multifunctional skin physiology monitor. The dogs were divided into four age groups: <1 year, 1-6 years, 7-12 years and >13 years.

Results: Skin hydration levels were significantly lower in the >13 years group than in the 1-6 years and 7-12 groups. Additionally, skin pH levels in the >13 years group were significantly lower than in the 7-12 group. Furthermore, skin biophysical parameters among the five breed groups - beagles (n = 37), Malteses (n = 18), miniature poodles (n = 24), cocker spaniels (n = 11) and Pomeranians (n = 12) - revealed that skin hydration and pH were significantly higher in beagles than those of Malteses and miniature poodles.

Conclusions and clinical relevance: These findings indicate that biophysical properties, including skin hydration and pH, vary with age and breed. This study provides fundamental data on the effects of age, sex and breed on the biophysical characteristics of dog skin.

Background: A prospective assessment of the impact of chronic otitis externa (COE) on the wellbeing of affected dogs and their owners has not been thoroughly investigated.

Hypothesis/objectives: To evaluate the quality-of-life (QoL) of dogs with COE and their owners before and after specialist treatment. Secondary objectives included the determination of the influence of patient factors, duration of disease, microbial culture results and 0-3 Otitis Index Scores (OTIS3) on the final treatment outcomes.

Animals: Thirty-one client-owned dogs with COE of ≥3 months duration, scheduled for video-otoscopy and ear flush.

Materials and methods: Dogs were evaluated at pre-visit, video-otoscopy (Day 0) and subsequent visits (V1, V2). At each time point, QoL, OTIS3 and pruritus Visual Analog Scale (pVAS) scores were collected. Additional data included breed, age of onset of otitis and cytological and microbial culture results.

Results: COE was successfully treated in 79.6% ears with a mean time to resolution of 6 weeks after initial consultation. For dogs, a significant reduction in QoL was recorded between pre-visit and V1: p < 0.001, and V2: p < 0.001. For owners, a significant reduction was seen between pre-visit and D0 (p = 0.008), D0 and V1 (p < 0.001) and pre-visit and V2 (p < 0.001). Isolation of Pseudomonas spp. was strongly associated with treatment failure. Late age of onset and longer episodes were associated with worse outcomes.

Conclusions and clinical relevance: COE imposes a burden on both the QoL of affected dogs and their owners. Timely referral to a specialist significantly enhances clinical outcomes and improves QoL.

Background: Skin disease is a common complaint in veterinary medicine. Current models often use live animals. Epidermal organoids (keratinocytoids) are 3D miniature organs created in culture from single epidermal keratinocytes. These keratinocytoids can be used as an alternative to live animal studies to investigate epidermal structures and skin diseases.

Hypothesis/objective: This study's objective was to compare ultrastructural morphological features of canine keratinocytoids to those features of normal epidermis.

Results: Skin and organoids had morphologically similar components, including tight junctions, desmosomes, lamellar bodies and keratin filaments. These structures were similar in both morphology and distribution. Keratinocytes in the organoids had larger and more distinct keratohyalin granules than epidermal keratinocytes and contained small amounts of glycogen. Keratinocytes from the skin showed no glycogen accumulation.

Conclusions and clinical relevance: Canine keratinocytoids are a useful model to study canine epidermal disease from a light microscopy and ultrastructural standpoint.

Background: Dermoscopy is a noninvasive technique used for the preliminary assessment of skin lesions including neoplasms in humans and animals. Infundibular keratinising acanthoma (IKA) is a benign hair follicle neoplasm of dogs reported to represent 3.36% of all skin tumours; however, its dermoscopic features have not been investigated.

Hypothesis/objectives: The aim of this study was to describe and characterise the dermoscopic features of IKA and follicular cysts, highlighting their differential aspects and assessing the interobserver agreement of the dermoscopic parameters.

Animals: Thirty-five lesions from 10 client-owned dogs, histologically diagnosed as IKA or follicular cysts, were included in this study.

Materials and methods: The dermoscopic images of the lesions at ×10 magnification were independently evaluated on a computer screen by two ECVD board-certified veterinary specialists and one ECVD resident.

Results: Twenty-six IKAs and nine follicular cysts were included. White structureless areas were frequently observed in IKAs (92%) and in follicular cysts (66%). Surface keratin (76%), blood spots (38%) and four-dot clods (7%) were exclusively observed in IKAs, while white lines were detected in 11% of IKAs and 22% of cysts. Blood vessels were observed in 15 of the 26 IKAs and in one of the nine cysts only. Near-perfect interobserver agreement for surface keratin (κ = 0.84) and good agreement for white lines (κ = 0.78), four-dot clods (κ = 0.65), linear irregular vessels (κ = 0.66) and blood spots (κ = 0.64) was found.

Conclusions and clinical relevance: Dermoscopy represents a useful technique to assess IKA and follicular cysts in dogs.