Veterinary dermatology最新文献

Background: Tympanic membrane epithelial migration (TMEM) protects the external ear canal from infections and aids in the removal of keratin. Epidermal growth factor (EGF) accelerates tissue regeneration by stimulating cell proliferation and migration.

Hypothesis/objectives: Topical application of EGF will accelerate the canine TMEM rate.

Animals: Three male beagle dogs.

Materials and methods: Six TMs were divided into control and experimental phases. The experimental phase was assessed 2 weeks after the control phase and involved weekly EGF applications (0.5 mg/mL; 25 μg in 50 μL of phosphate-buffered saline), while the control phase involved no treatment. TMEM was assessed by applying ink spots to the TM and tracking migration on Day (D)0, D7, D14 and D21. A paired Student's t-test was used to compare the daily TMEM rates between phases.

Results: The EGF-treated phase had a significantly higher mean TMEM rate (235.0 ± 91.76 μm/day) than the control phase (146.83 ± 69.95 μm/day), showing a 60.1% increase (p < 0.05). The mean difference was 88.2 μm/day (95% confidence interval [CI]: 36.8-139.5). This difference was statistically significant based on both the paired t-test (p = 0.020) and Wilcoxon signed-rank test (p = 0.031). No differences were noted between the left and right ears, and no adverse effects occurred.

Conclusions and clinical relevance: These results suggest that EGF increases TMEM in dogs. These initial findings suggest potential clinical applications of EGF. Further studies are needed to validate these findings and evaluate their therapeutic potential.

Background: DNA-based vaccination rapidly induces strong cellular and humoral immune responses, which may be enhanced by inclusion of lysosomal-associated membrane protein-1 (LAMP).

Objectives: This proof-of-concept study evaluated the efficacy and safety of a Der f 2/Zen 1-LAMP-based DNA vaccine immunotherapy in client-owned dogs with nonseasonal AD sensitised to Dermatophagoides farinae (Df).

Animals: Fifteen dogs positive for Df only and 20 dogs with reactivity to additional environmental allergens received either a low (0.5 mg/0.1 mL) or high (2 mg/0.4 mL) dose of the vaccine intradermally.

Materials and methods: Four doses of vaccine were administered every 2 weeks. Pruritus, Canine Atopic Dermatitis Extent and Severity Index (CADESI)-04, average daily medication scores (AvdMS) and adverse events (AE) were recorded over 24 weeks. Owner perception of treatment efficacy (OGATE) was assessed at the end.

Results: Pruritus and CADESI-04 improved regardless of the sensitisation profile and the vaccine dose. After 24 weeks, despite a statistically insignificant reduction of AvdMS, 71%, 46% and 86% of dogs reached PVAS < 3.6, PVAS < 2 and CADESI-04 < 10, respectively. There was no statistically significant effect of AvdMS on PVAS or CADESI-04, meaning that the concurrently administered topical and/or systemic treatment(s) were unlikely to have been responsible for the observed PVAS and CADESI-04 reduction. Twenty-one owners (60%) rated the vaccine efficacy as good-to-excellent. No severe AEs were reported.

Conclusions and clinical relevance: These results of this proof-of-concept study support not only the safety of DNA vaccine immunotherapy in dogs with AD, but also its potential clinical benefits. A double-blinded, ≥ 12 month long, controlled study with more subjects should follow to further confirm the true efficacy of this vaccine.

Background: Cytological examination of the ear canal is essential for evaluating dogs with otitis externa (OE). The conventional sampling method uses a swab. However, the cytobrush (gynaecological cervical brush), already used for cytological collection from other anatomical sites, has not been adequately investigated for this purpose in dogs with OE.

Objectives: To compare the cytobrush as a sampling tool for the ear canal of dogs with OE and compare it with the swab technique.

Animals: Thirty ears from 17 dogs with OE, presented at a veterinary teaching hospital, were included for sampling.

Materials and methods: Cytological samples were collected using both a cytobrush and a swab in random order. Two independent and blinded evaluators quantified micro-organisms (cocci, bacilli, yeasts), mononuclear cells, polymorphonuclear cells and epithelial cells. Animal discomfort during sampling was assessed using a scoring system.

Results: No significant differences were found between the methods regarding the presence of micro-organisms or inflammatory and epithelial cells (p > 0.05), indicating equivalence between techniques. The intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC > 0.9) demonstrated high reproducibility between evaluators. Although the oto-podal reflex was more frequent with the cytobrush, it did not significantly impact overall animal discomfort.

Conclusions and clinical relevance: The cytobrush is an effective, safe and well-tolerated sampling method, and may be considered a viable alternative to the swab for collecting samples from the ear canal of dogs with OE.

Background: Canine atopic dermatitis (cAD) is a common, chronic skin condition characterised by epidermal barrier dysfunction, immune dysregulation and cutaneous dysbiosis. While 'emollient plus' formulations are widely used in human atopic dermatitis (hAD), their role in cAD remains underexplored.

Hypothesis/objectives: To evaluate the clinical efficacy and owner-perceived value of a novel emollient plus formulation as a co-adjuvant treatment for cAD.

Animals: Twenty-one client-owned dogs with controlled, nonseasonal cAD completed the study.

Materials and methods: A proof-of-concept, bench-to-bedside study was conducted over 30 days. Dogs received a once-daily application of a novel emollient plus formulation developed in-house. Clinical outcomes were assessed using pruritus Visual Analog Scale (pVAS)10 and Canine Atopic Dermatitis Extent and Severity Index (CADESI)-04 scores, alongside skin barrier function parameters (trans epidermal water loss [TEWL] and pH) at the pinnae and inguinal areas. Owners evaluated therapeutic efficacy via the Owner Global Assessment of Treatment Efficacy (OGATE) questionnaire and sensorial acceptability through a survey.

Results: Significant reductions were observed in pVAS10 (4.25 ± 1.85 to 3.38 ± 1.79; p = 0.016) and CADESI-04 (24.62 ± 18.48 to 13.43 ± 7.44; p = 0.02) scores. TEWL (18.63 ± 17.33 to 9.56 ± 10.75; p = 0.049) and pH (6.07 ± 0.97 to 5.41 ± 0.71; p = 0.01) only had significant reductions at the pinnae. Owner satisfaction was exceptionally high, with 90.47% rating treatment efficacy as 'good to excellent'. The sensorial properties of the formulation also received consistently positive ratings.

Conclusions and clinical relevance: This cAD-targeted emollient product demonstrated promising efficacy in reducing pruritus and skin lesions while possibly improving skin barrier function. Its favourable safety profile and high owner satisfaction suggest strong potential for routine clinical use in the management of cAD. Further controlled studies are warranted to confirm efficacy and optimised treatment protocols.

Background: Oclacitinib and lokivetmab are generally effective monotherapies for the treatment of canine allergic dermatitis yet treatment failures may occur.

Objective: To evaluate the efficacy of the combination of oclacitinib-lokivetmab therapy (COLT) in dogs that previously failed monotherapy.

Animals: Forty-four client-owned dogs diagnosed with allergic dermatitis that did not respond to both oclacitinib and lokivetmab as monotherapies were then treated with COLT.

Results: Twenty-seven of 44 (61.4%) dogs responded adequately to COLT based on a ≥ 2 cm reduction in the pruritus Visual Analog Scale (pVAS) score from baseline and client/clinician consensus on improvement. In dogs that responded, the mean pVAS for monotherapy (oclacitinib and lokivetmab group data combined) was 6.87 of 10 and fell to 2.67 of 10 after COLT (61.1% decrease; p < 0.0001). No adverse effects were noted with COLT.

Conclusions and clinical relevance: This study suggests that in dogs not adequately responsive to oclacitinib or lokivetmab monotherapy, COLT may provide superior control of pruritus.

Background: Meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus pseudintermedius (MRSP) is often resistant to multiple antibiotics. Rifampicin is effective against most MRSP isolates, yet the potential for the development of rapid resistance raises questions regarding its suitability as an antibiotic monotherapy for MRSP pyoderma.

Objectives: To describe the: (i) clinical outcome of rifampicin antibiotic monotherapy in MRSP pyoderma; (ii) frequency of adverse effects; and (iii) development of rifampicin resistance among dogs considered nonresponders to therapy.

Materials and methods: A retrospective study of medical records from 1/1/2013 to 1/12/2022 of client-owned dogs with MRSP pyoderma treated with oral rifampicin as a systemic antibiotic monotherapy for 21 days.

Results: 104 dogs were included; 77 cases of superficial pyoderma (74%) and 27 cases of deep pyoderma (26%). The mean daily rifampicin dose was 6 mg/kg. Rifampicin was clinically effective in 86 cases (82.7%). Eleven of 18 nonresponding dogs demonstrated rapidly acquired rifampicin resistance (10.6%). Eighty-two (78.8%), 17 (16.3%), two (1.9%) and three (2.9%) dogs experienced zero, mild, moderate and severe adverse effects, respectively.

Conclusions and clinical relevance: Rifampicin at 6 mg/kg is an effective and mostly well-tolerated monotherapy for treating MRSP pyoderma. However, in this study, it was associated with rapid development of resistance in ≥ 10% of treated dogs. Inadequate clinical response occurred without demonstrable resistance in 6.7% of cases. Concurrent use of ciclosporin or fluconazole with rifampicin increased the odds of severe adverse reactions.

Congenital non-epidermolytic ichthyosis was diagnosed in two littermate mixed-breed Yorkshire terrier puppies. Histopathological results confirmed lamellar orthokeratosis; genetic testing for known mutations was negative. Topical treatment improved clinical signs, yet relapse occurred upon discontinuation. This case expands the breeds affected and emphasises the need for life-long management.

Background: Perianal fistulae are a common, recurrent and painful disease in dogs, particularly in German shepherd dogs, and significantly affect the quality-of-life for both the animal and its owner.

Hypothesis/objectives: Management remains challenging and there is a lack of high-quality evidence for efficacy of the different medical treatment options. The aim of this article was to provide clinicians with a framework for decision-making.

Materials and methods: A literature review was conducted on medical treatment studies, utilising the Strength of Recommendation Taxonomy (SoRT) for grading evidence quality. PubMed, Scopus and EBSCOhost Research Databases (CAB and Medline) databases were searched for relevant publications between 1980 and August 2024, using the keywords: dog and perianal or anal and fistula, ulcer or furunculosis. Recommendations were based on authors' consensus and organised around four relevant clinical questions.

Results: Twenty clinical treatment studies were included with evidence assessed and recommendations presented for ciclosporin (alone and in combination with ketoconazole), tacrolimus, prednisolone, azathioprine, photobiomodulation, stem cells, oclacitinib, mycophenolate mofetil, dietary modifications and for surgery following medical treatment. Ciclosporin is recommended as the first-line treatment option with clinical response likely to be dependent on time and dose. In cases where ciclosporin fails, alternatives include the combination of prednisolone and tacrolimus or surgical intervention following medical treatment.

Conclusions and clinical relevance: This is the first literature review using SoRT criteria for the treatment of canine perianal fistulae. High-quality studies with precise and detailed criteria are needed to improve treatment recommendations and outcomes.

Background: Inhibition of the Janus kinase (JAK) pathway is a well-established option for canine atopic dermatitis (cAD).

Objective: To evaluate the efficacy and safety of ilunocitinib, a novel JAK inhibitor for the control of pruritus and skin lesions in client-owned dogs with cAD.

Animals: Two hundred sixty-eight dogs at 25 veterinary clinics.

Materials and methods: In this randomised, double-masked, clinical trial, dogs received either ilunocitinib (n = 181; 0.6-0.8 mg/kg) or placebo (n = 87; 0.0 mg/kg) tablets once daily for 112 days. Pruritus was assessed by owners using a pruritus Visual Analog Scale (PVAS), while skin lesions were assessed by Investigators using the cAD Extent and Severity Index, 4th iteration (CADESI-04). Treatment success was defined as ≥50% reduction from baseline PVAS or CADESI-04 score on Day (D)28. Proportions of dogs achieving clinical remission from pruritus (PVAS < 2) or skin lesions (CADESI-04 < 10) also were assessed.

Results: At D28, 83% of ilunocitinib-treated dogs achieved treatment success compared to 31% of placebo-treated dogs (p < 0.001). A significantly higher proportion of ilunocitinib-treated dogs achieved ≥50% reduction in CADESI-04 scores at all time points (p < 0.001). The proportion of dogs achieving clinical remission PVAS or CADESI-04 scores was significantly higher in the ilunocitinib group starting on D7 and D14, respectively (p < 0.05). The 112-day ilunocitinib treatment was well tolerated.

Conclusions and clinical relevance: Once daily ilunocitinib was well-tolerated and effective at rapidly reducing pruritus and resolving cAD-associated skin lesions. Clinical remission was achieved by two-thirds of dogs after 4 months of treatment. Ilunocitinib is safe and effective for managing clinical signs associated with cAD.

Canis familiaris papillomavirus type 16 was amplified from a mass in the mouth of a dog. The mass was histologically consistent with a pigmented viral plaque. This is the first report of an oral viral plaque in a dog. Histological investigation is essential to allow differentiation from an oral melanoma.