Veterinary dermatology最新文献

Background: Alopecia areata (AA) is an autoimmune disease resulting in nonscarring hair loss. Limited data are available on the treatment and prognosis of canine AA.

Hypothesis/objectives: The goal of this retrospective study was to describe the clinical and histopathological features and treatment outcomes of 14 canine AA patients.

Animals: 14 dogs diagnosed with AA.

Materials and methods: Inclusion criteria were: (i) clinical lesions of leukotrichia and/or alopecia lacking erythema, crusts, or excoriations; (ii) no current systemic immunosuppressive therapies; (iii) histopathological confirmation of bulbitis; and (iv) availability of histopathological slides for review.

Results: Eleven dogs had a history of concurrent pruritus; five were previously diagnosed with atopic dermatitis. Lesion distribution spanned the face, dorsal cranium, and extremities. Skin biopsies were evaluated. The percentage of anagen bulbs affected was graded on a severity scale based on the diameter of cellular infiltrate. Seventy-one percent (95 of 134) of anagen hair bulbs were affected. Peribulbar cells consisted of lymphocytes in all dogs, plasma cells (in 13), eosinophils (in seven), macrophages (in six) and neutrophils (in six). Clinical outcomes were available for 12 dogs; follow-up ranged from 2 months to 7 years. Oral ciclosporin was the most prevalent treatment (eight dogs); six had partial hair regrowth and two had complete hair regrowth. Evidence of relapse was seen in four dogs when ciclosporin was tapered or withdrawn. Oral oclacitinib was effective in two dogs with partial and complete hair regrowth observed after 3 and 5 months, respectively. Spontaneous remission was reported in two dogs (14%).

Conclusion and clinical relevance: Canine AA is a chronic, relapsing disease often warranting long-term treatment.

Sheeppox virus (SPPV), goatpox virus (GTPV) and lumpy skin disease virus (LSDV) belong to the genus Capripoxvirus (CaPV) within the family Poxviridae. These transboundary and highly infectious viruses cause substantial economic losses by affecting the productivity of both small and large ruminants. Clinical manifestations include cutaneous lesions (skin nodules and pustular lesions), lymphadenopathy, pneumonia, reduced milk yield, mastitis, infertility and abortion. The diagnosis is based on a combination of clinical signs, virus isolation, serology and PCR/real-time PCR. Recent advancements have significantly improved the sensitivity and specificity of CaPV detection and differentiation. These include multiplexed serological assays, isothermal DNA amplification methods such as recombinase polymerase reaction, CRISPR-Cas12a fluorescence assays and advanced DNA sequencing platforms. In enzootic regions, strategic control measures should include public awareness, vector control, early detection, vaccination, use of ethnoveterinary formulations, veterinary care, strict biosecurity and movement restrictions. The live attenuated vaccines remain the most suitable option for these regions owing to their efficacy. Cross-protective CaPV vaccine strains also support heterologous vaccination strategies. Emerging multivalent and recombinant vaccines offer promising avenues for providing broad protection and simplifying disease management. Overall, it is essential to break the viral transmission cycle to mitigate the economic losses.

Background: Normal hydration of the canine epidermis is imperative for cutaneous homeostasis. Xerosis may be encountered in canine atopic dermatitis and is aggravated by topical antiseptics.

Hypothesis and objectives: To evaluate the hydrating properties and the safety of a spray (Sensiderm spray; MP Labo) when applied after shampooing healthy dogs with a chlorhexidine 2%/miconazole 2% product.

Animals: Twelve clinically healthy, privately owned dogs.

Materials and methods: Dogs were clipped on the top of the head (control site), right and left lateral thorax. They were bathed on the body trunk with the chlorhexidine 2%/miconazole 2% shampoo and subsequently sprayed with Sensiderm on their randomly selected right or left side of the thorax. Skin hydration was measured by electrical capacitance using a corneometer on the three sites before (time point [T]0), and 1-2 h (T1), 6 h (T2), 24 h (T3), 48 h (T4) and 72 h (T5) after interventions.

Results: Two-way repeated-measures ANOVA showed a significant effect of time (p = 0.015) and a significant time-treatment interaction (p = 0.023) on skin hydration. One-way repeated-measures ANOVA showed that the effect of time was significant only on the Sensiderm spray-treated site, where skin hydration increased over baseline at T1 (p = 0.009; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 3.158-17.231), peaked at T2 (p ≤ 0.014 and 95% CI ≥ 1.680 compared with T0, T3, T4 and T5) and remained increased at T3 (p ≤ 0.037 and 95% CI ≥ 0.482 compared with T0 and T5). No treatment-related adverse effects were seen.

Conclusions and clinical relevance: Sensiderm spray was safe, and it increased hydration of healthy canine skin for ≥ 24 h.

Background: Dogs with moderate-to-severe leishmaniosis develop a strong nonprotective humoral response which is mainly associated with anti-Leishmania infantum antibodies. Humoral immune response also plays an important role in canine atopic dermatitis (cAD) and is associated with allergen-specific immunoglobulin (Ig)E.

Hypothesis/objectives: To compare the serum allergen-specific IgE concentration in dogs with leishmaniosis and high levels of anti-L. infantum-specific antibodies with Leishmania seronegative clinically healthy and atopic dogs.

Materials and methods: Serum samples from 47 dogs with leishmaniosis without cAD and high anti-L. infantum antibodies were included and compared with serum from 30 atopic and 33 clinically healthy dogs. Serum samples were analysed using a commercial kit for the quantitative measurement of allergen-specific IgE. Dogs with anti-cross-reactive carbohydrate determinants (CCD)-IgE were excluded.

Results: The proportion of dogs positive for at least one allergen was significantly higher in dogs with leishmaniosis (40 of 40) than in healthy (18 of 28) and atopic dogs (10 of 30) (p < 0.001, Fisher's exact test). The median allergen-specific IgE concentration was 7.1 U/mL in leishmaniotic dogs, 4.7 U/mL in atopic dogs and 1.4 U/mL in healthy dogs. A significant difference was observed between dogs with leishmaniosis and healthy dogs (p < 0.001, Wilcoxon-Mann-Whitney U-test), while no differences were found between leishmaniotic and atopic dogs, and atopic and healthy dogs.

Conclusions and clinical relevance: Dogs with moderate-to-severe leishmaniosis and high levels of anti-L. infantum antibodies produce high levels of serum allergen-specific IgE that do not appear to be of clinical relevance. Clinicians should cautiously interpret serological allergen tests in dogs with leishmaniosis.

Background: Dermal arteritis of the nasal philtrum (DANP) is an uncommon and poorly understood condition affecting large vessels of the nasal philtrum in dogs. Medical and/or surgical management has been proposed with inconsistent results and incomplete resolution. Carbon dioxide (CO₂) lasers are used for a variety of soft tissue procedures and could be beneficial in DANP owing to their intrinsic haemostatic capabilities.

Objective: The aim of this retrospective study was to evaluate the use of CO₂ laser ablation for the treatment of unresponsive DANP in dogs.

Animals: Five client-owned dogs with a presumptive or definitive diagnosis of DANP and unresponsive to standard treatments were included.

Materials and methods: CO₂ laser ablation of the ulcer and the adjacent tissue was performed until complete resolution of the nasal bleeding was achieved.

Results: This cohort included two Saint Bernards, one great Dane, one American bulldog and one mixed-breed dog. There were four neutered males and one spayed female with a median age of 7 (range 6-10) years. The procedure led to complete resolution of the bleeding within a few days post-laser procedure. A follow-up ranging from 1 to 12 months reported a lack of relapses of bleeding and ulceration in all dogs.

Conclusions and clinical relevance: In this study of five dogs, a single CO₂ laser ablation was practical, cost-effective, and provided full remission of the clinical signs of DANP that had been unresponsive to standard treatment. This is the first report describing CO₂ laser as a potential alternative treatment for difficult cases of canine DANP.

Background: Canine reactive histiocytosis is a proliferative disorder of activated interstitial dendritic cells with cutaneous and systemic forms. An immune-mediated aetiology is likely, and systemic immunomodulatory agents such as corticosteroids, tetracycline/niacinamide, ciclosporin, azathioprine and leflunomide have been employed for its management.

Hypothesis/objectives: The aim of this retrospective case series is to report the clinical features and therapeutic response to oclacitinib in dogs with reactive histiocytosis.

Animals: Ten privately owned dogs.

Materials and methods: All dogs were diagnosed with reactive histiocytosis based on compatible clinical history, skin lesions and histopathological features, and were treated with oclacitinib as a sole therapy. Immunohistochemical investigation was used to characterise dermal cellular infiltrates for eight of 10 dogs. Clinical features and case outcomes are summarised.

Results: All 10 dogs presented with dermal nodules and/or erythematous plaques affecting the head, trunk or limbs; four dogs also had documented or suspected involvement of the nasal or oral cavities. Seven dogs had been treated previously with one or more immunomodulatory agents without durable disease control. All dogs were completely responsive to treatment with oclacitinib, at or slightly above the standard antipruritic dosage. Skin and mucosal lesions resolved within 2-12 weeks. Lesion remission was maintained with oclacitinib monotherapy for varying follow-up times, although four dogs had brief recurrences addressed with adjustments in oclacitinib dosing.

Conclusions and clinical relevance: Although reactive histiocytosis can have a naturally waxing and waning course, oclacitinib appears to be rapidly effective for management, even in cases refractory to other immunomodulatory agents or with involvement of the oral or nasal cavities.

Animal use statement: Animal use was conducted in accordance with the international, national and institutional guidelines for the humane treatment of animals, and with relevant legislation.

A 9-year-old gelding Quarter Horse with a lesion on the right upper eyelid was diagnosed with cutaneous lupus erythematosus. Clinical resolution and control of UV-induced flares were achieved with topical tacrolimus and a UV-blocking mask without adverse effects over the following 3 years.

Background: Advances in transcriptomics have driven the demand for minimally invasive, reproducible and high-yield skin sampling methods, particularly for studying inflammatory skin diseases in companion animals.

Hypothesis/objectives: We tested tolerability, feasibility and RNA quantity and quality of three minimally invasive skin sampling techniques.

Animals: Nine privately-owned dogs, including healthy individuals and those diagnosed with canine atopic dermatitis.

Materials and methods: The tolerability and feasibility of three minimally invasive skin sampling techniques-microbiopsy (MB) collection, skin-scraping (SS) and tape-stripping (TS)-were tested in a clinical setting. RNA quantity and quality (RIN) were measured. Quality control and potential contamination were evaluated during downstream RNA sequencing.

Results: All techniques were well-tolerated, and sampling was feasible in a clinical setting. RNA yield and quality varied significantly. Microbiopsy and SS samples yielded low RNA quantities with poor integrity. Tape-stripping samples produced the highest RNA concentration and integrity (RIN 3.4-7.1) yet showed notable variability. Although initial sequencing quality thresholds were met, downstream transcriptomic analysis of the TS samples was limited by uneven degradation and suspected DNA contamination.

Conclusions and clinical relevance: Minimally invasive skin sampling methods are feasible and well-tolerated in dogs. Among the techniques evaluated, TS showed the most potential for transcriptomic applications. However, RNA quality remains a key limitation. Further refinement in sample processing and handling is essential to improve consistency and enable reliable downstream analyses in veterinary dermatological research.

Background: Maropitant citrate (Cerenia; Zoetis) is a neurokinin-1 receptor antagonist that inhibits binding of substance P, and is approved to prevent acute emesis and motion sickness in dogs. Maropitant is often administered before sedation with α2-agonists to reduce the risk of vomiting. Many medications interfere with intradermal test (IDT) results and it is unknown if maropitant citrate alters IDT reactivity.

Objective: To assess the influence of maropitant citrate on IDT reactivity in dogs with canine atopic dermatitis (cAD).

Materials and methods: Twenty client-owned dogs with cAD were enrolled in a randomised, controlled, blinded, comparative trial. Each IDT was read independently by a dermatology resident and a referral clinician. Subjective (0-4) and objective (mm diameter) wheal scores were measured 15 min after intradermal injections. Four positive pollen allergens with established irritancy threshold concentrations (ITC) were selected for assessment in the next phase. Following completion of the initial IDT, maropitant citrate (1 mg/kg) was administered intravenously. A second, randomised, blinded IDT was performed using the four positive allergens injected in triplicate, with controls injected in duplicate.

Results: Histamine (objective mean difference [MD] = 1.1 mm, p = 0.01) and positive allergen (objective MD = 0.4 mm, p = 0.007; subjective MD = 0.2 mm, p < 0.001) wheal sizes were statistically larger post-maropitant citrate. The proportions of positive allergen scores were not significantly different pre- and post-maropitant citrate (objective: 48 of 80 pre- vs. 56 of 80 post-, p = 0.09; subjective: 80 of 80 pre- vs. 77 of 80 post-, p = 0.25). No adverse events were observed.

Conclusions and clinical relevance: Intravascular maropitant citrate increases wheal size, yet the effect on allergen selection for clinical treatment remains equivocal.