Veterinary dermatology最新文献

Background: Canine atopic dermatitis (cAD) is a hereditary, generally pruritic and predominantly T-cell-driven inflammatory skin disease, involving an interplay between skin barrier abnormalities, allergen sensitisation and microbial dysbiosis. The individual immunological response is predominantly against environmental allergens, including mite antigens; mould spores; and pollen from grasses, trees and weeds. Airborne pollens show fluctuating patterns during the year.

Objective: The aim of this prospective study was to evaluate the influence of local pollen concentrations and weather conditions on the clinical signs of atopic dogs, and to investigate any possible correlations with the results of intradermal testing (IDT).

Materials and methods: Thirty-seven privately owned atopic dogs in Bavaria were surveyed from 1 April to 30 November 2021. Owners were asked to record pruritus using a validated Visual Analog Scale (PVAS) score and the weekly medication of their dog. Furthermore, weather data, including pollen count, rainfall, relative humidity, hours of sunshine and temperature from the dog's location were collected daily.

Results: Of the evaluated parameters, only humidity and medication scores correlated positively with the PVAS scores of the atopic dogs. There was no correlation between specific pollen counts and PVAS scores of dogs with positive IDT reactions to that pollen.

Conclusion and clinical relevance: The outcome of this study highlights the importance of a careful interpretation of positive IDT results in dogs with cAD and questions the validity of airborne pollen trap methodology in representing pollen exposure for dogs at ground level.

This report describes a multicentric intermediate-size B-cell lymphoma with epitheliotropism in a Freiberger mare affecting multiple mucous membranes, skin and internal organs. The clonal neoplastic B-cell population was accompanied by numerous reactive polyclonal small T cells. Differential diagnoses for these unusual findings are discussed.

The authors describe a case of presumptive feline subcutaneous fat sclerosis, a condition reported only once previously (in 1987) and diagnosed with postmortem examination. We describe radiographic, computed tomography scan and histopathological findings, and partial response to oral methylprednisolone and Vitamin E.

Background: Cytological detection of acantholytic keratinocytes (acantholytic cells [AC]) helps to identify canine pemphigus foliaceus (cPF) yet AC also occurs in superficial pyoderma (SP), the main differential diagnosis.

Hypothesis/objectives: To compare selected cytomorphological features of cPF and SP and to establish cytological diagnostic criteria that could differentiate cPF from SP.

Animals: 40 and 51 client-owned dogs with PF and SP, respectively.

Materials and methods: Impression smears from cPF (64), impetigo (40) and exfoliative superficial pyoderma (ESP) (17) samples were stained with Romanowsky stain, randomised, blinded and evaluated by two investigators independently. The entire sample was screened (×500 or ×1000 magnification) for round (AC1), boat (AC2) and raft AC, eosinophils and bacteria. Interobserver agreements were calculated.

Results: The average number of the 10 highest ×500 fields for AC1 and AC2 was significantly higher in PF than SP (p < 0.0001; Kruskal-Wallis test). Rafts and eosinophils were more common in PF than SP (p < 0.0001; chi-square test), while bacteria were rare in PF (5%; p < 0.0001; chi-square test). Observations between the experienced and novice investigators were highly correlated. An ROC analysis identified five AC1/×500-magnification field as a suitable cut-off value for predicting PF diagnosis. This cut-off value was tested by two additional investigators, who identified sensitivity of 84%-100%, specificity of 95%-97% and accuracy of 95%-96% for the diagnosis of cPF.

Conclusions and clinical relevance: Criterion-based impression smear cytological evaluation can provide strong evidence to support the clinical diagnosis. Acantholytic cell morphology varies in cPF and SP, and experience can improve accuracy in cytological differentiation.

Feline proliferative and necrotising otitis externa (PNOE) is a rare immune-mediated condition, usually self-limiting or responsive to immunosuppressants such as topical tacrolimus. This case report describes two cats with refractory PNOE that responded successfully to oclacitinib. One cat also had middle ear involvement and the other cat had extra-auricular dermatitis.

Background: Verdinexor (Laverdia-CA1; Dechra Veterinary Products), a selective inhibitor of nuclear export, has been utilised for treatment of non-Hodgkin T-cell lymphoma in dogs. However, the efficacy of verdinexor has not been evaluated for cutaneous epitheliotropic T-cell lymphoma (CETL).

Hypothesis/objectives: To evaluate the efficacy of verdinexor for the treatment of CETL.

Animals: Eight client-owned animals with CETL.

Materials and methods: Patients received between 1.28 and 1.45 mg/kg verdinexor per os twice weekly with a minimum of 72 h between doses until disease progression or voluntary withdrawal. Adjunctive therapy with lokivetmab or prednisone was permitted after Day (D)14. Assessment of clinical lesions (canine Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors [cRECIST v1.0] and novel Canine Epitheliotropic Lymphoma Extent and Severity Index [CELESI]), pruritus (Visual Analog Scale) and treatment efficacy (owner global assessment of treatment efficacy [OGATE]) were evaluated every 14 days for 3 months, then monthly thereafter (mean 70 ± 43.4 days).

Results: Seventy-five percent of patients achieved complete response, partial response or stable disease. The mean time to disease progression was 56 ± 41 days. There was a significant reduction (p = 0.026) in total CELESI score when the lowest score for each dog was compared to their score at D0. Verdinexor did not significantly reduce pruritus at any time point (p = 0.45), including when given as a monotherapy or concurrently with lokivetmab ± glucocorticoids. On D28, 75% of owners rated response to treatment as 'fair' to 'excellent'. The most common adverse effects included weight loss, inappetence, vomiting and lethargy.

Conclusions and clinical relevance: Verdinexor could be considered a safe, palliative treatment for canine CETL.

A limited antigen diet trial and subsequent food provocation is currently the optimal method of confirming a diagnosis of food allergy in dogs and cats. However, performing an effective diet trial can be challenging as it requires a high level of client and pet compliance, appropriate diet selection and correct interpretation of the provocative challenge. This narrative guides the clinician through the process, highlights potential pitfalls and specifies how these can be avoided to achieve a successful outcome.

Background: Cutaneous cytological investigation is a valuable tool for the diagnosis of superficial bacterial folliculitis (SBF). Studies comparing tape strips and direct impression (DI) smears have demonstrated that DI may recover more inflammatory cells and nuclear streaming (NS). Adhesive slides (AS) have not been evaluated in cutaneous cytological investigation.

Objective: To compare cytological findings between AS and DI for the same lesion in SBF.

Animals: Fifteen client-owned dogs with clinical signs suggestive of SBF were enrolled.

Materials and methods: Fifty lesions consistent with SBF comprising collarettes, papules and crusts were included. Half of each lesion was sampled using DI and the other half sampled using AS. Papules were sampled sequentially in a randomised order between techniques. Three investigators blinded to the sample pairings read the slides in duplicate. Ten adjacent oil immersion fields were examined. Bacteria were recorded on a quantitative scale, polymorphonuclear cells (PMN), NS and 'miscellaneous' on a qualitative scale, and keratinocytes (KC) on a semiquantitative scale.

Results: Significant differences were identified for KC (DI mean 2.5, SD ±0.08; AS mean 3.3, SD ±0.06, p < 0.0001), 'miscellaneous' (DI mean 0.72, SD ±0.03; AS mean 0.83, SD ±0.02 p < 0.0001), NS (DI mean 0.69, SD ±0.03; AS mean 0.56; SD ±0.03, p < 0.0001) and extracellular cocci (DI mean 5.03, ±SD 7.2; AS mean 3.91, ±SD 4.3, p = 0.01).

Conclusions and clinical relevance: DI identified more EC cocci and NS, while AS detected more KC and debris. Intra- and interobserver agreement varied, with AS having poorer agreement for several parameters. These results can be used to inform the clinician of the best methodology to use in confirming a diagnosis of SBF.

Background: Staphylococcus pseudintermedius and S. aureus are important pathogens in dogs. This study established carrier rates, strain diversity and antimicrobial resistance of these bacteria among healthy dogs in Tanzania.

Results: Based on cultures of mouth and perineal swabs, 11.3% and 50.3% of 151 healthy dogs were carriers of S. aureus and S. pseudintermedius, respectively. Only four dogs (3%) carried meticillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA), while none of the S. pseudintermedius strains were meticillin-resistant. 12 of 19 S. aureus strains tested were resistant to penicillin G, and resistance to enrofloxacin and tetracycline was also commonly detected. The most common resistances in 103 S. pseudintermedius strains tested were to penicillin G (28.2%) and tetracycline (22.3%). S. pseudintermedius strains showed 65 different random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) fingerprints, and S. aureus strains belonged to eight different spa types, including two novel types (t18988 and t18989). MRSA strains carried SCCmec type V.

Conclusions and clinical relevance: Healthy dogs in Tanzania were carriers of MRSA at low frequency, and half of the dogs carried S. pseudintermedius with high strain diversity.

Background: The SCORing Feline Allergic Dermatitis scale (SCORFAD) is a validated dermatological scale assessing reaction patterns associated with allergic dermatitis in cats. While no pathognomonic reaction pattern is recognised with flea allergy dermatitis (FAD), miliary dermatitis is more common.

Hypothesis/objective: This study aimed to document regional cutaneous reaction patterns of cats with fleas using a modified SCORFAD (mSCORFAD).

Animals: In total, 142 owned cats from West Central Florida enrolled over three study periods. To be included, each cat and household environment had five or more fleas on Day (D)0.

Materials and methods: Cats were examined on D0, D7, D14, D21, D28, D44, D56 and D80. On D0 they were treated with an isoxazoline and treatment continued through the study. Ten body regions were assessed using mSCORFAD to give a regional score for each of four reaction patterns. These were compared using the Wilcoxon rank sum test.

Results: At D80 there was an 80% reduction in total mSCORFAD representing clinical response to ectoparasite control only. The most commonly affected region was the ventral abdomen with a mean mSCORFAD score of 1.8 (95% confidence interval = 1.5-2.1) compared with other body regions (p < 0.01). The most common reaction patterns were self-induced alopecia on the ventral abdomen and miliary dermatitis in the cervical region (p < 0.0001).

Conclusions and clinical relevance: The mSCORFAD suggests that self-induced alopecia on the ventral abdomen and miliary dermatitis in the cervical region is more strongly associated with a flea burden in cats.