Feline proliferative and necrotising otitis externa (PNOE) is a rare immune-mediated condition, usually self-limiting or responsive to immunosuppressants such as topical tacrolimus. This case report describes two cats with refractory PNOE that responded successfully to oclacitinib. One cat also had middle ear involvement and the other cat had extra-auricular dermatitis.
Background: Verdinexor (Laverdia-CA1; Dechra Veterinary Products), a selective inhibitor of nuclear export, has been utilised for treatment of non-Hodgkin T-cell lymphoma in dogs. However, the efficacy of verdinexor has not been evaluated for cutaneous epitheliotropic T-cell lymphoma (CETL).
Hypothesis/objectives: To evaluate the efficacy of verdinexor for the treatment of CETL.
Animals: Eight client-owned animals with CETL.
Materials and methods: Patients received between 1.28 and 1.45 mg/kg verdinexor per os twice weekly with a minimum of 72 h between doses until disease progression or voluntary withdrawal. Adjunctive therapy with lokivetmab or prednisone was permitted after Day (D)14. Assessment of clinical lesions (canine Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors [cRECIST v1.0] and novel Canine Epitheliotropic Lymphoma Extent and Severity Index [CELESI]), pruritus (Visual Analog Scale) and treatment efficacy (owner global assessment of treatment efficacy [OGATE]) were evaluated every 14 days for 3 months, then monthly thereafter (mean 70 ± 43.4 days).
Results: Seventy-five percent of patients achieved complete response, partial response or stable disease. The mean time to disease progression was 56 ± 41 days. There was a significant reduction (p = 0.026) in total CELESI score when the lowest score for each dog was compared to their score at D0. Verdinexor did not significantly reduce pruritus at any time point (p = 0.45), including when given as a monotherapy or concurrently with lokivetmab ± glucocorticoids. On D28, 75% of owners rated response to treatment as 'fair' to 'excellent'. The most common adverse effects included weight loss, inappetence, vomiting and lethargy.
Conclusions and clinical relevance: Verdinexor could be considered a safe, palliative treatment for canine CETL.
A limited antigen diet trial and subsequent food provocation is currently the optimal method of confirming a diagnosis of food allergy in dogs and cats. However, performing an effective diet trial can be challenging as it requires a high level of client and pet compliance, appropriate diet selection and correct interpretation of the provocative challenge. This narrative guides the clinician through the process, highlights potential pitfalls and specifies how these can be avoided to achieve a successful outcome.
Background: Cutaneous cytological investigation is a valuable tool for the diagnosis of superficial bacterial folliculitis (SBF). Studies comparing tape strips and direct impression (DI) smears have demonstrated that DI may recover more inflammatory cells and nuclear streaming (NS). Adhesive slides (AS) have not been evaluated in cutaneous cytological investigation.
Objective: To compare cytological findings between AS and DI for the same lesion in SBF.
Animals: Fifteen client-owned dogs with clinical signs suggestive of SBF were enrolled.
Materials and methods: Fifty lesions consistent with SBF comprising collarettes, papules and crusts were included. Half of each lesion was sampled using DI and the other half sampled using AS. Papules were sampled sequentially in a randomised order between techniques. Three investigators blinded to the sample pairings read the slides in duplicate. Ten adjacent oil immersion fields were examined. Bacteria were recorded on a quantitative scale, polymorphonuclear cells (PMN), NS and 'miscellaneous' on a qualitative scale, and keratinocytes (KC) on a semiquantitative scale.
Results: Significant differences were identified for KC (DI mean 2.5, SD ±0.08; AS mean 3.3, SD ±0.06, p < 0.0001), 'miscellaneous' (DI mean 0.72, SD ±0.03; AS mean 0.83, SD ±0.02 p < 0.0001), NS (DI mean 0.69, SD ±0.03; AS mean 0.56; SD ±0.03, p < 0.0001) and extracellular cocci (DI mean 5.03, ±SD 7.2; AS mean 3.91, ±SD 4.3, p = 0.01).
Conclusions and clinical relevance: DI identified more EC cocci and NS, while AS detected more KC and debris. Intra- and interobserver agreement varied, with AS having poorer agreement for several parameters. These results can be used to inform the clinician of the best methodology to use in confirming a diagnosis of SBF.
Background: Staphylococcus pseudintermedius and S. aureus are important pathogens in dogs. This study established carrier rates, strain diversity and antimicrobial resistance of these bacteria among healthy dogs in Tanzania.
Results: Based on cultures of mouth and perineal swabs, 11.3% and 50.3% of 151 healthy dogs were carriers of S. aureus and S. pseudintermedius, respectively. Only four dogs (3%) carried meticillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA), while none of the S. pseudintermedius strains were meticillin-resistant. 12 of 19 S. aureus strains tested were resistant to penicillin G, and resistance to enrofloxacin and tetracycline was also commonly detected. The most common resistances in 103 S. pseudintermedius strains tested were to penicillin G (28.2%) and tetracycline (22.3%). S. pseudintermedius strains showed 65 different random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) fingerprints, and S. aureus strains belonged to eight different spa types, including two novel types (t18988 and t18989). MRSA strains carried SCCmec type V.
Conclusions and clinical relevance: Healthy dogs in Tanzania were carriers of MRSA at low frequency, and half of the dogs carried S. pseudintermedius with high strain diversity.
Background: The SCORing Feline Allergic Dermatitis scale (SCORFAD) is a validated dermatological scale assessing reaction patterns associated with allergic dermatitis in cats. While no pathognomonic reaction pattern is recognised with flea allergy dermatitis (FAD), miliary dermatitis is more common.
Hypothesis/objective: This study aimed to document regional cutaneous reaction patterns of cats with fleas using a modified SCORFAD (mSCORFAD).
Animals: In total, 142 owned cats from West Central Florida enrolled over three study periods. To be included, each cat and household environment had five or more fleas on Day (D)0.
Materials and methods: Cats were examined on D0, D7, D14, D21, D28, D44, D56 and D80. On D0 they were treated with an isoxazoline and treatment continued through the study. Ten body regions were assessed using mSCORFAD to give a regional score for each of four reaction patterns. These were compared using the Wilcoxon rank sum test.
Results: At D80 there was an 80% reduction in total mSCORFAD representing clinical response to ectoparasite control only. The most commonly affected region was the ventral abdomen with a mean mSCORFAD score of 1.8 (95% confidence interval = 1.5-2.1) compared with other body regions (p < 0.01). The most common reaction patterns were self-induced alopecia on the ventral abdomen and miliary dermatitis in the cervical region (p < 0.0001).
Conclusions and clinical relevance: The mSCORFAD suggests that self-induced alopecia on the ventral abdomen and miliary dermatitis in the cervical region is more strongly associated with a flea burden in cats.
Background: Lop-eared rabbits may be predisposed to otitis externa (OE) as a consequence of their ear conformation. Although otoscopy, otic cytological evaluation and culture are valuable tools in dogs and cats, published data on rabbits remain lacking.
Hypothesis/objectives: This study aimed to assess the utility of otoscopy and cytological results in evaluating healthy rabbit external ear canals (EECs) and to characterise ear cytological and microbiological findings through culture techniques and metagenomic sequencing.
Animals: Sixty-three otitis-free client-owned rabbits.
Materials and methods: All rabbits underwent otoscopy and ear cytological evaluation. In a subset of 12 rabbits, further bacterial and fungal culture, fungal DNA assessment and metagenomic sequencing were performed.
Results: Otic cytological results revealed yeast in 73%, cocci in 42.9% and rods in 28.6% of healthy rabbit EECs. Compared to upright-eared rabbits, lop-eared rabbits had more discharge and more bacteria per oil immersion field. Culture isolated eight different species yet metagenomic sequencing identified 36, belonging to the Bacillota (Firmicutes), Pseudomonadota and Actinomycetota phyla. Staphylococcus were the most commonly observed species with both methods. Ten of 12 rabbits were yeast-positive on cytological evaluation with only three yielding fungal growth identified as Yarrowia (Candida) lipolytica, Eurotium echinulatum and Cystofilobasidium infirmominiatum.
Conclusions and clinical relevance: Healthy rabbit EECs lack inflammatory cells yet can host yeast and bacteria, emphasising the need to evaluate cytological results alongside the clinical signs. Lop-ear anatomy may predispose to bacterial overgrowth and OE. Notably, yeasts may be present despite a negative culture.
Background: Limited information exists about the correlation between clinical history and positive serum (SAT) and intradermal allergen test (IDAT) results in atopic dogs.
Objectives: To evaluate the correlation between clinical history and SAT/IDAT results in atopic dogs.
Animals: Twenty-nine client-owned dogs with nonseasonal atopic dermatitis with or without seasonal exacerbation were enrolled.
Materials and methods: IDAT, SAT (immunoglobulin (Ig)M antibody capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay [MacELISA] with bromelain CCD inhibitor) and clinical information collected in a questionnaire regarding seasonal variations in pruritus affecting the dogs were performed on the same day. Two independent investigators (Inv A and Inv B) recorded IDAT results.
Results: The kappa coefficients agreement for positive IDAT scores between Inv A and B was substantial. The agreement between IDAT and SAT results at different ELISA absorbance units (EAU) cut-offs (>79 and ≥300) was slight and fair for both investigators, respectively. A higher agreement was observed between IDAT and SAT (≥300 EAU) than between IDAT and SAT (>79 EAU) with the exception of mite and flea allergens. There was a statistically significant association between clinical history and positive IDAT results for seasonal allergens (Inv A and Inv B, p = 0.016). There was no significance between positive SAT results and clinical history. Five (IDAT) and 12 of 13 (SAT) atopic dogs without clinical seasonal exacerbation showed positive results for seasonal allergens.
Conclusions and clinical relevance: The agreement between IDAT and SAT ≥300 EAU results was fair and the agreement between IDAT and SAT >79 EAU results was slight for all allergens. Only positive IDAT results significantly correlated with clinical history.
A climbing mantella frog (Mantella laevigata) was presented with nodular thickened skin. Histological examination revealed dermal nodules composed of differentiated bone consistent with miliary osteoma cutis, a non-neoplastic condition where bone is abnormally deposited within the skin. This is the first report of idiopathic osteoma cutis in an amphibian.
Background: Dermatological cases are commonly encountered worldwide. Dermatology specialists and a specific dermatology curriculum may not be available in some parts of the world.
Objectives: This study's first objective was to describe the dermatology curricula at a sample of American and Indonesian veterinary schools. The second objective was to investigate veterinary students' opinions regarding their readiness and confidence in managing dermatological cases.
Methods and materials: Two online questionnaires were designed and distributed to veterinary schools in both Indonesia and the United States. One questionnaire was designed to evaluate the details of the dermatology coursework and distributed to a conveniently selected representative faculty of each school via email. The other questionnaire, which was distributed to veterinary students through a listserv, surveyed students' opinions about their education. Data were analysed using descriptive statistics and thematic data analysis.
Results: In the United States, 63.7% of responding veterinary schools had a specific faculty member teaching dermatology. Dermatology coursework was mandatory in 55% and 0% of schools in the United States and Indonesia, respectively. Ten of 11 responding US schools offered dermatology rotations, yet this was only required for graduation in three schools. None of the Indonesian schools offered a dermatology rotation. Students in both countries reported that they were confident in their clinical skills regardless of the presence of a board-certified dermatology referral clinician.
Conclusions and clinical relevance: Our study presents an updated insight into dermatology education in the veterinary curriculum from the perspectives of both faculty and students in the United States and Indonesia.
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