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Demographic responses of piping plovers to habitat creation on the Missouri river Respuestas Demográficas del Frailecillo Silbador a la Creación de Hábitat en el Río Missouri Réactions Démographiques des Pluvieurs Siffleurs à la Création d'Habitat sur la Rivière Missouri 管道垂钓者对密苏里河栖息地创造的人口反应Respuestas demográficas del frailecillo silbador a la creación de hábitat en el Río Missouri对密苏里河栖息地创造的人口反应
IF 4.4 1区 生物学 Q1 Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Wildlife Monographs
Pub Date : 2015-09-17 DOI: 10.1002/wmon.1016
Daniel H. Catlin, James D. Fraser, Joy H. Felio

The piping plover (Charadrius melodus) was listed under the United States Endangered Species Act (ESA) because of habitat loss and excessive predation. The Missouri River provides important habitat for the Great Plains population of the species, some of which nest and forage on river sandbars deposited naturally during high river flows. The United States Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) operates a series of dams on the river that affect water level and the size, number, distribution, and vegetative cover of these sandbars. As a federal agency, USACE is required by the ESA to have a program to conserve the piping plover, and is prohibited from engaging in activities that jeopardize the plover's continued existence. Pursuant to these obligations, the USACE implemented a habitat creation program on the Gavins Point Reach (GVP) and Lewis and Clark Lake (LCL) on the Missouri River from 2004 to 2011. This habitat creation provided an opportunity to study the piping plover's demographic response to several habitat types, and in particular to habitat creation. The goal of this study was to assess the effects of management on plovers using the Missouri River. We studied the changes in engineered and natural habitats, and compared the effects of newly engineered habitat versus naturally created habitat on plover demography during 2005–2011. To this end, we estimated changes in nesting habitat (open or sparsely vegetated dry sand) and examined the factors affecting nest success, chick survival from hatching to fledging, survival, and movement (between and among engineered and natural sandbars) of hatch-year and adult birds, fidelity of plovers to the study area, and immigration of plovers into engineered habitat. We used demographic estimates to determine overall and habitat-specific reproductive output and overall population growth rate. Under the assumption that plovers are habitat limited on the Missouri River, we predicted that they would respond positively to the creation of engineered habitat, that their demographic rates would be higher at those sites than on older, natural sandbars, and that over time, the rates would resemble those on older, natural habitats. Engineered sandbars had proportionally more plover nesting habitat than natural sandbars, but the proportion of nesting habitat decreased through vegetation encroachment and erosion as the sandbars aged. Adult and hatch-year plovers immigrated to engineered sandbars, but immigration slowed as nesting density increased. Nesting density on engineered sandbars increased soon after sandbar construction, peaked 2–3 years later, and then declined to levels similar to those on older, natural sandbars. Birds that nested on engineered sandbars had higher nest success, and those nesting on LCL had higher chick survival than those that nested on GVP sandbars. Adult survival did not differ between engineered or natural habitat,

管鸻(Charadrius melodus)因栖息地丧失和过度捕食而被列入美国濒危物种法案(ESA)。密苏里河为该物种的大平原种群提供了重要的栖息地，其中一些在河流高流量时自然沉积的河沙洲上筑巢和觅食。美国陆军工程兵团(USACE)在河上修建了一系列水坝，这些水坝影响着水位以及这些沙洲的大小、数量、分布和植被覆盖。作为一个联邦机构，USACE被ESA要求有一个保护管鸻的计划，并且被禁止从事危及管鸻继续存在的活动。根据这些义务，USACE于2004年至2011年在密苏里河上的加文斯点河段(GVP)和刘易斯和克拉克湖(LCL)实施了一项栖息地创建计划。这种栖息地的创造提供了一个机会来研究管鸻对几种栖息地类型的人口反应，特别是对栖息地的创造。本研究的目的是评估管理对使用密苏里河的鸻的影响。研究了2005-2011年人工生境与自然生境的变化，比较了人工生境与自然生境对鸻种群数量的影响。为此，我们估计了筑巢栖息地(开放或稀疏植被的干沙)的变化，并研究了影响筑巢成功的因素，雏鸟从孵化到羽化的存活率，孵化年和成年鸟的生存和运动(在工程沙洲和自然沙洲之间和之间)，对研究区域的鸻的保真度，以及鸻向工程生境的迁移。我们使用人口统计估计来确定总体和特定栖息地的生殖产出和总体人口增长率。假设鸻在密苏里河上的栖息地有限，我们预测它们会对工程栖息地的创造做出积极的反应，它们在这些地点的人口比例将高于旧的自然沙洲，随着时间的推移，这一比例将与旧的自然栖息地相似。工程沙洲的鸻筑巢生境比例高于天然沙洲，但随着沙洲的老化，由于植被的侵蚀，筑巢生境比例下降。成年和孵化年份的鸻迁移到工程沙洲，但随着筑巢密度的增加，迁移速度减慢。工程沙洲上的筑巢密度在沙洲建成后很快增加，在2-3年后达到峰值，然后下降到与旧的天然沙洲相似的水平。在工程沙洲上筑巢的鸟类筑巢成功率更高，在LCL上筑巢的雏鸟存活率高于在GVP沙洲上筑巢的雏鸟存活率。成虫存活率在工程栖息地和自然栖息地之间没有差异，但对于不筑巢的鸟类来说，明显的存活率较低，这表明非筑巢鸟类的迁徙或死亡率更高。成年和孵化年鸻对研究区域的保真度较高(孵化年鸻>60%，孵化年鸻>90%)，当生境可用性增加时，孵化年保真度最高(>80%)。我们估计，根据观察到的存活率，一个固定种群所需的繁殖产量为每对1.25只小鸡，在LCL上的4年中有3年等于或超过这一比率，在GVP上的工程沙洲上5年中有2年等于或超过这一比率，在GVP上的自然沙洲上5年中有1年等于或超过这一比率。我们的研究结果支持了管鸻在研究之前和研究期间栖息地有限的假设。虽然巢围和捕食者控制有时可以提高繁殖产量，但我们预测，除非有额外的栖息地来捕获提高生产力，否则这些干预措施对增加种群规模几乎没有作用。基于高保真率和后续筑巢尝试之间的短距离(成鸟的中位数= 12公里)，我们建议栖息地建设广泛分布在源种群约12公里的范围内，以最大限度地提高种群建设过程的效率。©2015野生动物协会。
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引用次数: 48
Spatial and temporal structure of a mesocarnivore guild in midwestern north America Estructura Espacial y Temporal de un Gremio Mesocarnívoro en el medio oeste de América del Norte Structure Spatio-Temporelle d'une Guilde de Mésocarnivores dans le Midwest Nord Américain 北美中西部中食肉动物协会的时空结构北美中西部中食肉动物协会的时空结构北美中西部中食肉动物协会的时空结构
IF 4.4 1区 生物学 Q1 Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Wildlife Monographs
Pub Date : 2015-04-27 DOI: 10.1002/wmon.1015
Damon B. Lesmeister, Clayton K. Nielsen, Eric M. Schauber, Eric C. Hellgren

Carnivore guilds play a vital role in ecological communities by cascading trophic effects, energy and nutrient transfer, and stabilizing or destabilizing food webs. Consequently, the structure of carnivore guilds can be critical to ecosystem patterns. Body size is a crucial influence on intraguild interactions, because it affects access to prey resources, effectiveness in scramble competition, and vulnerability to intraguild predation. Coyotes (Canis latrans), bobcats (Lynx rufus), gray foxes (Urocyon cinereoargenteus), raccoons (Procyon lotor), red foxes (Vulpes vulpes), and striped skunks (Mephitis mephitis) occur sympatrically throughout much of North America and overlap in resource use, indicating potential for interspecific interactions. Although much is known about the autecology of the individual species separately, little is known about factors that facilitate coexistence and how interactions within this guild influence distribution, habitat use, and temporal activity of the smaller carnivores. To assess how habitat autecology and interspecific interactions affect the structure of this widespread carnivore guild, we conducted a large-scale, non-invasive carnivore survey using an occupancy modeling framework. We deployed remote cameras during 3-week surveys to detect carnivores at 1,118 camera locations in 357 2.6-km2 sections (3–4 cameras/section composing a cluster) in the 16 southernmost counties of Illinois (16,058 km2) during January–April, 2008–2010. We characterized microhabitat at each camera location and landscape-level habitat features for each camera cluster. In a multistage approach, we used information-theoretic methods to evaluate competing models for detection, species-specific habitat occupancy, multispecies co-occupancy, and multiseason (colonization and extinction) occupancy dynamics. We developed occupancy models for each species to represent hypothesized effects of anthropogenic features, prey availability, landscape complexity, and vegetative land cover. We quantified temporal activity patterns of each carnivore species based on their frequency of appearance in photographs. Further, we assessed whether smaller carnivores shifted their diel activity patterns in response to the presence of potential competitors. Of the 102,711 photographs of endothermic animals, we recorded photographs of bobcats (n = 412 photographs), coyotes (n = 1,397), gray foxes (n = 546), raccoons (n = 40,029), red foxes (n = 149), and striped skunks (n = 2,467). Bobcats were active primarily during crepuscular periods, and their activity was reduced with precipitation and higher temperatures. The probability of detecting bobcats decreased after a bobcat photograph was recorded, suggesting avoidance of remote cameras after the first encounter. Across southern Illinois, bob

食肉动物行会通过级联营养效应、能量和营养转移以及稳定或破坏食物网在生态群落中起着至关重要的作用。因此，食肉动物行会的结构对生态系统模式至关重要。体型大小影响着猎物资源的获取、争夺竞争的有效性以及对内部捕食的脆弱性，因此对内部相互作用具有至关重要的影响。土狼(Canis latrans)、山猫(Lynx rufus)、灰狐(Urocyon cinereoargenteus)、浣熊(Procyon lotor)、红狐(Vulpes Vulpes)和条纹臭鼬(Mephitis Mephitis)在北美的大部分地区都是对称分布的，并且在资源利用上有重叠，表明可能存在种间相互作用。尽管人们对单个物种的生存习性了解甚多，但对促进共存的因素以及群落内的相互作用如何影响小型食肉动物的分布、栖息地利用和时间活动知之甚少。为了评估栖息地技术和种间相互作用如何影响这个广泛存在的食肉动物群体的结构，我们使用占用模型框架进行了一项大规模的非侵入性食肉动物调查。2008年1月至2010年4月，我们在伊利诺伊州最南端16个县(16,058平方公里)357个2.6平方公里区域(3-4个摄像头/区域组成一个集群)的1118个摄像头位置部署了远程摄像头，为期3周的调查中检测食肉动物。我们对每个相机位置的微生境和每个相机集群的景观级生境特征进行了表征。在多阶段方法中，我们使用信息理论方法评估了检测、物种特异性栖息地占用、多物种共占用和多季节(定殖和灭绝)占用动态的竞争模型。我们为每个物种建立了占用模型，以代表人类活动特征、猎物可用性、景观复杂性和植被覆盖的假设影响。我们根据每个食肉动物在照片中的出现频率量化了它们的时间活动模式。此外，我们评估了小型食肉动物是否会因潜在竞争对手的存在而改变其饮食活动模式。在102,711张吸热动物的照片中，我们记录了山猫(n = 412)、土狼(n = 1,397)、灰狐(n = 546)、浣熊(n = 4029)、红狐(n = 149)和条纹臭鼬(n = 2,467)的照片。山猫主要在黄昏时活动，它们的活动随着降水和温度的升高而减少。在山猫的照片被记录下来后，发现山猫的可能性降低了，这表明在第一次遇到山猫后避免使用远程相机。在整个伊利诺伊州南部，山猫在摄像机位置和摄像机群尺度上的占用率(= 0.24±0.04，摄像机群= 0.75±0.06)受到人为特征和基础设施的负面影响。山猫的殖民化率高(= 0.86)，灭绝率低(= 0.07)，表明人口在不断扩大，但农业用地不太可能被殖民化。几乎所有的相机群都被土狼占据(= 0.95±0.03)。在局地尺度上，阔叶林林分的土狼占用率(= 0.58±0.03)高于其他林分;与土狼相比，灰狐在各尺度上的占比均较小(= 0.13±0.01，= 0.29±0.03)。在相机群尺度上，森林比例高的破碎区灰狐的占用率最高，在100%的家园范围内，灰狐的占用率与人为特征呈正相关。红狐与灰狐占据的研究区域比例相近(= 0.12±0.02，= 0.26±0.04)，但与人类活动特征的关系更为密切。在所有分析尺度上，只有人为特征模型构成了90%的置信度集。灰狐(= 0.57)和红狐(= 0.35)的灭绝概率高于它们的定殖率(灰狐= 0.16，红狐= 0.06)，这表明这两个物种可能在伊利诺伊州南部正在下降。条纹臭鼬占据了研究区域的很大一部分(= 0.47±0.01，= 0.79±0.03)，主要与人为特征相关。在研究区域，浣熊基本上无处不在，99%的相机群都拍摄到了浣熊。除了灰狐-土狼对外，我们几乎没有观察到基于种间相互作用的空间划分证据，并且发现栖息地偏好在构建食肉动物群落中更为重要。与山猫的存在相比，生境对狐狸的占用率有更大的影响。而红狐的活动水平与山猫的活动水平呈负相关。 灰狐的占用率和被占用地点内的检测数量在被土狼占用的相机群中减少，而山猫的占用率没有减少。总体而言，在阔叶树较少、针叶树较多的拍摄地点，灰狐的占用率最高。然而，如果土狼也存在，灰狐更有可能占据硬木林中的相机位置，而不是针叶林，这表明硬木林可促进灰狐与土狼的共存。这两种狐种在局部尺度上的共存频率高于基于个体栖息地选择的预期。同样，当土狼在场时，红狐对相机位置的占用率更高。犬科动物之间的这些积极的空间关联可能是对当地高猎物丰度或未测量的栖息地变量的反应。浣熊、山猫和土狼的活动水平都呈正相关。总的来说，我们的共发生和活动模型表明，食肉动物群落成员之间竞争驱动的空间利用调整可能是例外，而不是常态。然而，尽管我们的研究结果表明灰狐和红狐目前与山猫和土狼共存，但它们在我们研究区域的分布似乎正在缩小。狐狸与大型食肉动物的共存可能由于活动的时间划分和栖息地特征降低了野外捕食的脆弱性而得到加强。例如，硬木林可能含有一些结构有利于灰狐爬树的树木，这种行为可能有助于与土狼共存。提高灰狐种群数量的努力可能会受益于增加成熟橡树山核桃林的数量。此外，不同尺度分析的不同结果强调了在食肉动物群落研究中考虑多空间尺度的重要性。©2015野生动物协会。
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引用次数: 163
Habitat prioritization across large landscapes, multiple seasons, and novel areas: An example using greater sage-grouse in Wyoming Priorización del Hábitat a través de Paisajes Extensos, Estaciones Múltiples, y Áreas Nuevas: Un Ejemplo Usando al Urogallo Mayor en Wyoming Habitat Priorités au sein de Vastes Paysages, Plusieurs Saisons, et les Aires de Nouveaux: Un Exemple d'utilisation du Tétras des Armoises dans le Wyoming 人居prioritization landscapes题seasons、跨越广泛和novel地区为例:每年使用in greater sage-grouse怀俄明州H H o n . del Priorizaci Paisajes公众4页的Extensos你ltiples estacio M、yÁreas Nuevas:例如,一个Usando al Urogallo Mayor在怀俄明州的栖息地内大面积的景观,重点几个季节,和新地点:使用一个示例Armoises松鸡的怀俄明州
IF 4.4 1区 生物学 Q1 Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Wildlife Monographs
Pub Date : 2014-09-22 DOI: 10.1002/wmon.1014
Bradley C. Fedy, Kevin E. Doherty, Cameron L. Aldridge, Micheal O'Donnell, Jeffrey L. Beck, Bryan Bedrosian, David Gummer, Matthew J. Holloran, Gregory D. Johnson, Nicholas W. Kaczor, Christopher P. Kirol, Cheryl A. Mandich, David Marshall, Gwyn Mckee, Chad Olson, Aaron C. Pratt, Christopher C. Swanson, Brett L. Walker

Animal habitat selection is an important and expansive area of research in ecology. In particular, the study of habitat selection is critical in habitat prioritization efforts for species of conservation concern. Landscape planning for species is happening at ever-increasing extents because of the appreciation for the role of landscape-scale patterns in species persistence coupled to improved datasets for species and habitats, and the expanding and intensifying footprint of human land uses on the landscape. We present a large-scale collaborative effort to develop habitat selection models across large landscapes and multiple seasons for prioritizing habitat for a species of conservation concern. Greater sage-grouse (Centrocercus urophasianus, hereafter sage-grouse) occur in western semi-arid landscapes in North America. Range-wide population declines of this species have been documented, and it is currently considered as “warranted but precluded” from listing under the United States Endangered Species Act. Wyoming is predicted to remain a stronghold for sage-grouse populations and contains approximately 37% of remaining birds. We compiled location data from 14 unique radiotelemetry studies (data collected 1994–2010) and habitat data from high-quality, biologically relevant, geographic information system (GIS) layers across Wyoming. We developed habitat selection models for greater sage-grouse across Wyoming for 3 distinct life stages: 1) nesting, 2) summer, and 3) winter. We developed patch and landscape models across 4 extents, producing statewide and regional (southwest, central, northeast) models for Wyoming. Habitat selection varied among regions and seasons, yet preferred habitat attributes generally matched the extensive literature on sage-grouse seasonal habitat requirements. Across seasons and regions, birds preferred areas with greater percentage sagebrush cover and avoided paved roads, agriculture, and forested areas. Birds consistently preferred areas with higher precipitation in the summer and avoided rugged terrain in the winter. Selection for sagebrush cover varied regionally with stronger selection in the Northeast region, likely because of limited availability, whereas avoidance of paved roads was fairly consistent across regions. We chose resource selection function (RSF) thresholds for each model set (seasonal × regional combination) that delineated important seasonal habitats for sage-grouse. Each model set showed good validation and discriminatory capabilities within study-site boundaries. We applied the nesting-season models to a novel area not included in model development. The percentage of independent nest locations that fell directly within identified important habitat was not overly impressive in the novel area (49%); however, including a 500-m buffer around important habitat captured 98% of independent nest locations within the novel area. We

动物栖息地选择是生态学研究的一个重要领域。特别是，生境选择的研究对保护物种的生境优选工作至关重要。由于认识到景观尺度模式在物种持久性中的作用，再加上物种和栖息地数据集的改进，以及人类土地利用对景观的影响不断扩大和加剧，物种景观规划的开展程度越来越高。我们提出了一个大规模的合作努力，开发跨大景观和多季节的栖息地选择模型，以优先考虑保护物种的栖息地。大鼠尾草(Centrocercus urophasianus，以下简称鼠尾草)出现在北美西部半干旱地区。这一物种在整个范围内的数量下降已经被记录在案，目前它被认为是“有理由但被排除在外”的，根据美国濒危物种法案被列入名单。据预测，怀俄明州仍将是鼠尾草种群的大本营，约占鼠尾草种群总数的37%。我们收集了来自14个独特的无线电遥测研究(数据收集于1994-2010年)的位置数据，以及来自怀俄明州高质量的、生物相关的地理信息系统(GIS)层的栖息地数据。我们为怀俄明州的大艾草松鸡开发了3个不同生命阶段的栖息地选择模型:1)筑巢，2)夏季和3)冬季。我们开发了4个范围的斑块和景观模型，为怀俄明州创建了全州和区域(西南、中部、东北部)模型。生境选择因地区和季节的不同而不同，但偏好的生境属性通常与大量文献中关于艾草松鸡的季节性生境要求相匹配。在不同的季节和地区，鸟类更喜欢山艾树覆盖比例更高的地区，避开铺砌的道路、农业和森林地区。鸟类总是喜欢夏季降水较多的地区，冬季避开崎岖的地形。对山艾树覆盖的选择因地区而异，东北地区的选择更强，可能是因为可用性有限，而避免铺设道路在各地区是相当一致的。我们为每个模型集(季节×区域组合)选择了资源选择函数(RSF)阈值，这些阈值描绘了艾草松鸡的重要季节性栖息地。每个模型集在研究地点范围内都显示出良好的有效性和区分能力。我们将筑巢季节模型应用于模型开发中未包含的新区域。在新区域，直接落在确定的重要栖息地内的独立筑巢地点的百分比并不令人印象深刻(49%);然而，包括在重要栖息地周围500米的缓冲区，在新区域内捕获了98%的独立筑巢地点。我们还使用韭葱和相关的峰值雄性数量作为用于开发模型的研究地点以外的筑巢栖息地的代理。在重要的筑巢栖息地边界周围1.5公里的缓冲区中，有77%的雄性在研究地点以外的怀俄明州的leks中被统计。在我们的研究地点之外，没有数据可用于定量测试夏季和冬季模型的性能。这里介绍的模型集合代表了大规模的资源管理规划工具，在空间和时间分辨率方面是先前工具的重大进步。2014年出版。这篇文章是美国政府的作品，在美国属于公有领域。
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引用次数: 104
Spring migration ecology of the mid-continent sandhill crane population with an emphasis on use of the Central Platte River Valley, Nebraska Ecologia de la Migracion de Primavera de la Poblacion Centro-Continental de la Grulla Canadiense con Enfasis en el Uso del Valle del Central Platte River en Nebraska Écologie de la Migration Printaninière de la Population Mi-Continentale des Grues du Canada avec un Accent sur L'utilisation de la Vallée Centrale de la Rivière Platte, Nebraska Экология Весенней Миграции Средне-Континентальной Популяции Канадского Журавля с Акцентом на Транзитной Остановке в Центральной Долине Реки Платт в Небраске 中大陆沙山鹤种群的春季迁徙生态，重点是内布拉斯加州中部普拉特河谷的利用，加拿大中部大陆格鲁拉的中大陆迁徙生态内布拉斯加州
IF 4.4 1区 生物学 Q1 Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Wildlife Monographs
Pub Date : 2014-08-13 DOI: 10.1002/wmon.1013
Gary L. Krapu, David A. Brandt, Paul J. Kinzel, Aaron T. Pearse

We conducted a 10-year study (1998–2007) of the Mid-Continent Population (MCP) of sandhill cranes (Grus canadensis) to identify spring-migration corridors, locations of major stopovers, and migration chronology by crane breeding affiliation (western Alaska–Siberia [WA–S], northern Canada–Nunavut [NC–N], west-central Canada–Alaska [WC–A], and east-central Canada–Minnesota [EC–M]). In the Central Platte River Valley (CPRV) of Nebraska, we evaluated factors influencing staging chronology, food habits, fat storage, and habitat use of sandhill cranes. We compared our findings to results from the Platte River Ecology Study conducted during 1978–1980. We determined spring migration corridors used by the breeding affiliations (designated subpopulations for management purposes) by monitoring 169 cranes marked with platform transmitter terminals (PTTs). We also marked and monitored 456 cranes in the CPRV with very high frequency (VHF) transmitters to evaluate length and pattern of stay, habitat use, and movements. An estimated 42% and 58% of cranes staging in the CPRV were greater sandhill cranes (G. c. tabida) and lesser sandhill cranes (G. c. canadensis), and they stayed for an average of 20 and 25 days (2000–2007), respectively. Cranes from the WA–S, NC–N, WC–A, and EC–M affiliations spent an average of 72, 77, 52, and 53 days, respectively, in spring migration of which 28, 23, 24, and 18 days occurred in the CPRV. The majority of the WA–S subpopulation settled in the CPRV apparently because of inadequate habitat to support more birds upstream, although WA–S cranes accounted for >90% of birds staging in the North Platte River Valley. Crane staging duration in the CPRV was negatively correlated with arrival dates; 92% of cranes stayed >7 days. A program of annual mechanical removal of mature stands of woody growth and seedlings that began in the early 1980s primarily in the main channel of the Platte River has allowed distribution of crane roosts to remain relatively stable over the past 2 decades. Most cranes returned to nocturnal roost sites used in previous years. Corn residues dominated the diet of sandhill cranes in the CPRV, as in the 1970s, despite a marked decline in standing crop of corn residues. Only 14% (10 of 74) of PTT-marked migrant cranes stayed at stopovers for ≥5 days before arriving in the CPRV, which limited the contribution of sites south of the CPRV for fat accumulation needed for migration and reproduction. Body masses of cranes (after adjusting for body size [an index of fat]) at arrival in the CPRV varied widely among years (1998–2006), indicating the importance of maintaining productive habitats on the wintering grounds to condition cranes for migration and reproduction. Average rates of fat gain by adult females while in the CPRV remained similar from 1978–1979 to 1998–1999 but declined among males. Distances cranes flew to feedi

本研究对加拿大中部大陆沙丘鹤(Grus canadensis)进行了为期10年(1998-2007)的研究，通过鹤的繁殖关系(阿拉斯加西部-西伯利亚[WA-S]、加拿大北部-努纳武特[NC-N]、加拿大中西部-阿拉斯加[WC-A]和加拿大中东部-明尼苏达州[EC-M])确定了春季迁徙通道、主要中途停留地点和迁徙年代史。在内布拉斯加州的中央普拉特河谷(CPRV)，我们评估了沙丘鹤的分期年代学、食物习惯、脂肪储存和栖息地利用的影响因素。我们将我们的发现与1978-1980年间进行的普拉特河生态研究的结果进行了比较。我们通过监测169只带有平台发射终端(PTTs)的鹤，确定了繁殖团体使用的春季迁徙通道(为管理目的而指定的亚种群)。我们还用甚高频(VHF)发射机对CPRV中的456只起重机进行了标记和监测，以评估其停留的时间和模式、栖息地使用和运动。在CPRV中，估计42%和58%的鹤是大沙丘鹤(G. c. tabida)和小沙丘鹤(G. c. canadensis)，它们的平均停留时间分别为20天和25天(2000-2007年)。WA-S、NC-N、WC-A和EC-M群鹤的春季迁徙平均时间分别为72、77、52和53天，其中CPRV群鹤的春季迁徙平均时间为28、23、24和18天。尽管WA-S鹤在北普拉特河谷占鸟类总数的90%，但大部分WA-S亚群在CPRV定居显然是因为栖息地不足，无法支持更多的上游鸟类。在CPRV中，鹤的分期时间与到达时间呈负相关;92%的起重机停留7天。从20世纪80年代初开始，主要在普拉特河主河道开展了一项每年机械清除成熟林木和幼苗的计划，使鹤的栖息地分布在过去的20年里保持相对稳定。大多数鹤回到前几年的夜间栖息地点。与20世纪70年代一样，玉米残留物在CPRV中主导了沙丘鹤的饮食，尽管玉米残留物的直立作物显著减少。只有14%(74只中的10只)的ptt标记的迁徙鹤在到达CPRV之前停留≥5天，这限制了CPRV以南的站点对迁徙和繁殖所需脂肪积累的贡献。1998-2006年，到达CPRV的鹤的体重(在调整体型[脂肪指数]后)在不同年份之间变化很大，这表明在越冬地维持生产栖息地对鹤的迁徙和繁殖有重要意义。从1978-1979年到1998-1999年，CPRV中成年女性的平均增脂率保持相似，但男性的增脂率有所下降。在CPRV中，随着种植大豆的农田比例的增加和夜间栖息的鹤的密度的增加，鹤飞到取食地的距离增加。这些结果表明，随着景观中对鹤的价值有限或没有价值的栖息地的增加，更多的飞行时间和更高的维护成本可能会减少脂肪储存。据估计，每天有40%的使用发生在80号州际公路(I-80)以北，那里有不到5%的土地专门用于起重机保护。74%和40%的ptt标记的EC-M和WC-A起重机进行春季迁徙，包括在南达科他州东部平均分别停留11天和10天。NC-N、WA-S和WC-A亚群的鹤在萨斯喀彻温省中部和西部/阿尔伯塔省东部的平均生存期分别为25、17和12天。在离开内布拉斯加州后，这些群体中的雌性分别增加了450克、451克和452克的脂肪储备，强调了这些暂存区在为3个亚种群的繁殖做准备方面的关键作用。离开内布拉斯加州后，MCP鹤主要栖息在盆地湿地。这些湿地大多为私人所有，缺乏足够的保护，强调需要有效的法律和政策来确保它们得到长期保护。目前的管理目标是将MCP维持在目前的规模，并在北美大陆中部和西部的广大地区提供多样化的娱乐机会，这一目标的持续成功取决于MCP起重机在繁殖前继续在CPRV中储存大量脂肪的能力。为了使CPRV保持一个关键的脂肪储存地点，可能需要继续进行积极的通道维护(例如，清除木本植被)，同时建立最小流量。这些行动将有助于确保夜间栖息的栖息地保持足够分散，为鹤提供每日摄入的高能量食物，以储存主要脂肪，并限制风暴和疾病造成的高死亡率。2014年出版。这篇文章是关于美国的 政府工作，在美国属于公有领域。
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引用次数: 32
Variation in mallard vital rates in Canadian Aspen Parklands: The Prairie Habitat Joint Venture assessment Variación en las estadísticas vitales del Ánade real en las zonas verdes de Aspen en Canadá: Evaluación del Proyecto Conjunto Hábitat de la Pradera Variation des indices vitaux du Canard colvert dans les Forêts-Parcs à trembles Canadiennes: Évaluation du plan Conjoint des Habitats des Prairies Variation in mallard十分重要的房费in Aspen加拿大Parklands Joint Venture商务定制:草原生境评估中的生命统计变异麦乐:加拿大皇家在阿斯彭的绿色地区联合项目的评估的草原生境Variation des条目vitaux du Canard colvert dans les Forêts-Parcsàtrembles Canadiennes:《妇女融入计划Conjoint des Habitats des Prairies
IF 4.4 1区 生物学 Q1 Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Wildlife Monographs
Pub Date : 2014-06-26 DOI: 10.1002/wmon.1012
David W. Howerter, Michael G. Anderson, James H. Devries, Brian L. Joynt, Llwellyn M. Armstrong, Robert B. Emery, Todd W. Arnold

The Prairie Habitat Joint Venture (PHJV) delivers conservation programs for the Canadian portion of the Prairie Pothole Region under the North American Waterfowl Management Plan. The PHJV Assessment was designed to evaluate biological assumptions and effectiveness of PHJV conservation activities. Our objectives were to 1) test whether waterfowl reproductive success increased in response to the full suite of PHJV habitat treatments, and 2) quantify the relationships between mallard (Anas platyrhynchos) vital rates and landscape variables. We focused on examining the association of mallard vital rates with covariates measured at the study-area scale. We collected information on vital rates from 3,214 radio-marked female mallards at 27 study areas mainly throughout the Aspen Parkland ecoregion of Manitoba, Saskatchewan, and Alberta in 1993–2000. We used a modeling framework and information-theoretic techniques to test hypotheses about putative effects of environmental covariates on adult female and duckling survival, nesting effort, and nest survival. Additionally, we constructed a stage-based matrix projection model of mallard population growth (λ) to estimate the sensitivities of population growth rates to variation in vital rates. Nest survival was positively related to the amount of herbaceous vegetation on study areas and total precipitation for the 12 months prior to nesting. Nesting effort was positively related to wetland inundation in July. Duckling survival was positively related to the proportion of seasonal wetlands holding water in July and negatively related to the number of days in June and July when the minimum air temperature dropped below 10° C. Adult female survival rate was positively related to both the proportions of grassland and wetland habitats measured at the study-area scale (65 km2), though these factors interacted such that the positive relationship with proportion of wetlands was strongest on study sites with high proportions of grassland. The stage-based projection model constructed using mean vital rates indicated that populations were declining (mean λ = 0.95, median λ = 0.98, 5th percentile = 0.68, 95th percentile = 1.38). Variance-stabilized sensitivities indicated that population growth was most responsive to variation in vital rates for after-second-year birds and that nest survival was the single vital rate to which populations were most sensitive. A prospective simulation revealed that, as expected, sensitivity to nest survival is likely to decrease at higher levels of nest survival. Despite evidence that nest survival was higher in PHJV habitat treatments than surrounding habitats, our a priori PHJV treatment index was unrelated to mallard vital rates estimated at the 65-km2 scale. Although mallard populations were affected by several weather variables and land uses, efforts to increase po

草原栖息地合资企业(PHJV)根据北美水禽管理计划为加拿大部分的草原坑区提供保护计划。PHJV评估旨在评估PHJV保护活动的生物学假设和有效性。我们的目标是1)测试水禽的繁殖成功率是否会随着PHJV栖息地的全套处理而增加，2)量化绿头鸭(Anas platyrhynchos)存活率与景观变量之间的关系。我们重点研究了野鸭生命率与在研究区域尺度上测量的协变量之间的关系。1993-2000年，我们在马尼托巴省、萨斯喀彻温省和阿尔伯塔省阿斯彭公园生态区内的27个研究区域收集了3214只带无线电标记的雌性绿头鸭的生命率信息。我们使用建模框架和信息理论技术来检验关于环境协变量对成年母鸭生存、筑巢努力和巢生存的假设影响。此外，我们构建了一个基于阶段的绿头鸭种群增长的矩阵投影模型(λ)来估计种群增长率对生命率变化的敏感性。巢存活率与研究区草本植被数量和筑巢前12个月的总降水量呈正相关。7月湿地淹没与筑巢努力程度呈正相关。雏鸭存活率与7月季节性湿地蓄水比例呈正相关，与6月和7月最低气温低于10℃的天数负相关。在研究区尺度(65 km2)上，成年雌性成活率与草地和湿地生境比例均呈正相关，但这些因素相互作用，在草地比例高的研究地点，与湿地比例的正相关关系最强。利用平均生命率构建的基于阶段的预测模型表明，种群数量呈下降趋势(平均λ = 0.95，中位数λ = 0.98，第5百分位= 0.68，第95百分位= 1.38)。方差稳定的敏感性表明，2年以上的鸟类种群增长对生命率的变化最敏感，而巢存活率是种群最敏感的单一生命率。一项前瞻性模拟显示，正如预期的那样，对巢穴生存的敏感性可能会在巢穴生存的较高水平上降低。尽管有证据表明PHJV栖息地处理的巢存活率高于周围栖息地，但我们的先验PHJV处理指数与65 km2尺度上估计的绿头鸭生命率无关。虽然绿头鸭的数量会受到一些天气变量和土地利用的影响，但增加数量的努力应该集中在提高巢穴存活率上，目前的存活率低于30%。©2014野生动物协会。
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引用次数: 46
Influences of habitat composition, plant phenology, and population density on autumn indices of body condition in a northern white-tailed deer population Influencia de la composición del hábitat, de la fenología vegetal y de la densidad poblacional en los Índices de condición corporal otoñal de una población nórdica de ciervos de Virginia Influence de la composition de l'habitat, de la phénologie végétale et de la densité de population sur les indices de condition corporelle automnale d'une population de cerfs de Virginie Nordique Influences生境的实际是一种,plant phenology, and人口density on是奥托条目of body condition in northern white-tailed deer人口组成生境的影响植物物候和人口密度的身体条件指数秋天的北欧人口鹿弗吉尼亚影响以南的一种,植物物候学和种群密度对北弗吉尼亚鹿种群秋季身体状况指数的影响
IF 4.4 1区 生物学 Q1 Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Wildlife Monographs
Pub Date : 2014-06-24 DOI: 10.1002/wmon.1010
Anouk Simard, Jean Huot, Sonia De Bellefeuille, Steeve D. C?té

Body condition has a strong influence on reproduction and survival. Consequently, understanding spatiotemporal variation in body condition may help identify processes that determine life history, and thus demography. The effect of environmental variables on individuals' body condition, although widely documented, is generally achieved by investigating habitat, plant phenology, or density separately, such that cumulative or interactive effects can rarely be considered. We investigated how spatial and annual variation in habitat composition, deer density, and vegetation productivity influenced white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) body condition during the breeding period. We detailed changes in body condition using several indices, including body mass, peroneus muscle mass, rump fat, kidney fat index, and antler size in >4,000 male and female deer of different ages harvested during September–December, 2002–2006 on Anticosti Island, Québec, Canada. Overall, females and yearlings harvested in fir forests were in poorer condition than those harvested in peatlands or spruce forests, whereas body condition of adult males was greater when open habitats were highly available. High deer density reduced autumn gains in fat, muscle mass, and body mass in males and yearlings, and in fat for females. Surprisingly, density positively affected the size of male antlers. High density at birth favored fat accumulation in adult females, suggesting strong selective pressure that removed low-quality individuals in early age at high deer density. Low Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) in spring was associated with delayed but rapid spring green-up, and favored higher body condition in autumn. Reproduction affected most parameters of body condition; lactating females had less mass, fat, and muscle than non-lactating females, whereas mass and fat of males >4 years old steeply declined during the rut. Body mass and fat reserves showed a stronger response to density, habitat, NDVI, and reproduction than muscle mass. Body mass was a good integrating measure of fat and muscle mass, although allocation between muscle growth and energy storage was confounded. Our study highlighted the influence of environmental conditions on individual fat reserves, muscle mass, and body mass in autumn, with potential effects on reproduction and winter survival. Appropriate monitoring of body-condition indices in the fall can track the effect of environmental variables and management practices on animal populations. © 2014 The Wildlife Society

身体状况对生殖和生存有很大的影响。因此，了解身体状况的时空变化可能有助于确定决定生活史的过程，从而确定人口统计学。环境变量对个体身体状况的影响虽然被广泛记录，但通常是通过分别调查生境、植物物候或密度来实现的，因此很少考虑累积或相互作用的影响。研究了白尾鹿繁殖期生境组成、鹿密度和植被生产力的空间和年际变化对白尾鹿身体状况的影响。本研究以2002年9月至2006年12月在加拿大quacembec Anticosti岛采集的4000只不同年龄的公、母鹿为研究对象，采用体重、腓骨肌质量、臀部脂肪、肾脏脂肪指数和鹿角大小等指标详细分析了鹿体状况的变化。总体而言，在冷杉林中收获的雌鱼和幼鱼的身体状况比在泥炭地和云杉林中收获的雌鱼和幼鱼的身体状况差，而在开放生境高度可利用时，成年雄鱼的身体状况更好。高鹿密度减少了秋季公鹿和幼鹿的脂肪、肌肉质量和体重增加，也减少了母鹿的脂肪增加。令人惊讶的是，密度对雄性鹿角的大小有积极影响。出生时的高密度有利于成年母鹿的脂肪积累，这表明在高密度条件下，强大的选择压力在早期淘汰了低质量的个体。春季归一化植被指数(NDVI)低与春绿延迟但快速相关，有利于秋季较高的体况。生殖影响身体状况的大部分参数;泌乳雌鼠的体重、脂肪和肌肉均低于非泌乳雌鼠，而4岁雄鼠的体重和脂肪在发情期急剧下降。体质量和脂肪储备对密度、栖息地、NDVI和繁殖的响应强于肌肉质量。体重是衡量脂肪和肌肉质量的一个很好的综合指标，尽管肌肉生长和能量储存之间的分配是混乱的。我们的研究强调了环境条件对秋季个体脂肪储备、肌肉质量和体重的影响，并对繁殖和冬季生存产生潜在影响。适当监测秋季身体状况指数可以跟踪环境变量和管理措施对动物种群的影响。©2014野生动物协会
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引用次数: 37
Life-history characteristics of mule deer: Effects of nutrition in a variable environment Características de historia de vida del ciervo mulo: el Efecto de la nutrición en presencia de un medio ambiente variable Traits Biodémographiques chez le Cerf Mulet: Effets de la Nutrition dans un Environnement Variable Life-history特征of mule deer:营养in a多变环境的影响”鉴定案件sticas historia de vida del ciervo mulo: el Efecto o n nutrici同时在场的一个环境变量性状Biodémographiques骡鹿体内营养的效果:在一个环境变量
IF 4.4 1区 生物学 Q1 Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Wildlife Monographs
Pub Date : 2014-04-01 DOI: 10.1002/wmon.1011
Kevin L. Monteith, Vernon C. Bleich, Thomas R. Stephenson, Becky M. Pierce, Mary M. Conner, John G. Kie, R. Terry Bowyer

Vital rates of large herbivores normally respond to increased resource limitation by following a progressive sequence of effects on life-history characteristics from survival of young, age at first reproduction, reproduction of adults, to adult survival. Expected changes in life-history characteristics, however, should operate through changes in nutritional condition, which is the integrator of nutritional intake and demands represented primarily by the deposition and catabolism of body fat. Elucidating seasonal patterns of nutritional condition and its relative influence on individual and population performance should improve our understanding of life-history strategies and population regulation of ungulates, provide insight into the capacity of available habitat to support population growth, and allow assessment of the underlying consequences of mortality on population dynamics. We acquired longitudinal data on individual female mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus), and linked those data with environmental and population characteristics. Our goal was to provide a nutritional basis for understanding life-history strategies of these large mammals, and to aid in the conservation and management of large herbivores in general. We studied a migratory population of mule deer that overwintered in Round Valley on the east side of the Sierra Nevada, California, USA, and was subject to a highly variable climate and predation from a suite of large carnivores. We intensively monitored nutritional and life-history characteristics of this population during 1997–2009 as it recovered from a population crash, which occurred during 1985–1991. Deer in Round Valley migrated to high-elevation summer ranges on both sides of the crest of the Sierra Nevada (Sierra crest), where a rain shadow resulted in a mesic and more forested range on the west side compared with xeric conditions east of the Sierra crest. Average survival of neonatal mule deer to 140 days of age during 2006–2008 was 0.33 (SE = 0.091), but was lower for neonates on the west side (0.13, SE = 0.092) compared with those on the east side (0.44, SE = 0.11) of the Sierra crest. Birth mass and nutritional condition of mothers had a positive effect on survival of young; however, those effects were evident only for neonates born east of the crest where predation pressure was less intense compared with the west side. Black bear (Ursus americanus) predation was the main cause of mortality for west-side young (mortality rate = 0.63, SE = 0.97) compared with canid and felid predation for east-side young (0.29, SE = 0.076). Mean autumn recruitment of young during 1997–2008 was lower for females on the west side (0.42, SE = 0.037) than for females on the east side (0.70, SE = 0.041) of the crest, and was affected positively by March ingesta-free body fat (IFBFat) of individual females. At the level of the population, ratios of young-to

大型食草动物的生长率通常会对资源限制的增加作出反应，其对生命史特征的影响遵循一个递进的顺序，从幼体的存活率，第一次繁殖的年龄，成体的繁殖，到成体的存活率。然而，生活史特征的预期变化应该通过营养状况的变化来实现，营养状况是营养摄入和需求的整合者，主要由身体脂肪的沉积和分解代谢所代表。阐明营养状况的季节性模式及其对个体和种群表现的相对影响，应能增进我们对生命史战略和有蹄类动物种群调节的理解，深入了解现有生境支持种群增长的能力，并能评估死亡率对种群动态的潜在后果。本文收集了雌性骡鹿个体的纵向数据，并将这些数据与环境和种群特征联系起来。我们的目标是为了解这些大型哺乳动物的生活史策略提供营养基础，并为大型食草动物的保护和管理提供帮助。我们研究了一个在美国加利福尼亚州内华达山脉东侧圆谷越冬的骡鹿迁徙种群，该种群受到高度变化的气候和一系列大型食肉动物的捕食。我们在1997-2009年期间集中监测了该种群的营养和生活史特征，因为它从1985-1991年发生的种群崩溃中恢复过来。圆谷的鹿迁徙到内华达山脉(Sierra crest)峰顶两侧的高海拔夏季山脉，在那里，雨影导致了西侧的mesic和更多的森林，而在塞拉利昂峰顶以东的干旱条件下。2006-2008年犊牛平均成活率为0.33 (SE = 0.091)，但犊牛西侧成活率(0.13,SE = 0.092)低于东侧成活率(0.44,SE = 0.11)。母亲的出生质量和营养状况对幼崽的成活率有积极影响;然而，这些影响只对出生在峰顶东部的新生儿明显，那里的捕食压力比西部小。西区幼鼠的主要死亡原因是黑熊(Ursus americanus)捕食(死亡率= 0.63,SE = 0.97)，而东区幼鼠的主要死亡原因是犬科动物和野地捕食(0.29,SE = 0.076)。1997-2008年，冠西侧雌鼠秋季平均采食量(0.42,SE = 0.037)低于冠东侧雌鼠(0.70,SE = 0.041)，且与个体3月无摄食体脂(IFBFat)呈正相关。在人口水平上，青年与成年女性的比率(1991-2009)变化很大，与当年和前一年成年女性的3月份IFBFat密切相关。一岁雌性的繁殖对夏季(1岁个体)的人均饲料供应敏感，从而影响是否获得足够的排卵体重。在研究期间，窝产仔数保持在较高水平(1.69,SE = 0.027)，但受草料可得性的影响为正，受夏季温度的影响为负，且夏季居住在峰顶西侧的雌鼠窝产仔数大于居住在峰顶东侧的雌鼠窝产仔数。相反，怀孕率在多年的研究中保持不变(0.98,SE = 0.005)。盛年雌(2 ~ 9岁)夏季成活率为0.90 (SE = 0.021)，冬季成活率为0.94 (SE = 0.012)，年成活率为0.87 (SE = 0.025)。尽管历年相对稳定，但冬季和夏季的存活率均受到4月份积雪对种群密度的积极影响。1997-2009年3月成年女性IFBFat平均值为7.2% (SE = 0.077)， 2002-2008年11月平均为9.7% (SE = 0.23)。营养状况在影响资源限制和种群性能的因素之间提供了机制联系，因为成年雌性在秋冬后期的状况对个体动物的营养历史(与饲料生长、种群密度、迁徙策略、繁殖成本和营养携带有关)很敏感。3月份雌成虫的营养状况也是来年有限种群增长率(λ)最简洁的预测因子。营养条件对大型草食动物种群生存和繁殖影响的相对大小与预测的资源限制下种群生命率的变化基本一致。研究结果表明，将营养状况指标纳入当前的监测和研究计划，可以改善大型食草动物种群的管理和保护。 我们提供了一种基于种群相对于种群性能的营养状况(称为动物指示性NCC)来估计种群接近营养承载能力(NCC)的方法。种群与动物指示的NCC的接近程度代表了环境支持种群增长的短期能力。监测和管理种群的营养方法与生境的能力有直接联系，减少了估计种群数量或根据种群规模设定目标的需要。我们还提出，死亡率(加性或补偿性死亡率)对种群动态的影响可以通过将估计的生存和幼崽招募的营养能力与经验测量的营养能力进行比较来评估，因为当营养有限时，栖息地产生的幼崽数量超过了栖息地所能支持的数量。我们的方法有助于量化捕食效应，并为确定捕食者控制的有效性以增加有蹄类动物的数量提供依据。©2014野生动物协会。
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引用次数: 204
Competitive interactions and resource partitioning between northern spotted owls and barred owls in western Oregon Interacciones competitivas y repartición de recursos entre S. occidentalis caurina y Strix varia en el Oeste de Oregon Interactions concurrentielles et partages des ressources entre les chouettes tachetées du nord et les chouettes Rayées à l'Ouest de l'Oregon 竞争性互动和资源partitioning between北方斑点owls and门owls in western俄勒冈Interacciones competitivas o n y repartici世宗之间recursos细辛caurina变量y盖在俄勒冈州的el奥斯特之间竞争互动和资源共享,猫头鹰以西北方斑点猫头鹰和注销,俄勒冈州
IF 4.4 1区 生物学 Q1 Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Wildlife Monographs
Pub Date : 2014-02-24 DOI: 10.1002/wmon.1009
J. David Wiens, Robert G. Anthony, Eric D. Forsman

The federally threatened northern spotted owl (Strix occidentalis caurina) is the focus of intensive conservation efforts that have led to much forested land being reserved as habitat for the owl and associated wildlife species throughout the Pacific Northwest of the United States. Recently, however, a relatively new threat to spotted owls has emerged in the form of an invasive competitor: the congeneric barred owl (S. varia). As barred owls have rapidly expanded their populations into the entire range of the northern spotted owl, mounting evidence indicates that they are displacing, hybridizing with, and even killing spotted owls. The range expansion by barred owls into western North America has made an already complex conservation issue even more contentious, and a lack of information on the ecological relationships between the 2 species has hampered recovery efforts for northern spotted owls. We investigated spatial relationships, habitat use, diets, survival, and reproduction of sympatric spotted owls and barred owls in western Oregon, USA, during 2007–2009. Our overall objective was to determine the potential for and possible consequences of competition for space, habitat, and food between these previously allopatric owl species. Our study included 29 spotted owls and 28 barred owls that were radio-marked in 36 neighboring territories and monitored over a 24-month period. Based on repeated surveys of both species, the number of territories occupied by pairs of barred owls in the 745-km2 study area (82) greatly outnumbered those occupied by pairs of spotted owls (15). Estimates of mean size of home ranges and core-use areas of spotted owls (1,843 ha and 305 ha, respectively) were 2–4 times larger than those of barred owls (581 ha and 188 ha, respectively). Individual spotted and barred owls in adjacent territories often had overlapping home ranges, but interspecific space sharing was largely restricted to broader foraging areas in the home range with minimal spatial overlap among core-use areas. We used an information-theoretic approach to rank discrete-choice models representing alternative hypotheses about the influence of forest conditions, topography, and interspecific interactions on species-specific patterns of nighttime resource selection. Spotted owls spent a disproportionate amount of time foraging on steep slopes in ravines dominated by old (>120 yr) conifer trees. Barred owls used available forest types more evenly than spotted owls, and were most strongly associated with patches of large hardwood and conifer trees that occupied relatively flat areas along streams. Spotted and barred owls differed in the relative use of old conifer forest (greater for spotted owls) and slope conditions (steeper slopes for spotted owls), but we found no evidence that the 2 species differed in their use of young, mature, and riparian-hardwood forest t

受到联邦政府威胁的北方斑点猫头鹰(Strix occidentalis caurina)是密集保护工作的重点，这导致了在美国西北太平洋地区，许多林地被保留为猫头鹰和相关野生物种的栖息地。然而，最近对斑点猫头鹰的一个相对新的威胁以一种入侵的竞争对手的形式出现了:同属的横斑猫头鹰(S. varia)。随着横斑猫头鹰的数量迅速扩大到整个北方斑点猫头鹰的范围，越来越多的证据表明它们正在取代斑点猫头鹰，与它们杂交，甚至杀死它们。横斑猫头鹰在北美西部的活动范围扩大，使本已复杂的保护问题变得更加有争议，而且缺乏关于这两个物种之间生态关系的信息，阻碍了北方斑点猫头鹰的恢复努力。研究了2007-2009年美国俄勒冈州西部同域斑点猫头鹰和横斑猫头鹰的空间关系、栖息地利用、饮食、生存和繁殖。我们的总体目标是确定这些以前的异域猫头鹰物种之间争夺空间、栖息地和食物的潜力和可能的后果。我们的研究包括29只斑点猫头鹰和28只横斑猫头鹰，它们在36个邻近地区被无线电标记，并在24个月的时间里被监测。根据对这两个物种的反复调查，在745平方公里的研究区域内，横斑猫头鹰占据的领地数量(82对)远远超过斑点猫头鹰占据的领地数量(15对)。斑点猫头鹰的平均栖息地面积和核心利用面积(分别为1843公顷和305公顷)是横斑猫头鹰的2-4倍(分别为581公顷和188公顷)。相邻领地的斑斑猫头鹰和横斑猫头鹰个体通常有重叠的活动范围，但种间空间共享主要局限于活动范围内更广泛的觅食区域，核心使用区域之间的空间重叠最小。我们使用信息论方法对离散选择模型进行排序，这些模型代表了关于森林条件、地形和种间相互作用对物种特有的夜间资源选择模式的影响的不同假设。斑点猫头鹰花了大量的时间在陡峭的斜坡上觅食，这些斜坡上长满了古老的(120年)针叶树。横斑猫头鹰比斑点猫头鹰更均匀地利用可利用的森林类型，并且与占据溪流沿线相对平坦地区的大型硬木和针叶树的斑块关系最为密切。斑点猫头鹰和横斑猫头鹰在使用老针叶林(斑点猫头鹰使用更多)和斜坡条件(斑点猫头鹰使用更陡峭的斜坡)方面存在差异，但我们没有发现证据表明这两个物种在使用幼林、成熟林和河岸硬木林类型方面存在差异。斑点猫头鹰和横斑猫头鹰在相邻区域对不同森林类型的比例利用的平均重叠度为81%(范围为30-99%)。斑点猫头鹰栖息地利用的最佳模型表明，如果该地点在横斑猫头鹰的核心使用区域内或附近，则该地点被利用的相对概率大大降低。我们使用颗粒分析和食物生态位重叠测量来确定空间相关的斑点猫头鹰和横斑猫头鹰对之间的饮食竞争潜力。我们从斑点猫头鹰占据的15个领地中鉴定出1223个猎物，从横斑猫头鹰占据的24个领地中鉴定出4299个猎物。这两个物种的饮食都以夜行哺乳动物为主，但横斑猫头鹰的饮食包括许多陆生、水生和日间捕食的物种，这些物种在斑点猫头鹰的饮食中很少或没有。北飞鼠(Glaucomys sabrinus)、木鼠(Neotoma fuscipes, N. cinerea)和狐猴(Lepus americanus, Sylvilagus bachmani)是斑点猫头鹰和横斑猫头鹰的主要猎物，分别占斑点猫头鹰和横斑猫头鹰膳食生物量的81%和49%。在邻近地区，斑点猫头鹰和横斑猫头鹰之间的平均饮食重叠是中等的(42%;范围= 28-70%)。横斑猫头鹰在人口统计学上优于斑点猫头鹰;已知命运分析中斑点猫头鹰的年存活率(0.81,SE = 0.05)低于横斑猫头鹰(0.92,SE = 0.04)，在3年的时间里，斑猫头鹰的产仔率平均是斑点猫头鹰的4.4倍。我们发现两种树种的季节性(6个月)存活率与个体栖息地内的老针叶林(&gt;120年)的比例呈正相关，这表明老森林的可利用性是这两种物种之间竞争关系的潜在限制因素。 斑点猫头鹰的年产仔数量随着距离一对横斑猫头鹰领地中心的距离增加而线性增加，并且所有试图在距离横斑猫头鹰巢穴1.5公里范围内筑巢的斑点猫头鹰都未能成功产仔。我们发现横斑猫头鹰的存在与斑点猫头鹰的行为和健康潜力之间存在着强烈的联系，这体现在暴露于不同程度的空间重叠的斑点猫头鹰的运动、栖息地利用和繁殖产出的变化上。从整体上看，我们的研究结果支持了一个假设，即与横斑猫头鹰争夺领土空间的干扰竞争会限制斑点猫头鹰成功招募和繁殖所需的关键资源的可用性。原始森林的可用性和相关的猎物物种似乎是这些物种之间竞争关系中最强烈的限制因素，表明这些条件的进一步丧失可能导致竞争压力的增加。我们的研究结果对斑点猫头鹰的保护具有广泛的意义，因为它们表明，生命率的空间异质性可能不仅仅是因为森林栖息地质量或丰富程度的领土差异，还因为新建立的竞争对手的空间分布。实验移除横斑猫头鹰可以用来验证这一假设，并确定局部控制横斑猫头鹰数量是否是一种生态实用和社会政治上可接受的管理工具，可以考虑斑点猫头鹰的保护策略。©2013野生动物协会
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引用次数: 129
Regional and seasonal patterns of nutritional condition and reproduction in elk Patrones regionales y estacionales en el estado nutricional y la reproducción del alce Tendances régionales et saisonnières observées sur l'état nutritionnel et la reproduction du wapiti 麋鹿营养状况和繁殖的区域和季节模式麋鹿营养状况和繁殖的区域和季节模式麋鹿营养状况和繁殖的区域和季节趋势
IF 4.4 1区 生物学 Q1 Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Wildlife Monographs
Pub Date : 2013-10-28 DOI: 10.1002/wmon.1008
Rachel C. Cook, John G. Cook, David J. Vales, Bruce K. Johnson, Scott M. Mccorquodale, Lisa A. Shipley, Robert A. Riggs, Larry L. Irwin, Shannon L. Murphie, Bryan L. Murphie, Kathryn A. Schoenecker, Frank Geyer, P. Briggs Hall, Rocky D. Spencer, Dave A. Immell, Dewaine H. Jackson, Brett L. Tiller, Patrick J. Miller, Lowell Schmitz

Demographic data show many populations of Rocky Mountain (Cervus elaphus nelsoni) and Roosevelt (Cervus elaphus roosevelti) elk have been declining over the last few decades. Recent work suggests that forage quality and associated animal nutritional condition, particularly in late summer and early autumn, influence reproduction and survival in elk. Therefore, we estimated seasonal nutritional condition of 861 female elk in 2,114 capture events from 21 herds in Washington, Oregon, Wyoming, Colorado, and South Dakota from 1998 to 2007. We estimated ingesta-free body fat and body mass, and determined age, pregnancy status, and lactation status. We obtained estimates for most herds in both late winter–early spring (late Feb–early Apr) and in autumn (Nov–early Dec) to identify changes in nutritional condition of individuals across seasons.

Body fat levels of lactating females in autumn were consistently lower than their non-lactating counterparts, and herd averages of lactating elk ranged from 5.5% to 12.4%. These levels were 30–75% of those documented for captive lactating elk fed high-quality diets during summer and autumn. Body fat levels were generally lowest in the coastal and inland northwest regions and highest along the west-slope of the northern Cascades. Adult females in most herds lost an average of 30.7 kg (range: 5–62 kg), or about 13% (range: 2.6–25%) of their autumn mass during winter, indicating nutritional deficiencies. However, we found no significant relationships between spring body fat or change in body fat over winter with winter weather, region, or herd, despite markedly different winter weather among herds and regions. Instead, body fat levels in spring were primarily a function of fat levels the previous autumn. Thinner females in autumn lost less body fat and body mass over winter than did fatter females, a compensatory response, but still ended the season with less body fat than the fatter elk.

Body fat levels of lactating females in autumn varied among herds but were unrelated to their body fat levels the previous spring. Within herds, thinner females exhibited a compensatory response during summer and accrued more fat than their fatter counterparts over summer, resulting in similar body fat levels among lactating elk in autumn despite considerable differences in their fat levels the previous spring. Level of body fat achieved by lactating females in autumn varied 2-fold among herds, undoubtedly because of differences in summer nutrition. Thus, summer nutrition set limits to rates of body fat accrual of lactating females that in turn limited body condition across the annual cycle.

Pregnancy rates of 2- to 14-year-old females ranged from 68% to 100% in coastal populations of Washington, 69% to 98% in Cascade populations of Washington and Oregon,

人口统计数据显示，在过去的几十年里，落基山麋鹿(Cervus elaphus nelsoni)和罗斯福麋鹿(Cervus elaphus Roosevelt)的数量一直在下降。最近的研究表明，饲料质量和相关的动物营养状况，特别是在夏末和初秋，影响麋鹿的繁殖和生存。因此，我们估计了1998年至2007年在华盛顿州、俄勒冈州、怀俄明州、科罗拉多州和南达科他州的21个鹿群中捕获的2114个事件中的861只雌性麋鹿的季节性营养状况。我们估计了无摄入体脂肪和体重，并确定了年龄、妊娠状态和哺乳状态。我们在冬末-早春(2月下旬- 4月初)和秋季(11月- 12月初)对大多数畜群进行了估算，以确定个体营养状况在不同季节的变化。秋季哺乳期雌鹿体脂水平始终低于非哺乳期雌鹿，哺乳期雌鹿群平均体脂水平为5.5% ~ 12.4%。这些水平是记录在案的夏季和秋季饲喂高质量饲料的圈养哺乳麋鹿的30-75%。体脂水平一般在西北沿海和内陆地区最低，在北喀斯喀特山脉西坡地区最高。大多数畜群的成年母象在冬季平均损失30.7公斤(范围:5-62公斤)，或秋季体重的13%(范围:2.6-25%)，表明营养缺乏。然而，我们发现春季体脂或冬季体脂变化与冬季天气、地区或畜群之间没有显著关系，尽管畜群和地区之间的冬季天气明显不同。相反，春季的身体脂肪水平主要是前一个秋季脂肪水平的函数。在秋季，较瘦的雌鹿比较胖的雌鹿在冬季减掉的体脂和体重更少，这是一种补偿性反应，但在秋季结束时，它们的体脂仍比较胖的雌鹿少。不同畜群的秋季哺乳期雌性体脂水平各不相同，但与前一个春季的体脂水平无关。在鹿群中，较瘦的母鹿在夏季表现出补偿反应，在夏季比较胖的母鹿积累了更多的脂肪，导致秋季哺乳麋鹿的体脂水平相似，尽管它们的脂肪水平在前一个春天有相当大的差异。秋季哺乳期母牛的体脂水平在不同畜群之间相差2倍，这无疑是由于夏季营养的差异。因此，夏季营养限制了哺乳期雌性的体脂积累率，从而限制了全年周期内的身体状况。华盛顿州沿海地区2- 14岁女性的怀孕率为68% - 100%，华盛顿州和俄勒冈州喀斯喀特地区的怀孕率为69% - 98%，华盛顿州和俄勒冈州西北内陆地区的怀孕率为84% - 94%，落基山脉地区的怀孕率为78% - 93%。我们发现了晚育的证据，即使在怀孕率相对较高的畜群中也是如此。3个种群中242头犊牛的平均体重分别为75 kg、81 kg和97 kg，占6- 8月龄高质量犊牛潜在体重的55-70%。秋季捕获的11只1岁雌鱼平均体重为162公斤，约为秋季潜势的70%，怀孕率为27%。春季捕获28只幼鱼，平均体重163公斤，受孕率34%。我们的数据表明，夏季营养不足的现象普遍存在。夏季只有3个象群，即使是那些年复一年成功地养大了一头小牛的母象，其秋季体脂水平(11-13%)和怀孕率(90%)也相对较高。大多数其他夏季系列支持相对较低的秋季体脂水平(5-9%体脂)，生殖暂停很常见(<80%的怀孕率)。总的来说，我们的数据不支持两个常见的假设:1)夏季和初秋的觅食条件通常令人满意，可以防止营养限制对成年脂肪的增加，怀孕率，小牛和一岁的生长;冬季营养和冬季气候是影响麋鹿生产力的主要限制因素。相反，夏季营养水平、哺乳状态和繁殖概率之间存在着强烈的相互作用，而冬季条件对夏季营养的充足性决定了西北和落基山脉雌性麋鹿的繁殖性能和生长发育，以及它们后代的生长发育。我们的工作表明，为了麋鹿的利益，需要在土地管理规划中更加重视夏季栖息地。©2013野生动物协会。
{"title":"Regional and seasonal patterns of nutritional condition and reproduction in elk\u0000 Patrones regionales y estacionales en el estado nutricional y la reproducción del alce\u0000 Tendances régionales et saisonnières observées sur l'état nutritionnel et la reproduction du wapiti","authors":"Rachel C. Cook,&nbsp;John G. Cook,&nbsp;David J. Vales,&nbsp;Bruce K. Johnson,&nbsp;Scott M. Mccorquodale,&nbsp;Lisa A. Shipley,&nbsp;Robert A. Riggs,&nbsp;Larry L. Irwin,&nbsp;Shannon L. Murphie,&nbsp;Bryan L. Murphie,&nbsp;Kathryn A. Schoenecker,&nbsp;Frank Geyer,&nbsp;P. Briggs Hall,&nbsp;Rocky D. Spencer,&nbsp;Dave A. Immell,&nbsp;Dewaine H. Jackson,&nbsp;Brett L. Tiller,&nbsp;Patrick J. Miller,&nbsp;Lowell Schmitz","doi":"10.1002/wmon.1008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/wmon.1008","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Demographic data show many populations of Rocky Mountain (<i>Cervus elaphus nelsoni</i>) and Roosevelt (<i>Cervus elaphus roosevelti</i>) elk have been declining over the last few decades. Recent work suggests that forage quality and associated animal nutritional condition, particularly in late summer and early autumn, influence reproduction and survival in elk. Therefore, we estimated seasonal nutritional condition of 861 female elk in 2,114 capture events from 21 herds in Washington, Oregon, Wyoming, Colorado, and South Dakota from 1998 to 2007. We estimated ingesta-free body fat and body mass, and determined age, pregnancy status, and lactation status. We obtained estimates for most herds in both late winter–early spring (late Feb–early Apr) and in autumn (Nov–early Dec) to identify changes in nutritional condition of individuals across seasons.</p>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Body fat levels of lactating females in autumn were consistently lower than their non-lactating counterparts, and herd averages of lactating elk ranged from 5.5% to 12.4%. These levels were 30–75% of those documented for captive lactating elk fed high-quality diets during summer and autumn. Body fat levels were generally lowest in the coastal and inland northwest regions and highest along the west-slope of the northern Cascades. Adult females in most herds lost an average of 30.7 kg (range: 5–62 kg), or about 13% (range: 2.6–25%) of their autumn mass during winter, indicating nutritional deficiencies. However, we found no significant relationships between spring body fat or change in body fat over winter with winter weather, region, or herd, despite markedly different winter weather among herds and regions. Instead, body fat levels in spring were primarily a function of fat levels the previous autumn. Thinner females in autumn lost less body fat and body mass over winter than did fatter females, a compensatory response, but still ended the season with less body fat than the fatter elk.</p>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Body fat levels of lactating females in autumn varied among herds but were unrelated to their body fat levels the previous spring. Within herds, thinner females exhibited a compensatory response during summer and accrued more fat than their fatter counterparts over summer, resulting in similar body fat levels among lactating elk in autumn despite considerable differences in their fat levels the previous spring. Level of body fat achieved by lactating females in autumn varied 2-fold among herds, undoubtedly because of differences in summer nutrition. Thus, summer nutrition set limits to rates of body fat accrual of lactating females that in turn limited body condition across the annual cycle.</p>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Pregnancy rates of 2- to 14-year-old females ranged from 68% to 100% in coastal populations of Washington, 69% to 98% in Cascade populations of Washington and Oregon,","PeriodicalId":235,"journal":{"name":"Wildlife Monographs","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2013-10-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1002/wmon.1008","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"5903297","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 108
Effects of harvest, culture, and climate on trends in size of horn-like structures in trophy ungulates Los Efectos De La Explotación, La Cultura Y El Clima En El Tamaño De Estructuras Corniformes En Los Ungulados Tipo “Trofeo” Effets de la récolte, de la culture, et du climat sur les tendances de la taille des ornements chez Les ongulés à trophée† Effects of harvest, culture, and climate on trends in size of horn-like聘用in trophy ungulates剥削目的,文化和气候Corniformes结构的大小的“奖杯”之类的Ungulados récolte、culture, et du climat sur les tendances De La taille des ornements chez les ongulésàtrophée†
IF 4.4 1区 生物学 Q1 Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Wildlife Monographs
Pub Date : 2013-01-28 DOI: 10.1002/wmon.1007
Kevin L. Monteith, Ryan A. Long, Vernon C. Bleich, James R. Heffelfinger, Paul R. Krausman, R. Terry Bowyer

Hunting remains the cornerstone of the North American model of wildlife conservation and management. Nevertheless, research has indicated the potential for hunting to adversely influence size of horn-like structures of some ungulates. In polygynous ungulates, mating success of males is strongly correlated with body size and size of horn-like structures; consequently, sexual selection has favored the development of large horns and antlers. Horn-like structures are biologically important and are of great cultural interest, both of which highlight the need to identify long-term trends in size of those structures, and understand the underlying mechanisms responsible for such trends. We evaluated trends in horn and antler size of trophy males (individuals exhibiting exceptionally large horns or antlers) recorded from 1900 to 2008 in Records of North American Big Game, which comprised >22,000 records among 25 trophy categories encompassing the geographic extent of species occupying North America. The long-term and broad-scale nature of those data neutralized localized effects of climate and population dynamics, making it possible to detect meaningful changes in size of horn-like structures among trophy males over the past century; however, ages of individual specimens were not available, which prevented us from evaluating age-class specific changes in size. Therefore, we used a weight-of-evidence approach based on differences among trophy categories in life-history characteristics, geographic distribution, morphological attributes, and harvest regimes to discriminate among competing hypotheses for explaining long-term trends in horn and antler size of trophy ungulates, and provide directions for future research. These hypotheses were young male age structure caused by intensive harvest of males (H1), genetic change as a result of selective male harvest (H2), a sociological effect (H3), effects of climate (H4), and habitat alteration (H5). Although the number of entries per decade has increased for most trophy categories, trends in size of horn-like structures were negative and significant for 11 of 17 antlered categories and 3 of 8 horned categories. Mean predicted declines during 1950–2008 were 1.87% and 0.68% for categories of trophy antlers and horns, respectively. Our results were not consistent with a sociological effect (H3), nutritional limitation imposed by climate (H4), or habitat alteration (H5) as potential explanations for long-term trends in size of trophies. In contrast, our results were consistent with a harvest-based explanation. Two of the 3 species that experienced the most conservative harvest regimes in North America (i.e., bighorn sheep [Ovis canadensis] and bison [Bison bison]) did not exhibit a significant, long-term trend in horn size. In addition, horn size of pronghorn (Antilocapra americana), which are capable of attaining peak horn size by 2–3 years of age, increased significantly over the past cen

狩猎仍然是北美野生动物保护和管理模式的基石。然而，研究表明，狩猎可能会对一些有蹄类动物的角状结构的大小产生不利影响。在一夫多妻的有蹄类动物中，雄性的交配成功率与体型和角状结构的大小密切相关;因此，性选择倾向于大角和鹿角的发育。角状结构在生物学上很重要，在文化上也很有意义，这两者都强调了确定这些结构尺寸的长期趋势，并了解这种趋势的潜在机制的必要性。我们评估了1900年至2008年北美大型动物记录中记录的雄性战利品(表现出特别大的角或鹿角的个体)的角和鹿角大小的趋势，该记录包括25个战利品类别的22,000条记录，涵盖了占据北美物种的地理范围。这些数据的长期和广泛的性质抵消了气候和种群动态的局部影响，使人们有可能在过去的一个世纪中发现雄鲸的角状结构大小的有意义的变化;然而，个体标本的年龄不可用，这使我们无法评估年龄级别的特定大小变化。因此，我们采用证据权重方法，基于不同战利品类别在生活史特征、地理分布、形态属性和收获制度方面的差异，区分不同的假说，以解释战利品有蹄类动物角和鹿角大小的长期趋势，并为未来的研究提供方向。这些假设分别是:雄虫密集采收导致的雄虫年龄结构(H1)、雄虫选择性采收导致的遗传变化(H2)、社会效应(H3)、气候效应(H4)和生境改变(H5)。尽管每十年大多数奖杯类别的参赛作品数量都有所增加，但17个鹿角类别中的11个和8个鹿角类别中的3个，角状结构的大小趋势是消极的，而且显著的。1950-2008年期间，鹿角和角类的平均预测下降率分别为1.87%和0.68%。我们的结果与社会效应(H3)、气候造成的营养限制(H4)或栖息地改变(H5)作为战利品大小长期趋势的潜在解释不一致。相反，我们的结果与基于收获的解释是一致的。在北美经历了最保守的收获制度的3个物种中，有两个物种(即大角羊[加拿大羊]和野牛[美洲野牛])的角大小没有表现出显著的长期趋势。此外，在过去的一个世纪里，叉角羚(Antilocapra americana)的角尺寸显著增加，它们的角尺寸在2-3岁时能够达到峰值。这两个结果都为集约化收获假说提供了支持，该假说预测，男性的收获已经逐渐将年龄结构转向更年轻，因此体型更小的男性。山地山羊(Oreamnos americanus)在田间很难准确判断其角的大小，因此没有明显的趋势，这为选择性收获假说提供了一些支持。选择性收获假说的另一个预测没有得到支持;有角的动物并不会更容易受到体型缩小的影响。收获引起的年龄结构的减少可以增加在达到最大角或鹿角大小之前被收获的雄性数量，而当年龄和营养等其他因素可以凌驾于大小的遗传潜力时，选择性收获造成的遗传变化可能不太可能发生在自由放养的种群中。战利品角状结构大小的长期趋势提供了评估当前收获模式的适当性的动机，其中收获主要集中在雄性;虽然缺乏标本年龄的信息使我们无法严格区分因果机制。解开支持角和鹿角大小长期趋势的潜在机制是一项艰巨的任务，但值得进一步研究，重点是阐明营养和收获的相对影响(人口统计学和遗传)。©2013野生动物协会。北美模型的基本原理是通过植物群和植物群的养护来实现的。罪禁运,拉斯维加斯investigaciones evidencian la posibilidad de乘缆车caza pueda他们impacto negativo en el tamano de las estructuras corniformes de进行ungulados。 在多齿有蹄类动物中，雄性的成功交配与个体的大小和角状结构密切相关;因此，性选择有利于大角和角的发展。角状结构具有生物学和文化上的重要性，这突出表明有必要确定这些结构大小的长期趋势，并了解造成这种趋势的潜在机制。我们评估了雄性的角和角的大小的趋势“奖杯”型(个人特殊角或角大小)从1900年到2008年记载的关于登记册的欲望在北美(Records of North American Big Game),包括超过220记录包括25类别”奖杯,“理解总物种居住在北美洲地理延伸。这些数据是长期和大规模的，这一事实抵消了气候和人口动态的局部影响，使人们有可能检测到上个世纪“战利品”雄性之间角状结构大小的重大变化;然而，我们无法获得每个标本的年龄，这使得我们无法评估按年龄划分的群体规模的变化。正是出于这个原因,区分替代假说解释长期趋势的角和角的大小ungulados形式”奖杯,ponderamos证据,基于差异类别的个人“奖杯”为基础的生命周期特征、地理分布、属性的形态学和剥削制度,从而提供指导今后的研究。这些假设是:集约开发引起的年轻雄性的年龄结构(H1)、选择性开发引起的遗传变化(H2)、社会学效应(H3)、气候效应(H4)和栖息地变化(H5)。虽然大多数“奖杯”类别的记录数量每十年都在增加，但在17个有角类别中有11个有角类别和8个有角类别中有3个有角类别中，角状结构的大小趋势明显为负。从1950年到2008年，有角类别和有角类别的平均预期下降分别为1.87%和0.68%。我们的结果与社会学效应(H3)、气候限制(H4)和栖息地变化(H5)不一致，这些都是对长期战利品大小趋势的可能解释，但它们与基于剥削的解释一致。两个北美有3种了最保守的剥削制度(即落基山脉以西或羊muflón山民,Ovis canadensis和美国野牛,Bison Bison)没有表现出显著趋势长期在角的大小。此外，美洲羚羊(Antilocapra americana)的角在2 - 3岁时达到最大，在过去的一个世纪里，角的大小显著增加。上述结果支持集约化开发假说;这表明，随着时间的推移，对雄性的大规模剥削逐渐将年龄结构转移到更年轻、因此更小的雄性身上。在山山羊或白山羊(Oreamnos americanus)的情况下缺乏显著的趋势，其角的大小很难在其自然栖息地评估，这为选择性开发的假设提供了支持。来自上述假设的另一种预测无法得到支持。减少在年龄结构、诱导的剥削,才能更多雄性开发之前实现最大角或角的大小,而选择性遗传变化开采税有野生鸟类种群之间发生的概率越低则对其他因素,诸如年龄和营养、resten遗传潜力价值大小。“奖杯”型角状结构大小的长期趋势鼓励分析目前主要集中在雄性的剥削模式的充分性;然而，由于缺乏关于标本年龄的信息，我们无法准确区分因果机制。 在过去的几十年里，鹿角和角的数量和大小发生了显著的变化，但在过去的几十年里，鹿角和角的数量和大小发生了显著的变化，在过去的几十年里，鹿角和角的数量和大小发生了显著的变化，在过去的几十年里，鹿角和角的数量和大小发生了显著的变化。狩猎仍然是北美野生动物保护和管理模式的基石。然而，最近的研究表明，狩猎可能会对一些有蹄类动物的装饰(如角或木头)的大小结构产生负面影响。在多配偶有蹄类动物中，雄性的交配成功率与体型和装饰大小密切相关;因此，性别选择倾向于更大尺寸的木材或角的发展。与装饰相关的生物学重要性和巨大的文化兴趣都表明，有必要确定这些结构大小的长期趋势，并了解导致这些趋势的机制。我们评价所产生的趋势中,角的大小和木材的奖杯(雄性具有独特的角大小和木材)的个人记录,1900年至2008年间,在Big Game»,«Records of North American &g
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