Pub Date : 2023-02-01DOI: 10.1080/09507116.2023.2191805
S. Saravanan, K. Kumararaja
Abstract The effectiveness of the pulsed mode laser weld joint is characterized by the supply of optical energy to the interface. The laser welding process parameters, such as laser power, pulse duration, travel speed and focus, determine the efficacy of the weld, which is defined by full penetration and free of pores and defects. However, expressing the relationship between various process parameters and mechanical strength is intricate due to the prevalence of non-linear relationship. The development of computational approaches aids in optimizing the laser welding parameters and reducing trial and error. Hence, the artificial neural network (ANN) model is developed, in a python environment, to predict the optimum process parameter values for a desirable depth to width ratio and maximum tensile strength of UNS S32750 laser butt weld joints. The developed model was assessed by experiments, not utilized for training. The ANN model predicts the depth to width ratio and tensile strength of the weld joints with an accuracy of 90% and less than 10% divergence from the experimental result. Furthermore, for the process, parametric conditions are: (power: 550 W, focus: –1 mm, pulse duration: 13 Hz and travel speed: 136 mm/min) to attain maximum tensile strength.
{"title":"Performance of ANN in predicting the depth to width ratio and tensile strength of UNS S32750 laser weld joints","authors":"S. Saravanan, K. Kumararaja","doi":"10.1080/09507116.2023.2191805","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/09507116.2023.2191805","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The effectiveness of the pulsed mode laser weld joint is characterized by the supply of optical energy to the interface. The laser welding process parameters, such as laser power, pulse duration, travel speed and focus, determine the efficacy of the weld, which is defined by full penetration and free of pores and defects. However, expressing the relationship between various process parameters and mechanical strength is intricate due to the prevalence of non-linear relationship. The development of computational approaches aids in optimizing the laser welding parameters and reducing trial and error. Hence, the artificial neural network (ANN) model is developed, in a python environment, to predict the optimum process parameter values for a desirable depth to width ratio and maximum tensile strength of UNS S32750 laser butt weld joints. The developed model was assessed by experiments, not utilized for training. The ANN model predicts the depth to width ratio and tensile strength of the weld joints with an accuracy of 90% and less than 10% divergence from the experimental result. Furthermore, for the process, parametric conditions are: (power: 550 W, focus: –1 mm, pulse duration: 13 Hz and travel speed: 136 mm/min) to attain maximum tensile strength.","PeriodicalId":23605,"journal":{"name":"Welding International","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44306219","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-02-01DOI: 10.1080/09507116.2023.2190475
Huy Huu Ho, Hao Dinh Duong, Quan Minh Nguyen, Tra Hung Tran
Abstract The dissimilar lap-joint of the AA6061 to 316 stainless steel was produced by friction stir welding. Changing microstructure, joint interface, and mechanical performances via welding rate were revealed. A wave interface pattern was found at the low welding rate with a free oxide layer. The interface became flat at the high welding rate with the oxide film formation. The diffusion and intermetallic compounds (IMCs) layers were formed on the interface and their thickness decreased via increasing the welding rate. The highest joint strength was obtained at the welding rate of 75 mm/min but strongly reduced with growing the welding rate. The strength was dramatically correlated with the bonding area, diffusion thickness and interface morphology instead of the IMCs layer thickness. At the low welding rate, the joint was fractured via ductile behaviour with a lot of dimples found on the fracture surface of 316 stainless steel.
{"title":"Mechanical performance of dissimilar friction stir welded lap-joint between aluminium alloy 6061 and 316 stainless steel","authors":"Huy Huu Ho, Hao Dinh Duong, Quan Minh Nguyen, Tra Hung Tran","doi":"10.1080/09507116.2023.2190475","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/09507116.2023.2190475","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The dissimilar lap-joint of the AA6061 to 316 stainless steel was produced by friction stir welding. Changing microstructure, joint interface, and mechanical performances via welding rate were revealed. A wave interface pattern was found at the low welding rate with a free oxide layer. The interface became flat at the high welding rate with the oxide film formation. The diffusion and intermetallic compounds (IMCs) layers were formed on the interface and their thickness decreased via increasing the welding rate. The highest joint strength was obtained at the welding rate of 75 mm/min but strongly reduced with growing the welding rate. The strength was dramatically correlated with the bonding area, diffusion thickness and interface morphology instead of the IMCs layer thickness. At the low welding rate, the joint was fractured via ductile behaviour with a lot of dimples found on the fracture surface of 316 stainless steel.","PeriodicalId":23605,"journal":{"name":"Welding International","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44725787","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-02-01DOI: 10.1080/09507116.2023.2185169
Angshuman Roy, N. Ghosh, S. Mondal
Abstract In this research, we examine the ways in which heat treatment affects TIG-welded joints made from austenitic AISI 304 L stainless steel. TIG welding was performed on austenitic 304 L stainless steel at low (0.57 KJ/mm), medium (0.63 KJ/mm), and high (0.69 KJ/mm) heat. TIG welding was used to join together AISI 304 L stainless steel samples here. A consistent 3 mm thick plates were taken for the joints. All of the joints were butt-welded. In order to conduct tensile tests, hardness tests, and microstructural analyses, samples were cut and machined to the appropriate dimensions. Once the joints are ready, visual inspection and X-rays were conducted. This study examined the effects of applying different levels of heat on AISI 304 L stainless steel butt joints. The material’s tensile properties were tested and analysed after being butt-joined. Welded samples’ microstructures were examined with a Leica DM LM metallurgical microscope. Consistent with the microstructural characteristics, the tensile test findings were also consistent. The research found that compared to joints prepared with low and high heat input, those prepared with medium heat input exhibited greater tensile strength, percentage elongation and micro hardness value.
{"title":"Effect of heat input on mechanical and metallurgical properties of AISI 304L stainless steel by using TIG welding","authors":"Angshuman Roy, N. Ghosh, S. Mondal","doi":"10.1080/09507116.2023.2185169","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/09507116.2023.2185169","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract In this research, we examine the ways in which heat treatment affects TIG-welded joints made from austenitic AISI 304 L stainless steel. TIG welding was performed on austenitic 304 L stainless steel at low (0.57 KJ/mm), medium (0.63 KJ/mm), and high (0.69 KJ/mm) heat. TIG welding was used to join together AISI 304 L stainless steel samples here. A consistent 3 mm thick plates were taken for the joints. All of the joints were butt-welded. In order to conduct tensile tests, hardness tests, and microstructural analyses, samples were cut and machined to the appropriate dimensions. Once the joints are ready, visual inspection and X-rays were conducted. This study examined the effects of applying different levels of heat on AISI 304 L stainless steel butt joints. The material’s tensile properties were tested and analysed after being butt-joined. Welded samples’ microstructures were examined with a Leica DM LM metallurgical microscope. Consistent with the microstructural characteristics, the tensile test findings were also consistent. The research found that compared to joints prepared with low and high heat input, those prepared with medium heat input exhibited greater tensile strength, percentage elongation and micro hardness value.","PeriodicalId":23605,"journal":{"name":"Welding International","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41877855","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-02DOI: 10.1080/09507116.2023.2174915
Sanjay S. Surwase, S. Bhosle
Abstract The present investigation analyses the selection of the right welding method and joint and advanced testing methods (NDT) for highly durable automotive frames. Moreover, the present investigation analysis suggests the best machine learning (ML) algorithm for selecting the best weld method and optimal solution. The experiment was performed based on the response surface methodology (RSM) based design of the experimental approach. As a result, laser beam welding (LBM) and cross joint are the significant weld methods for automotive frames. The proposed ML algorithm successfully optimized the LBM input parameters as laser power = 1277 W, welding speed (WS) = 32.2 mm/s, focal point: 1 mm and working angle = 0.14 Rad with an average error of approximately 0.033. Based on the results, the optimum output weld parameters are bead width = 4322.7 µm, penetration depth (PD) = 3157.9 µm, total strain = 0.0098 mm/mm and residual stress = 645.2340 MPa, respectively.
{"title":"Investigating the effect of residual stresses and distortion of laser welded joints for automobile chassis and optimizing weld parameters using random forest based grey wolf optimizer","authors":"Sanjay S. Surwase, S. Bhosle","doi":"10.1080/09507116.2023.2174915","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/09507116.2023.2174915","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The present investigation analyses the selection of the right welding method and joint and advanced testing methods (NDT) for highly durable automotive frames. Moreover, the present investigation analysis suggests the best machine learning (ML) algorithm for selecting the best weld method and optimal solution. The experiment was performed based on the response surface methodology (RSM) based design of the experimental approach. As a result, laser beam welding (LBM) and cross joint are the significant weld methods for automotive frames. The proposed ML algorithm successfully optimized the LBM input parameters as laser power = 1277 W, welding speed (WS) = 32.2 mm/s, focal point: 1 mm and working angle = 0.14 Rad with an average error of approximately 0.033. Based on the results, the optimum output weld parameters are bead width = 4322.7 µm, penetration depth (PD) = 3157.9 µm, total strain = 0.0098 mm/mm and residual stress = 645.2340 MPa, respectively.","PeriodicalId":23605,"journal":{"name":"Welding International","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45113051","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract The main objective of this study is to study the microstructure and wear resistance of mild steel (MS) of grade IS 2062 that has had an austenitic stainless steel (AISI 316L) coating applied utilizing the pulsed current gas metal arc welding (PC-GMAW) technique. The PC-GMAW method was used to overcome issues with the conventional gas metal arc welding (CC-GMAW) method used for cladding AISI 316L steel over mild steel, such as a larger heat affected zone (HAZ), coarse-grained deposited weld metal microstructure, less penetration depth and higher dilution and reinforcement height. Optical microscopy (OM) was used to examine the microstructural characteristics of the clad region. Using the pin-on-disc testing machine, the wear rate of cladded specimens was recorded, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to examine the morphology of wear surfaces. The microhardness distribution of the cladded region was examined, and the wear characteristics of the cladded specimens were correlated. According to the findings, PC-GMAW cladding is harder and more resistant to wear than a mild steel substrate. The PC-GMAW cladding exhibited higher weld metal deposition and lower dilution. Weld overlay hardness was 15.83% higher in the PC-GMAW cladding than in the mild steel substrate. The wear rate was decreased by an average of 20.18% as compared to the mild steel substrate with PC-GMAW cladding.
{"title":"Microstructural and wear properties of mild steel cladded with AISI 316L stainless steel using pulsed current gas metal arc welding process","authors":"Mani Jayavelu, Srinivasan Kasi, Balasubramanian Visvalingam, Prasanna Nagasai Bellamkonda, Malarvizhi Sudersanan","doi":"10.1080/09507116.2023.2169085","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/09507116.2023.2169085","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The main objective of this study is to study the microstructure and wear resistance of mild steel (MS) of grade IS 2062 that has had an austenitic stainless steel (AISI 316L) coating applied utilizing the pulsed current gas metal arc welding (PC-GMAW) technique. The PC-GMAW method was used to overcome issues with the conventional gas metal arc welding (CC-GMAW) method used for cladding AISI 316L steel over mild steel, such as a larger heat affected zone (HAZ), coarse-grained deposited weld metal microstructure, less penetration depth and higher dilution and reinforcement height. Optical microscopy (OM) was used to examine the microstructural characteristics of the clad region. Using the pin-on-disc testing machine, the wear rate of cladded specimens was recorded, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to examine the morphology of wear surfaces. The microhardness distribution of the cladded region was examined, and the wear characteristics of the cladded specimens were correlated. According to the findings, PC-GMAW cladding is harder and more resistant to wear than a mild steel substrate. The PC-GMAW cladding exhibited higher weld metal deposition and lower dilution. Weld overlay hardness was 15.83% higher in the PC-GMAW cladding than in the mild steel substrate. The wear rate was decreased by an average of 20.18% as compared to the mild steel substrate with PC-GMAW cladding.","PeriodicalId":23605,"journal":{"name":"Welding International","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43924520","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-02DOI: 10.1080/09507116.2022.2163937
Vishwath Ramachandran, Susan Elias, B. Narayanan, Ayyappan Uma Chandra Thilagam, Niyanth Sridharann
Abstract In the automotive industry, it is necessary to identify the edge and center silicate island weld defects formed during Gas metal arc welding. These inspections of the weld are typically performed manually by visually inspecting the weld and identifying regions where the defect concentration is greater than a set threshold. Such a system is prone to errors and can be time-consuming. A novel deep-learning neural network is required to meet the industry’s demand for high-quality welded products. To achieve this, a deep learning U-Net model for multi-class semantic segmentation was designed. The model was trained with a dataset of less than a hundred images and can achieve over 98% accuracy.
{"title":"Multi-class semantic segmentation for identification of silicate island defects","authors":"Vishwath Ramachandran, Susan Elias, B. Narayanan, Ayyappan Uma Chandra Thilagam, Niyanth Sridharann","doi":"10.1080/09507116.2022.2163937","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/09507116.2022.2163937","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract In the automotive industry, it is necessary to identify the edge and center silicate island weld defects formed during Gas metal arc welding. These inspections of the weld are typically performed manually by visually inspecting the weld and identifying regions where the defect concentration is greater than a set threshold. Such a system is prone to errors and can be time-consuming. A novel deep-learning neural network is required to meet the industry’s demand for high-quality welded products. To achieve this, a deep learning U-Net model for multi-class semantic segmentation was designed. The model was trained with a dataset of less than a hundred images and can achieve over 98% accuracy.","PeriodicalId":23605,"journal":{"name":"Welding International","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49572884","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-02DOI: 10.1080/09507116.2022.2164530
M. Akbari, Hossein Rahimi Asiabaraki
Abstract Friction stir welding (FSW) success depends heavily on the temperature and strain the FSW/FSP tool induces. This study examined the influence of FSW tool characteristics like shoulder and probe diameter and probe height on temperature, forces and failure load of welding of AA5083 alloy using the response surface methodology (RSM). The study’s setup consisted of three factors, three levels, and 17 experimental runs. In order to determine the welding temperature, a thermocouple was placed inside the samples. Also, the force during the process was measured using a fixture designed for this purpose. The generated model’s suitability at a 95% confidence level was assessed using an analysis of variance. Using RSM, a relationship was discovered between input parameters, including tool settings and output responses, such as temperature, force, and joint mechanical properties. This relationship was then used to discover the best process parameters using a hybrid multiobjective optimization. Hybrid multiobjective optimization recommends a probe diameter of 5.1 mm, a shoulder diameter of 17.63 mm, and a probe height of 3.86 mm as the optimum tool. This study discovered that the most important factors influencing temperature force and failure load were shoulder diameter, probe diameter, and probe height, respectively.
{"title":"Modeling and optimization of tool parameters in friction stir lap joining of aluminum using RSM and NSGA II","authors":"M. Akbari, Hossein Rahimi Asiabaraki","doi":"10.1080/09507116.2022.2164530","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/09507116.2022.2164530","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Friction stir welding (FSW) success depends heavily on the temperature and strain the FSW/FSP tool induces. This study examined the influence of FSW tool characteristics like shoulder and probe diameter and probe height on temperature, forces and failure load of welding of AA5083 alloy using the response surface methodology (RSM). The study’s setup consisted of three factors, three levels, and 17 experimental runs. In order to determine the welding temperature, a thermocouple was placed inside the samples. Also, the force during the process was measured using a fixture designed for this purpose. The generated model’s suitability at a 95% confidence level was assessed using an analysis of variance. Using RSM, a relationship was discovered between input parameters, including tool settings and output responses, such as temperature, force, and joint mechanical properties. This relationship was then used to discover the best process parameters using a hybrid multiobjective optimization. Hybrid multiobjective optimization recommends a probe diameter of 5.1 mm, a shoulder diameter of 17.63 mm, and a probe height of 3.86 mm as the optimum tool. This study discovered that the most important factors influencing temperature force and failure load were shoulder diameter, probe diameter, and probe height, respectively.","PeriodicalId":23605,"journal":{"name":"Welding International","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47076512","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-02DOI: 10.1080/09507116.2022.2162460
S. Singh, R. M. Belokar
Abstract In the present work, joining of dissimilar metals using electromagnetic energy has been successfully achieved. A 900 W multimode microwave applicator at the fixed frequency of 2450 MHz was used to generate the required heat energy for joining. Copper (Cu) and mild steel (MS) were chosen as the base material to be joined. Copper metal powder in the form of the thick slurry was prepared and used as a joining agent between two bulk interfaces. The joining process was carried out through the controlled emission of microwaves at a particular area for a particular period of time. Due to these controlled emissions of microwaves, the slurry of metal powder got melted and produced a fine bond with the bulk interfaces on cooling. To understand the nature of the joint formation, joints were characterized by using an optical microscope, SEM, X-ray diffractometer, microhardness tester, and Universal testing machine. Analysis of SEM resulted in a well-defined, merged, and fused joint. The microhardness at the joint zone was recorded to be 73 ± 4 HV and 78 ± 6 HV on copper side and MS side respectively. Strength test results showed the UTS of 170 MPa with 13.25% elongation.
{"title":"Study of joining copper-mild steel using microwave energy","authors":"S. Singh, R. M. Belokar","doi":"10.1080/09507116.2022.2162460","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/09507116.2022.2162460","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract In the present work, joining of dissimilar metals using electromagnetic energy has been successfully achieved. A 900 W multimode microwave applicator at the fixed frequency of 2450 MHz was used to generate the required heat energy for joining. Copper (Cu) and mild steel (MS) were chosen as the base material to be joined. Copper metal powder in the form of the thick slurry was prepared and used as a joining agent between two bulk interfaces. The joining process was carried out through the controlled emission of microwaves at a particular area for a particular period of time. Due to these controlled emissions of microwaves, the slurry of metal powder got melted and produced a fine bond with the bulk interfaces on cooling. To understand the nature of the joint formation, joints were characterized by using an optical microscope, SEM, X-ray diffractometer, microhardness tester, and Universal testing machine. Analysis of SEM resulted in a well-defined, merged, and fused joint. The microhardness at the joint zone was recorded to be 73 ± 4 HV and 78 ± 6 HV on copper side and MS side respectively. Strength test results showed the UTS of 170 MPa with 13.25% elongation.","PeriodicalId":23605,"journal":{"name":"Welding International","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48696138","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-12-02DOI: 10.1080/09507116.2022.2154718
S. Hussain, A. K. Pathak
Abstract In this work, ferritic stainless steel (FSS) weldments were prepared by tungsten inert gas (TIG), metal inert gas (MIG), and pulsed-MIG welding. Pure argon and a mixture of argon + 2% oxygen were utilized as shielding gas in each type of welding. The FSS (ER430) and austenitic stainless steel (ASS) (ER309L) wires were used as filler consumable wires during all the three types of welding. The effects of varying welding processes, shielding gases, and consumable electrodes on the longitudinal tensile properties of weldments were investigated. The universal tensile testing machine was used to evaluate longitudinal ultimate tensile strength and percentage elongation experimentally in each case. The maximum tensile strength of FSS weldment was obtained in the case of (Ar + 2% O2) mixture of shielding gas and ASS filler wire in each welding process. Heat treatment was also carried out for samples prepared by MIG and TIG welding. The reduction in tensile strength and enhancement in percentage elongation was observed for both MIG and TIG welding after heat treatment.
{"title":"Experimental evaluation of longitudinal tensile properties of ferritic stainless-steel weldment joined by metal inert gas, pulse metal inert gas, and tungsten inert gas welding","authors":"S. Hussain, A. K. Pathak","doi":"10.1080/09507116.2022.2154718","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/09507116.2022.2154718","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract In this work, ferritic stainless steel (FSS) weldments were prepared by tungsten inert gas (TIG), metal inert gas (MIG), and pulsed-MIG welding. Pure argon and a mixture of argon + 2% oxygen were utilized as shielding gas in each type of welding. The FSS (ER430) and austenitic stainless steel (ASS) (ER309L) wires were used as filler consumable wires during all the three types of welding. The effects of varying welding processes, shielding gases, and consumable electrodes on the longitudinal tensile properties of weldments were investigated. The universal tensile testing machine was used to evaluate longitudinal ultimate tensile strength and percentage elongation experimentally in each case. The maximum tensile strength of FSS weldment was obtained in the case of (Ar + 2% O2) mixture of shielding gas and ASS filler wire in each welding process. Heat treatment was also carried out for samples prepared by MIG and TIG welding. The reduction in tensile strength and enhancement in percentage elongation was observed for both MIG and TIG welding after heat treatment.","PeriodicalId":23605,"journal":{"name":"Welding International","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45402172","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-12-02DOI: 10.1080/09507116.2022.2155091
G. Z. Batista, L. P. Carvalho, F. Arroyo
Abstract The weldability studies of API 5LX80 pipes developed for sour service are very recent and limited information about its heat-affected zone (HAZ) properties can be found. This paper presents a comprehensive evaluation of HAZ using both thermal simulation and the production of actual girth weld joints. The test methodology included microstructural analysis, Charpy impact test, hardness (HV10), microhardness (HV0.1), and sulfide stress cracking tests (SCC). The intercritical coarse grain HAZ presented impact toughness reduction from values above 300 J to less than 50 J at 0 °C when heat input is increased above 1.5 kJ/mm. It can be explained by grain coarsening and martensite-austenite (MA) formation as a ‘necklace’ structure at previous austenite grain boundaries. Hardness and microhardness values for both simulated and actual HAZ were below the maximum limit of 250HV usually specified by industry. Specimens submitted to the sulfide stress cracking (SSC) tests did not present any crack demonstrating that the welded joint is appropriate for sour environments. Finally, a maximum heat input of 1.5 kJ/mm is recommended for field welding. For higher heat inputs, a deeper evaluation of HAZ toughness should be done. The results contribute to supporting the application of this material as an alternative for long-distance high-pressure pipelines with H2S.
{"title":"Weldability evaluation of X80 sour line pipe using a combination of thermal simulation and actual girth welding","authors":"G. Z. Batista, L. P. Carvalho, F. Arroyo","doi":"10.1080/09507116.2022.2155091","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/09507116.2022.2155091","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The weldability studies of API 5LX80 pipes developed for sour service are very recent and limited information about its heat-affected zone (HAZ) properties can be found. This paper presents a comprehensive evaluation of HAZ using both thermal simulation and the production of actual girth weld joints. The test methodology included microstructural analysis, Charpy impact test, hardness (HV10), microhardness (HV0.1), and sulfide stress cracking tests (SCC). The intercritical coarse grain HAZ presented impact toughness reduction from values above 300 J to less than 50 J at 0 °C when heat input is increased above 1.5 kJ/mm. It can be explained by grain coarsening and martensite-austenite (MA) formation as a ‘necklace’ structure at previous austenite grain boundaries. Hardness and microhardness values for both simulated and actual HAZ were below the maximum limit of 250HV usually specified by industry. Specimens submitted to the sulfide stress cracking (SSC) tests did not present any crack demonstrating that the welded joint is appropriate for sour environments. Finally, a maximum heat input of 1.5 kJ/mm is recommended for field welding. For higher heat inputs, a deeper evaluation of HAZ toughness should be done. The results contribute to supporting the application of this material as an alternative for long-distance high-pressure pipelines with H2S.","PeriodicalId":23605,"journal":{"name":"Welding International","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44959797","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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