AbstractThe task of 1.2 GPa ultra-high strength steel sheet in short time’s high current spot welding has been clarified. High current and short time spot welding system and high frequency power supply has been developed. In order to prevent spatter, new dual-pulse welding method in which primary energization, cooling and secondary energization has been proposed. By using this novel welding method, nugget diameter and tensile shear strength satisfied the target and spatter did not occur. New method of 1.2 GPa ultra-high strength steel sheet in short time and high current spot welding has been established.Keywords: Resistance spot weldingultra-high strength steelspattertensile shear strength Additional informationFundingThis research was commissioned by the New Energy and Industrial Technology Development Organization (NEDO) under the auspices of the Institute of Structural Materials for Advanced Materials (ISMA) of the New Energy and Industrial Technology Development Organization (NEDO).
{"title":"Short time resistance spot welding of 1.2Gpa ultra-high strength steel using high frequency power supply","authors":"Yohsuke Abe, Nobuyori Yoshioka, Yoshihito Kinoshita, Satoshi Yamane","doi":"10.1080/09507116.2023.2275864","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/09507116.2023.2275864","url":null,"abstract":"AbstractThe task of 1.2 GPa ultra-high strength steel sheet in short time’s high current spot welding has been clarified. High current and short time spot welding system and high frequency power supply has been developed. In order to prevent spatter, new dual-pulse welding method in which primary energization, cooling and secondary energization has been proposed. By using this novel welding method, nugget diameter and tensile shear strength satisfied the target and spatter did not occur. New method of 1.2 GPa ultra-high strength steel sheet in short time and high current spot welding has been established.Keywords: Resistance spot weldingultra-high strength steelspattertensile shear strength Additional informationFundingThis research was commissioned by the New Energy and Industrial Technology Development Organization (NEDO) under the auspices of the Institute of Structural Materials for Advanced Materials (ISMA) of the New Energy and Industrial Technology Development Organization (NEDO).","PeriodicalId":23605,"journal":{"name":"Welding International","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136068538","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-10-26DOI: 10.1080/09507116.2023.2270896
Ibrahim Sabry, Abdel-Hamid Ismail Mourad, Mohammad Alkhedher, Mohammad Reza Chalak Qazani, Ahmed El-Araby
AbstractThe selection of welding process parameters is a tedious operation that demands the process evaluation. Multi criteria decision-making strategies for assessing friction stir welding (FSW) process parameters are scanty. Therefore, a comparative study between five different multi-criteria decision-making methods was applied within friction stir welding process to show the deviations in the ranking of the alternatives. The goal is to find the welding parameters (including rotation speed, shoulder diameter, and travel speed) that result in the highest performance scores or rankings for the considered responses, such as ultimate tensile strength, hardness, and surface roughness. In the following, different decision-making strategies (including TOPSIS, GRA, hybrid GRA-TOPSIS, CoCoSo, and MACROS) are applied to calculate the weight of all different decision-making using entropy. The proposed methods in this study are validated by representing the accurate decision maker's preferences and consideration of uncertainty. The decision-makers choose GRA-TOPSIS and TOPSIS as the best approach with higher efficiency. GRA was determined to be more time-consuming and to have the most variety of outcomes, whereas CoCoSo and MACROS were unable to produce a definite best result. The study is highly promising for researchers and machining specialists to produce quality friction stir welds.Keywords: Decision-MakingTOPSISGRAMACROSCoCoSohybrid GRA-TOPSISDisclaimerAs a service to authors and researchers we are providing this version of an accepted manuscript (AM). Copyediting, typesetting, and review of the resulting proofs will be undertaken on this manuscript before final publication of the Version of Record (VoR). During production and pre-press, errors may be discovered which could affect the content, and all legal disclaimers that apply to the journal relate to these versions also.
摘要焊接工艺参数的选择是一项繁琐的工作，需要进行工艺评价。目前，用于搅拌摩擦焊工艺参数评估的多准则决策策略很少。因此，将五种不同的多准则决策方法应用于搅拌摩擦焊接过程的对比研究，以显示方案排序的偏差。目标是找到焊接参数(包括转速、肩部直径和行驶速度)，这些参数会导致考虑的响应(如极限抗拉强度、硬度和表面粗糙度)的最高性能分数或排名。下面，我们将采用不同的决策策略(包括TOPSIS、GRA、混合GRA-TOPSIS、CoCoSo和MACROS)，利用熵来计算所有不同决策的权重。本研究中提出的方法通过代表准确的决策者偏好和考虑不确定性而得到验证。决策者选择GRA-TOPSIS和TOPSIS作为效率较高的最佳方法。GRA被确定为更耗时且具有最多样化的结果，而CoCoSo和MACROS无法产生明确的最佳结果。该研究对研究人员和机械加工专家生产高质量的搅拌摩擦焊缝具有很大的前景。关键词:决策topsisgramacroscocosohybrid gra - topsis免责声明作为对作者和研究人员的服务，我们提供此版本的已接受稿件(AM)。在最终出版版本记录(VoR)之前，将对该手稿进行编辑、排版和审查。在制作和印前，可能会发现可能影响内容的错误，所有适用于期刊的法律免责声明也与这些版本有关。
{"title":"A Comparative Study of Multiple-Criteria Decision-Making Methods for selecting the best process parameters for friction stir welded Al 6061 alloy","authors":"Ibrahim Sabry, Abdel-Hamid Ismail Mourad, Mohammad Alkhedher, Mohammad Reza Chalak Qazani, Ahmed El-Araby","doi":"10.1080/09507116.2023.2270896","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/09507116.2023.2270896","url":null,"abstract":"AbstractThe selection of welding process parameters is a tedious operation that demands the process evaluation. Multi criteria decision-making strategies for assessing friction stir welding (FSW) process parameters are scanty. Therefore, a comparative study between five different multi-criteria decision-making methods was applied within friction stir welding process to show the deviations in the ranking of the alternatives. The goal is to find the welding parameters (including rotation speed, shoulder diameter, and travel speed) that result in the highest performance scores or rankings for the considered responses, such as ultimate tensile strength, hardness, and surface roughness. In the following, different decision-making strategies (including TOPSIS, GRA, hybrid GRA-TOPSIS, CoCoSo, and MACROS) are applied to calculate the weight of all different decision-making using entropy. The proposed methods in this study are validated by representing the accurate decision maker's preferences and consideration of uncertainty. The decision-makers choose GRA-TOPSIS and TOPSIS as the best approach with higher efficiency. GRA was determined to be more time-consuming and to have the most variety of outcomes, whereas CoCoSo and MACROS were unable to produce a definite best result. The study is highly promising for researchers and machining specialists to produce quality friction stir welds.Keywords: Decision-MakingTOPSISGRAMACROSCoCoSohybrid GRA-TOPSISDisclaimerAs a service to authors and researchers we are providing this version of an accepted manuscript (AM). Copyediting, typesetting, and review of the resulting proofs will be undertaken on this manuscript before final publication of the Version of Record (VoR). During production and pre-press, errors may be discovered which could affect the content, and all legal disclaimers that apply to the journal relate to these versions also.","PeriodicalId":23605,"journal":{"name":"Welding International","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136376404","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-10-25DOI: 10.1080/09507116.2023.2271391
Ranjan Kumar, Manjaiah M, M J Davidson
AbstractThis study focuses on the friction stir welding (FSW) of dissimilar materials, Al7075 alloy and SS304 stainless steel, in a butt configuration. The objective is to examine the impact of different operating conditions, including tool rotational speed, transverse speed, and tool offset, on the FSW process of the dissimilar sheets. Mechanical properties, specifically the ultimate tensile strength, were found to be influenced by rotational speed. Higher rotational speed resulted in decreased tensile strength due to increased heat generation in the weld zone, leading to the formation of a thicker intermetallic layer. Higher tool rotational speed and greater transverse feed rate improved weld joint performance. Microstructural changes and deformation properties were investigated using optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS). The FSW process caused significant grain refinement, creating a fine and equiaxed recrystallized grain structure. Intermetallic compounds like Al13Fe14, Al3Fe2, and Al3Mg2 were identified in the interface zone. In summary, this study provides valuable insights into the FSW of dissimilar materials. It sheds light on mechanical properties, microstructural changes, and intermetallic compound formation in the welded joint, contributing to the understanding of FSW for dissimilar materials.Keywords: Friction stir weldingAl 7075SS304microstructureDisclaimerAs a service to authors and researchers we are providing this version of an accepted manuscript (AM). Copyediting, typesetting, and review of the resulting proofs will be undertaken on this manuscript before final publication of the Version of Record (VoR). During production and pre-press, errors may be discovered which could affect the content, and all legal disclaimers that apply to the journal relate to these versions also.
{"title":"The effect of friction stir welding on the microstructure and mechanical properties of the dissimilar SS304 and Al7075-T6 alloy joints","authors":"Ranjan Kumar, Manjaiah M, M J Davidson","doi":"10.1080/09507116.2023.2271391","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/09507116.2023.2271391","url":null,"abstract":"AbstractThis study focuses on the friction stir welding (FSW) of dissimilar materials, Al7075 alloy and SS304 stainless steel, in a butt configuration. The objective is to examine the impact of different operating conditions, including tool rotational speed, transverse speed, and tool offset, on the FSW process of the dissimilar sheets. Mechanical properties, specifically the ultimate tensile strength, were found to be influenced by rotational speed. Higher rotational speed resulted in decreased tensile strength due to increased heat generation in the weld zone, leading to the formation of a thicker intermetallic layer. Higher tool rotational speed and greater transverse feed rate improved weld joint performance. Microstructural changes and deformation properties were investigated using optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS). The FSW process caused significant grain refinement, creating a fine and equiaxed recrystallized grain structure. Intermetallic compounds like Al13Fe14, Al3Fe2, and Al3Mg2 were identified in the interface zone. In summary, this study provides valuable insights into the FSW of dissimilar materials. It sheds light on mechanical properties, microstructural changes, and intermetallic compound formation in the welded joint, contributing to the understanding of FSW for dissimilar materials.Keywords: Friction stir weldingAl 7075SS304microstructureDisclaimerAs a service to authors and researchers we are providing this version of an accepted manuscript (AM). Copyediting, typesetting, and review of the resulting proofs will be undertaken on this manuscript before final publication of the Version of Record (VoR). During production and pre-press, errors may be discovered which could affect the content, and all legal disclaimers that apply to the journal relate to these versions also.","PeriodicalId":23605,"journal":{"name":"Welding International","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134972759","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-10-16DOI: 10.1080/09507116.2023.2267429
Hemendra Kumar Srivastava, V. Balasubramanian, S. Malarvizhi, A. Gourav Rao
AbstractA comparative investigation on rotating bending fatigue behaviour between unnotched and notched specimens of friction stir-welded (FSW) AA6061-T651aluminium alloy joints has been conducted under completely reversed cyclic loading (R = −1). Post-weld aging treatment was done for 8 h at 200°C on the welded joints. After post-weld aging treatment, the fatigue strength was significantly improved, while the grain size remained unchanged. Microstructural evolution before and after post-weld aging treatment was studied using orientation imaging microscopy (OIM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). It was found that post-weld aging treatment decreased dislocation density and facilitated precipitation hardening through the reprecipitation of fine β″(Mg2Si) particles. Fine particles of post-weld aged specimens of FSW joints were sheared by dislocations generated during cyclic loading, resulting in difficult crack initiation and tortuous crack propagation. Fractographic results confirmed that Post-weld aged specimens of FSW joints have better fatigue resistance than as-welded specimens, owing to the presence of significant precipitates along the grain boundary.Keywords: Friction stir weldingpost weld ageing treatmentfatigue behaviorS-N curvesmicrostructure AcknowledgementsThe authors wish to record sincere thanks to the Director of Naval Materials Research Laboratory (NMRL), DRDO, Ambernath Maharashtra for the financial support rendered through a CARS project No: NMRL/MMG/0401/04/NMRL253/CARS/145/2020-21. The authors thank the Naval Materials Research Laboratory (NMRL-DRDO), Mumbai, India, for providing base materials to carry out this investigation. The authors also thank IIT Kanpur for allowing them to use their EBSD facility.Disclosure statementThe authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.
{"title":"Influence of post weld aging treatment on microstructural features and fatigue behaviour of unnotched and notched specimens of friction stir welded AA6061-T651 aluminium alloy joints under completely reversed stress cycle","authors":"Hemendra Kumar Srivastava, V. Balasubramanian, S. Malarvizhi, A. Gourav Rao","doi":"10.1080/09507116.2023.2267429","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/09507116.2023.2267429","url":null,"abstract":"AbstractA comparative investigation on rotating bending fatigue behaviour between unnotched and notched specimens of friction stir-welded (FSW) AA6061-T651aluminium alloy joints has been conducted under completely reversed cyclic loading (R = −1). Post-weld aging treatment was done for 8 h at 200°C on the welded joints. After post-weld aging treatment, the fatigue strength was significantly improved, while the grain size remained unchanged. Microstructural evolution before and after post-weld aging treatment was studied using orientation imaging microscopy (OIM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). It was found that post-weld aging treatment decreased dislocation density and facilitated precipitation hardening through the reprecipitation of fine β″(Mg2Si) particles. Fine particles of post-weld aged specimens of FSW joints were sheared by dislocations generated during cyclic loading, resulting in difficult crack initiation and tortuous crack propagation. Fractographic results confirmed that Post-weld aged specimens of FSW joints have better fatigue resistance than as-welded specimens, owing to the presence of significant precipitates along the grain boundary.Keywords: Friction stir weldingpost weld ageing treatmentfatigue behaviorS-N curvesmicrostructure AcknowledgementsThe authors wish to record sincere thanks to the Director of Naval Materials Research Laboratory (NMRL), DRDO, Ambernath Maharashtra for the financial support rendered through a CARS project No: NMRL/MMG/0401/04/NMRL253/CARS/145/2020-21. The authors thank the Naval Materials Research Laboratory (NMRL-DRDO), Mumbai, India, for providing base materials to carry out this investigation. The authors also thank IIT Kanpur for allowing them to use their EBSD facility.Disclosure statementThe authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.","PeriodicalId":23605,"journal":{"name":"Welding International","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136142657","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-10-11DOI: 10.1080/09507116.2023.2269087
Karmuhilan M, Kumanan Somasundaram
AbstractWire and Arc Additive Manufacturing (WAAM) is the predominant technique to process Nickel-based superalloys due to its low cost and high flexibility. This article discusses the microstructural features and corrosion resistance of two Inconel 625 parts manufactured using the WAAM technique. Using the WAAM process, two single-walled Inconel 625(IN625) components were produced additively for inter-pass layer temperatures(IPT) of 200 °C and 300 °C. The grain size changed with a change in IPTs, according to an investigation using electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD). The preferred grain orientation changed from the texture {001} < 001> to {001} < 101> as the IPT increased. Potentiodynamic polarization (PDP) was used to evaluate the corrosion behavior. The corrosion rate of the IPT 300 °C sample is 0.007255 mmpy, while the corrosion rate of the IPT 200 °C sample is 0.01315 mmpy. Tafel's extrapolation technique calculated the corrosion current density and corrosion current potential. The scanning electron microscope (SEM) explored the corroded area, and the Energy-dispersive X-Ray Spectroscope (EDS) examined the elemental composition.Keywords: MicrostructureCorrosionWire and Arc Additive ManufacturingInconel 625Inter pass layer temperatureDisclaimerAs a service to authors and researchers we are providing this version of an accepted manuscript (AM). Copyediting, typesetting, and review of the resulting proofs will be undertaken on this manuscript before final publication of the Version of Record (VoR). During production and pre-press, errors may be discovered which could affect the content, and all legal disclaimers that apply to the journal relate to these versions also.
{"title":"Microstructural features and corrosion behavior of Inconel 625 components fabricated using Wire and Arc Additively Manufacturing (WAAM)","authors":"Karmuhilan M, Kumanan Somasundaram","doi":"10.1080/09507116.2023.2269087","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/09507116.2023.2269087","url":null,"abstract":"AbstractWire and Arc Additive Manufacturing (WAAM) is the predominant technique to process Nickel-based superalloys due to its low cost and high flexibility. This article discusses the microstructural features and corrosion resistance of two Inconel 625 parts manufactured using the WAAM technique. Using the WAAM process, two single-walled Inconel 625(IN625) components were produced additively for inter-pass layer temperatures(IPT) of 200 °C and 300 °C. The grain size changed with a change in IPTs, according to an investigation using electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD). The preferred grain orientation changed from the texture {001} < 001> to {001} < 101> as the IPT increased. Potentiodynamic polarization (PDP) was used to evaluate the corrosion behavior. The corrosion rate of the IPT 300 °C sample is 0.007255 mmpy, while the corrosion rate of the IPT 200 °C sample is 0.01315 mmpy. Tafel's extrapolation technique calculated the corrosion current density and corrosion current potential. The scanning electron microscope (SEM) explored the corroded area, and the Energy-dispersive X-Ray Spectroscope (EDS) examined the elemental composition.Keywords: MicrostructureCorrosionWire and Arc Additive ManufacturingInconel 625Inter pass layer temperatureDisclaimerAs a service to authors and researchers we are providing this version of an accepted manuscript (AM). Copyediting, typesetting, and review of the resulting proofs will be undertaken on this manuscript before final publication of the Version of Record (VoR). During production and pre-press, errors may be discovered which could affect the content, and all legal disclaimers that apply to the journal relate to these versions also.","PeriodicalId":23605,"journal":{"name":"Welding International","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136213898","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-10-02DOI: 10.1080/09507116.2023.2265808
Bipin B Sharan, Prabha Chand, Mayuri Baruah, K Gopala Krishna
AbstractLap joints of 1.5mm thin sheets of dissimilar hot rolled E250 with polymer sandwich steel (MPM) were produced by Cold metal transfer (CMT) process, closer to the real application. The polymer layer polystyrene-butadiene-styrene sandwiched between two DC06 sheets of MPM was found to be intact at significantly lower heat inputs (0.16-0.24 kJ/mm), which otherwise had been quite challenging during TIG welding leading to huge rejections. After several iterative trials for acceptable weld quality, experiments were conducted as per L9 orthogonal array,Taguchi technique with welding speed (WS),wire feed rate(WFR) and welding torch orientation (TO) as the process parameters.The joints were investigated through optical macrograph, micrographs, hardness, tensile lap shear tests and fractography on the fractured specimen. Optimum parameters were determined for maximizing shear strength. The sample with optimised parameters exhibited 6% improvement in shear strength achieving 152.09 MPa and polymer layer retention. ANOVA analysis suggested welding speed to be most significant parameter with 69.85% contribution affecting shear strength. Coefficient of determination (R2) for the shear strength was 87.26% derived from the linear regression model. Significantly lower error 0.96% computed from the confirmatory test concluded very effective optimization.HighlightsThin Sheets of polymer sandwich steel (MPM) sheets were joined successfully with E250 sheet without thermal disengagement of the polymer layer in MPM by CMT welding.Under optimal parameters MPM/E250 joints exhibited excellent mechanical properties.Fractography analysis revealed ductile failure mode.The error between experimental and predicted results by Taguchi was significantly lower and very well within the acceptable range.Key Words: Polymer sandwich SteelCMTTaguchi TechniqueANOVARegression AnalysisR2DisclaimerAs a service to authors and researchers we are providing this version of an accepted manuscript (AM). Copyediting, typesetting, and review of the resulting proofs will be undertaken on this manuscript before final publication of the Version of Record (VoR). During production and pre-press, errors may be discovered which could affect the content, and all legal disclaimers that apply to the journal relate to these versions also.
{"title":"OPTIMIZATION OF CMT WELDING PROCESS PARAMETERS OF DISSIMILAR HOT ROLLED E250 AND POLYMER SANDWICH STEEL LAP JOINTS","authors":"Bipin B Sharan, Prabha Chand, Mayuri Baruah, K Gopala Krishna","doi":"10.1080/09507116.2023.2265808","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/09507116.2023.2265808","url":null,"abstract":"AbstractLap joints of 1.5mm thin sheets of dissimilar hot rolled E250 with polymer sandwich steel (MPM) were produced by Cold metal transfer (CMT) process, closer to the real application. The polymer layer polystyrene-butadiene-styrene sandwiched between two DC06 sheets of MPM was found to be intact at significantly lower heat inputs (0.16-0.24 kJ/mm), which otherwise had been quite challenging during TIG welding leading to huge rejections. After several iterative trials for acceptable weld quality, experiments were conducted as per L9 orthogonal array,Taguchi technique with welding speed (WS),wire feed rate(WFR) and welding torch orientation (TO) as the process parameters.The joints were investigated through optical macrograph, micrographs, hardness, tensile lap shear tests and fractography on the fractured specimen. Optimum parameters were determined for maximizing shear strength. The sample with optimised parameters exhibited 6% improvement in shear strength achieving 152.09 MPa and polymer layer retention. ANOVA analysis suggested welding speed to be most significant parameter with 69.85% contribution affecting shear strength. Coefficient of determination (R2) for the shear strength was 87.26% derived from the linear regression model. Significantly lower error 0.96% computed from the confirmatory test concluded very effective optimization.HighlightsThin Sheets of polymer sandwich steel (MPM) sheets were joined successfully with E250 sheet without thermal disengagement of the polymer layer in MPM by CMT welding.Under optimal parameters MPM/E250 joints exhibited excellent mechanical properties.Fractography analysis revealed ductile failure mode.The error between experimental and predicted results by Taguchi was significantly lower and very well within the acceptable range.Key Words: Polymer sandwich SteelCMTTaguchi TechniqueANOVARegression AnalysisR2DisclaimerAs a service to authors and researchers we are providing this version of an accepted manuscript (AM). Copyediting, typesetting, and review of the resulting proofs will be undertaken on this manuscript before final publication of the Version of Record (VoR). During production and pre-press, errors may be discovered which could affect the content, and all legal disclaimers that apply to the journal relate to these versions also.","PeriodicalId":23605,"journal":{"name":"Welding International","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135894894","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
AbstractThe research objective was to determine the effect of current on microstructure, hardness values, and tensile strength of A36 steel before (raw material) and after welding using SMAW using electrodes E7016 diameter 3,2 mm. The research adopted an experimental method and utilized Olympus Metallurgical Microscope, Micro Vickers Hardness Tester, and Universal Testing Machine for data analysis. The results revealed that welding caused a change in the microstructure of the weld area into Grain boundary Ferrite (GF), Widmanstatten Ferrite (WF), and Acicular Ferrite (AF). The hardness test showed that higher current leads to greater hardness values. The specimens with a current of 130 Ampere had a hardness level of 181.39 VHN, which was higher than specimens with 120 Ampere (176.21 VHN) and 110 Ampere (159.56 VHN). The raw material had a hardness value of 125.4 VHN. The welding resulted in a difference in tensile stress, with specimens using 130 Ampere having the highest tensile strength level of 520.20 MPa, followed by 120 Ampere with 504.61 MPa, and 110 Ampere with 483.03 MPa. The research concludes that varying the electric current during welding affects the microstructure, tensile strength, and hardness value of Steel ASTM A36.Keywords: Shielded Metal Arc Welding (SMAW)ASTM A36 SteelMicrostructureTensile StrengthDisclaimerAs a service to authors and researchers we are providing this version of an accepted manuscript (AM). Copyediting, typesetting, and review of the resulting proofs will be undertaken on this manuscript before final publication of the Version of Record (VoR). During production and pre-press, errors may be discovered which could affect the content, and all legal disclaimers that apply to the journal relate to these versions also. Acknowledgments:The authors would like to gratefully acknowledge Sebelas Maret University, Indonesia.Declaration of Interest:The authors declare there are no conflicts of interest.Author Contributions:The authors confirm contribution to the paper as follows: study conception and design: Suharno.; data collection: Moh Rizal Fikri, Nugroho Agung Pambudi, and Budi Harjanto; analysis and interpretation of results: Suharno and Jumintono; draft manuscript preparation: Reza Rizkiana. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.
{"title":"The Effect Of Variation Of The Electric Current On Physical and Mechanical Properties In A36 Steel Welding","authors":"None Suharno, Moh Rizal Fikri, Nugroho Agung Pambudi, Budi Harjanto, None Jumintono, Reza Rizkiana","doi":"10.1080/09507116.2023.2264175","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/09507116.2023.2264175","url":null,"abstract":"AbstractThe research objective was to determine the effect of current on microstructure, hardness values, and tensile strength of A36 steel before (raw material) and after welding using SMAW using electrodes E7016 diameter 3,2 mm. The research adopted an experimental method and utilized Olympus Metallurgical Microscope, Micro Vickers Hardness Tester, and Universal Testing Machine for data analysis. The results revealed that welding caused a change in the microstructure of the weld area into Grain boundary Ferrite (GF), Widmanstatten Ferrite (WF), and Acicular Ferrite (AF). The hardness test showed that higher current leads to greater hardness values. The specimens with a current of 130 Ampere had a hardness level of 181.39 VHN, which was higher than specimens with 120 Ampere (176.21 VHN) and 110 Ampere (159.56 VHN). The raw material had a hardness value of 125.4 VHN. The welding resulted in a difference in tensile stress, with specimens using 130 Ampere having the highest tensile strength level of 520.20 MPa, followed by 120 Ampere with 504.61 MPa, and 110 Ampere with 483.03 MPa. The research concludes that varying the electric current during welding affects the microstructure, tensile strength, and hardness value of Steel ASTM A36.Keywords: Shielded Metal Arc Welding (SMAW)ASTM A36 SteelMicrostructureTensile StrengthDisclaimerAs a service to authors and researchers we are providing this version of an accepted manuscript (AM). Copyediting, typesetting, and review of the resulting proofs will be undertaken on this manuscript before final publication of the Version of Record (VoR). During production and pre-press, errors may be discovered which could affect the content, and all legal disclaimers that apply to the journal relate to these versions also. Acknowledgments:The authors would like to gratefully acknowledge Sebelas Maret University, Indonesia.Declaration of Interest:The authors declare there are no conflicts of interest.Author Contributions:The authors confirm contribution to the paper as follows: study conception and design: Suharno.; data collection: Moh Rizal Fikri, Nugroho Agung Pambudi, and Budi Harjanto; analysis and interpretation of results: Suharno and Jumintono; draft manuscript preparation: Reza Rizkiana. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.","PeriodicalId":23605,"journal":{"name":"Welding International","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135344801","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-09-02DOI: 10.1080/09507116.2023.2258064
Rajnish Singh, Yogesh Kumar
Abstract:In the present work, the friction stir welding of aluminum alloy was done on the hybrid storage tank-assisted fixture at the Vertical Milling Centre. The three different storage media were used as air, water, and coolant. This study aimed to examine the effect of the cooling media in the hybrid fixture on the wear, coefficient of friction, hardness, and worn surface. The tool of mild steel was used for the welding process, and the wear of the tool was also examined for a better recommendation of tool material. In the FSW of the coolant-type welding process, it was found that the least wear was obtained at the different welding conditions. The higher rotational speed welded FSW joint increases the wear. The coefficient of friction exceeds the base material at 900 rpm in the FSW-W type joint. The average value of friction force at 500 rpm and 1000m sliding distance was 3N FSW air (FSW-A) and 5N base material. The average value of FF at 700 rpm and 1000m sliding distance was 1N FSW-A and 6 N for base material. The FF at 900 rpm was 5N FSW water type (FSW-W) and 1 N for FSW -A.Keywords: ICFSW-AICFSW-WICFSW-CwearDisclaimerAs a service to authors and researchers we are providing this version of an accepted manuscript (AM). Copyediting, typesetting, and review of the resulting proofs will be undertaken on this manuscript before final publication of the Version of Record (VoR). During production and pre-press, errors may be discovered which could affect the content, and all legal disclaimers that apply to the journal relate to these versions also.
摘要:在立式铣削中心的混合储罐辅助夹具上进行铝合金搅拌摩擦焊接。三种不同的储存介质分别用作空气、水和冷却剂。本研究旨在研究混合夹具中冷却介质对磨损、摩擦系数、硬度和磨损表面的影响。焊接过程中采用了低碳钢刀具，并对刀具的磨损进行了检测，以更好地推荐刀具材料。在冷却剂型焊接过程中，发现不同焊接条件下的磨损最小。转速越高，摩擦焊接头磨损越大。FSW-W型接头在900转/分时的摩擦系数超过母材。在500rpm和1000m滑动距离下的摩擦力平均值为3N FSW空气(FSW- a)和5N基材。在700rpm和1000m滑动距离下，FF的平均值为1N FSW-A，基材为6n。900转/分时的FF为5N FSW水型(FSW- w)， 1 N FSW -A。免责声明作为对作者和研究人员的服务，我们提供此版本的已接受稿件(AM)。在最终出版版本记录(VoR)之前，将对该手稿进行编辑、排版和审查。在制作和印前，可能会发现可能影响内容的错误，所有适用于期刊的法律免责声明也与这些版本有关。
{"title":"Tribological analysis of cooling tank assisted hybrid friction stir welded 6061 aluminum alloy","authors":"Rajnish Singh, Yogesh Kumar","doi":"10.1080/09507116.2023.2258064","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/09507116.2023.2258064","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:In the present work, the friction stir welding of aluminum alloy was done on the hybrid storage tank-assisted fixture at the Vertical Milling Centre. The three different storage media were used as air, water, and coolant. This study aimed to examine the effect of the cooling media in the hybrid fixture on the wear, coefficient of friction, hardness, and worn surface. The tool of mild steel was used for the welding process, and the wear of the tool was also examined for a better recommendation of tool material. In the FSW of the coolant-type welding process, it was found that the least wear was obtained at the different welding conditions. The higher rotational speed welded FSW joint increases the wear. The coefficient of friction exceeds the base material at 900 rpm in the FSW-W type joint. The average value of friction force at 500 rpm and 1000m sliding distance was 3N FSW air (FSW-A) and 5N base material. The average value of FF at 700 rpm and 1000m sliding distance was 1N FSW-A and 6 N for base material. The FF at 900 rpm was 5N FSW water type (FSW-W) and 1 N for FSW -A.Keywords: ICFSW-AICFSW-WICFSW-CwearDisclaimerAs a service to authors and researchers we are providing this version of an accepted manuscript (AM). Copyediting, typesetting, and review of the resulting proofs will be undertaken on this manuscript before final publication of the Version of Record (VoR). During production and pre-press, errors may be discovered which could affect the content, and all legal disclaimers that apply to the journal relate to these versions also.","PeriodicalId":23605,"journal":{"name":"Welding International","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134969193","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-09-02DOI: 10.1080/09507116.2023.2256221
Gaurav Nandan, K. S. Arora, Jaivindra Singh, Ajay Kumar
Abstract This investigation aims to examine the effectiveness of torch position, welding-brazing parameters on the embedded bead profile and load carrying potential of the brazed joint of zinc coated DP600 steel and Al 5052 joined by cold metal transfer (CMT) technique. The base metals were joined at different torch position (−0.6, 0 and 0.6 mm) in lap joint position using Al-based filler wire. At different wire feed rate (WFR) 3, 4 and 5 m/min changes in bead shape and its geometry were observed. The various modes of failure were classified based on effective bonding length (LH–LV) and LH/θ ratio. The best combination of welding-brazing parameters at which the maximum load bearing capacity of 4.1 kN and enhanced bead properties was achieved at 0.6 mm torch position and WFR 5 m/min. The intermetallic compound layers formed during the process affect the tensile properties of weld-brazed joint. The possible intermetallics and the presence of major elements in intermetallic layer were analyzed by energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopic analysis. Furthermore, in this investigation, it was also observed that the thickness of IMC layer increases with the increasing WFR and heat input up to a critical value of 10 µm.
{"title":"Influence of process parameters on bead geometry and its effect on mechanical properties of CMT welding of automotive grade steel and aluminium alloy using aluminium based filler wire","authors":"Gaurav Nandan, K. S. Arora, Jaivindra Singh, Ajay Kumar","doi":"10.1080/09507116.2023.2256221","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/09507116.2023.2256221","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract This investigation aims to examine the effectiveness of torch position, welding-brazing parameters on the embedded bead profile and load carrying potential of the brazed joint of zinc coated DP600 steel and Al 5052 joined by cold metal transfer (CMT) technique. The base metals were joined at different torch position (−0.6, 0 and 0.6 mm) in lap joint position using Al-based filler wire. At different wire feed rate (WFR) 3, 4 and 5 m/min changes in bead shape and its geometry were observed. The various modes of failure were classified based on effective bonding length (LH–LV) and LH/θ ratio. The best combination of welding-brazing parameters at which the maximum load bearing capacity of 4.1 kN and enhanced bead properties was achieved at 0.6 mm torch position and WFR 5 m/min. The intermetallic compound layers formed during the process affect the tensile properties of weld-brazed joint. The possible intermetallics and the presence of major elements in intermetallic layer were analyzed by energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopic analysis. Furthermore, in this investigation, it was also observed that the thickness of IMC layer increases with the increasing WFR and heat input up to a critical value of 10 µm.","PeriodicalId":23605,"journal":{"name":"Welding International","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48066037","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-09-02DOI: 10.1080/09507116.2023.2265811
Agus Sasmito, Mochammad Noer Ilman, Priyo Tri Iswanto
AbstractSimilar rotary friction welding with AA6061-T6 rod material was carried out at four variations of rotational speed in order to study the effect of rotational speed on the joint properties. The increasing of rotational speed produce higher hardness value in DRZ area. i.e., the lowest microhardness value in the DRZ area was 129 VHN at 380 rpm and increased to 192 VHN at 1700 rpm due to a grain refinement process that increased the hardness as the Hall-Petch equation. Otherwise, in the HAZ and TMAZ area, the microhardness profile has a decreasing trend due to the welding rotation increases. All welded joints have a lower strength than the base metal about 68% for tensile and 83% for fatigue. The observations on the fracture surface of tensile and fatigue test showed that the fracture's area occurs in the same region where the lowest microhardness and roughness grain size occur.Keywords: Aluminium AA6061rotary friction weldingthermal cyclefatigue strengthDisclaimerAs a service to authors and researchers we are providing this version of an accepted manuscript (AM). Copyediting, typesetting, and review of the resulting proofs will be undertaken on this manuscript before final publication of the Version of Record (VoR). During production and pre-press, errors may be discovered which could affect the content, and all legal disclaimers that apply to the journal relate to these versions also.
{"title":"Effects of Rotational Speed on the Mechanical Properties and Performance of AA6061-T6 Aluminium Alloy in Similar Rotary Friction Welding","authors":"Agus Sasmito, Mochammad Noer Ilman, Priyo Tri Iswanto","doi":"10.1080/09507116.2023.2265811","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/09507116.2023.2265811","url":null,"abstract":"AbstractSimilar rotary friction welding with AA6061-T6 rod material was carried out at four variations of rotational speed in order to study the effect of rotational speed on the joint properties. The increasing of rotational speed produce higher hardness value in DRZ area. i.e., the lowest microhardness value in the DRZ area was 129 VHN at 380 rpm and increased to 192 VHN at 1700 rpm due to a grain refinement process that increased the hardness as the Hall-Petch equation. Otherwise, in the HAZ and TMAZ area, the microhardness profile has a decreasing trend due to the welding rotation increases. All welded joints have a lower strength than the base metal about 68% for tensile and 83% for fatigue. The observations on the fracture surface of tensile and fatigue test showed that the fracture's area occurs in the same region where the lowest microhardness and roughness grain size occur.Keywords: Aluminium AA6061rotary friction weldingthermal cyclefatigue strengthDisclaimerAs a service to authors and researchers we are providing this version of an accepted manuscript (AM). Copyediting, typesetting, and review of the resulting proofs will be undertaken on this manuscript before final publication of the Version of Record (VoR). During production and pre-press, errors may be discovered which could affect the content, and all legal disclaimers that apply to the journal relate to these versions also.","PeriodicalId":23605,"journal":{"name":"Welding International","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134969812","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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