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Stereographic Backlit Imaging and Bubble Identification From a Plunging Jet With Floor Interactions 具有底板相互作用的俯冲射流的立体背光成像和气泡识别
Pub Date : 2021-08-10 DOI: 10.1115/fedsm2021-65313
Roy A. Pillers, T. Heindel
Plunging jets have been extensively studied for their relatively simple set-up but complex multiphase interactions. This phenomenon includes gas carry-under and mixing, which occurs when shear effects between the plunging liquid jet and surrounding gas are sufficient to entrain gas at the impact site. Previous investigations typically assume the floor has an infinite depth and neglect compressive effects caused by the jet interacting with the catch tank floor. While this assumption is ideal for breaking waves in the middle of the ocean, many other applications have to contend with floor effects. These include waterfalls, wastewater treatment, dams, fish farms, mineral separation, and molten metal pouring. It is hypothesized that floor interactions will significantly affect the multiphase flow hydrodynamics, especially in places where the uninhibited jet would approach or pass the floor region. Using a large catch tank with an adjustable floor region designed to hold a constant water level, data were collected using high-speed backlit stereographic imaging to capture and compare the effects of three separate tank depths with those found using an infinite pool assumption. To identify bubbles in each stereographic projection, a uniform bubble recognition procedure was developed that was used across all data sets. This allowed for the automated identification of bubble entrainment regions, which could be compared with different flow conditions. Preliminary results are inconclusive as to the effects of the floor region on the bubble plume dynamics; however, the results showed consistent measurements between trials and the two stereographic cameras, implying the time variation of the jet dynamics was the primary source of uncertainty in the results and not the identification procedure. Therefore, the identification methods have provided a method for plume volume and shape estimation, which will be used in future studies using 3D imaging techniques.
俯冲射流由于其相对简单的结构和复杂的多相相互作用而得到了广泛的研究。这种现象包括气体携带和混合,发生在俯冲的液体射流与周围气体之间的剪切作用足以在撞击部位夹带气体时。以往的研究通常假设井底具有无限深度,忽略了射流与储罐井底相互作用造成的压缩效应。虽然这种假设对于在海洋中破碎的波浪是理想的,但许多其他应用必须与海底效应作斗争。这些包括瀑布、废水处理、水坝、养鱼场、矿物分离和熔融金属浇注。假设底板相互作用将显著影响多相流流体力学,特别是在不受抑制的射流接近或通过底板区域的地方。研究人员使用了一个带有可调节底板区域的大型储水池,以保持恒定的水位,并使用高速背光立体成像技术收集数据,以捕获和比较三个独立的储水池深度与无限池假设的效果。为了识别每个立体投影中的气泡,开发了一个统一的气泡识别程序,用于所有数据集。这允许自动识别气泡夹带区域,这可以与不同的流动条件进行比较。关于底区对气泡羽流动力学的影响,初步结果尚无定论;然而,结果显示试验和两个立体相机之间的测量结果一致,这意味着射流动力学的时间变化是结果不确定性的主要来源,而不是识别过程。因此,这些识别方法为羽流体积和形状的估计提供了一种方法,将在未来的三维成像技术研究中使用。
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引用次数: 0
Effect of Speed Variation on Clogging of Sewage Pumps 转速变化对污水泵堵塞的影响
Pub Date : 2021-08-10 DOI: 10.1115/fedsm2021-65515
Enrico Müller, T. Pensler, P. Thamsen
Pump clogging is a well-known problem due to the increasing amount of nonwoven wet wipes in the wastewater system. In addition, the usage of water decreases which causes higher concentration of solids in the wastewater. Based on the high variation of sewage flow many operators of sewer systems and sewage pumping stations were motivated to act that the wastewater is pumped as needed. It means that with reducing costs of frequency-controlled drives the usage of pumps with speed variation became a more state of the art application. The current operation mode when speed variation in wastewater pumps are used, affects the pumping of sewage water depending on inflow and the minimum velocity in the pipes. Until now, there is no answer which functionality and clogging occurs in the pump when speed changes. The study investigates how speed influences the clogging phenomena of wastewater pumps. The pumps have been approved at a test stand in a laboratory that is designed for proving wastewater pumps. The test includes several speeds with different quantities of wipes in a short-time and long-time functional performance test. The effects on the pumps and their clogging behavior are very different.
由于废水系统中无纺布湿巾用量的增加,泵堵塞是一个众所周知的问题。此外,水的使用量减少,导致废水中固体浓度升高。基于污水流量的高度变化,许多下水道系统和污水泵站的运营商被激励采取行动,根据需要泵送废水。这意味着随着变频驱动成本的降低,使用变速泵成为一种更先进的应用。目前使用污水泵转速变化时的运行方式,会根据流入量和管道中的最小流速来影响污水的抽送。到目前为止,还没有答案,哪些功能和堵塞发生在泵转速变化。研究了转速对污水泵堵塞现象的影响。这些泵已经在一个实验室的试验台上通过了测试,该试验台是为测试废水泵而设计的。测试包括在短时间和长时间的功能性能测试中使用不同数量的抹布的几种速度。对泵及其堵塞行为的影响是非常不同的。
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引用次数: 0
Secondary Flow Loss Reduction Method by Use of Endwall Contouring in Gas Turbine Cascade Using Optimization Method 基于优化方法的燃气轮机叶栅端壁轮廓二次流损失降低方法
Pub Date : 2021-08-10 DOI: 10.1115/fedsm2021-65787
Kazuki Yamamoto, Ryota Uehara, Sho Mizuguchi, Masahiro Miyabe
High efficiency is strongly demanded for gas turbines to reduce CO2 emissions. In order to improve the efficiency of gas turbines, the turbine inlet temperature is being raised higher. In that case, the turbine blade loading is higher and secondary flow loss becomes a major source of aerodynamic losses due to the interaction between the horseshoe vortex and the strong endwall cross flow. One of the authors have optimized a boundary layer fence which is a partial vane to prevent cross-flow from pressure-side to suction-side between blade to blade. However, it was also found that installing the fence leads to increase another loss due to tip vortex, wake and viscosity. Therefore, in this paper, we focused on the endwall contouring and the positive effect findings from the boundary layer fence were used to study its optimal shape. Firstly, the relationship between the location of the endwall contouring and the internal flow within the turbine cascade was investigated. Two patterns of contouring were made, one is only convex and another is just concave, and the secondary flow behavior of the turbine cascade was investigated respectively. Secondly, the shape was designed and the loss reduction effect was investigated by using optimization method. The optimized shape was manufactured by 3D-printer and experiment was conducted using cascade wind tunnel. The total pressure distributions were measured and compared with CFD results. Furthermore, flow near the endwall and the internal flow of the turbine cascade was experimentally visualized. The internal flow in the case of a flat wall (without contouring), with a fence, and with optimized endwall contouring were compared by experiment and CFD to extract the each feature.
为了减少二氧化碳的排放,燃气轮机需要高效率。为了提高燃气轮机的效率,不断提高燃气轮机进口温度。此时涡轮叶片负荷较高,由于马蹄涡与强端壁横流的相互作用,二次流损失成为气动损失的主要来源。为了防止叶片间从压力侧到吸力侧的交叉流动,作者对一种局部叶片的边界层栅栏进行了优化。但同时也发现,由于叶尖涡、尾迹和黏度的影响,安装翼栅会增加另一种损失。因此,本文将重点放在端壁轮廓上,并利用边界层围栏的积极影响结果来研究其最佳形状。首先,研究了端壁轮廓位置与涡轮叶栅内部流动的关系。设计了仅凸型和仅凹型两种型线,分别对涡轮叶栅的二次流动特性进行了研究。其次,采用优化设计方法对其外形进行了设计,并对减损效果进行了研究。利用3d打印机制作出优化后的形状,并利用叶栅风洞进行了实验。测量了总压分布,并与CFD结果进行了比较。此外,还对叶栅端壁附近的流动和内部流动进行了实验可视化。通过实验和CFD对平壁(无轮廓)、有围壁和优化端壁轮廓情况下的内部流动进行了比较,提取了各特征。
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引用次数: 0
Multiphysics Modeling and Simulation of an Arc-Jet Sprayer 电弧射流喷雾器多物理场建模与仿真
Pub Date : 2021-08-10 DOI: 10.1115/fedsm2021-65319
Juan J. Campos Manzo, Nicole J. Wagner, K. Anderson
Twin wire arc spraying (TWAS) is a plasma spraying process that offers low workpiece heating and high deposition rates at a lower cost. Variations in TWAS process conditions cause the substrate temperature to fluctuate and even melt. Therefore, the motivation of this project was to simulate the heat transfer from the TWAS torch to the substrate during spraying and layer formation of a coating. Simulations using ANSYS FLUENT Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) software were used to model the heat transfer in a TWAS system. The results of this paper are meant to augment and improve the database of TWAS technology. A CFD numerical heat transfer model is presented that was used to investigate the substrate surface temperature during the TWAS process. The results for the different pressure models showed that for a 3 second simulation, substrate surface temperatures increased as nozzle inlet pressure was decreased. For the upper and lower bound pressures of 75 psia and 29 psia, substrate surface temperature resulted in 946 °C and 1010 °C, respectively.
双线电弧喷涂(TWAS)是一种等离子喷涂工艺,以较低的成本提供低工件加热和高沉积速率。TWAS工艺条件的变化导致衬底温度波动甚至熔化。因此,这个项目的动机是模拟在喷涂和涂层形成过程中TWAS火炬到基材的传热。利用ANSYS FLUENT计算流体动力学(CFD)软件对TWAS系统的传热进行了模拟。本文的研究结果旨在扩充和完善TWAS技术数据库。提出了一种CFD数值传热模型,用于研究TWAS过程中基材表面温度的变化。对不同压力模型的模拟结果表明,在3秒内,随着喷嘴入口压力的降低,基材表面温度升高。当压力上限为75 psia和下限为29 psia时,衬底表面温度分别为946°C和1010°C。
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引用次数: 0
A Single-Camera Synthetic Schlieren Method for Measuring Two-Dimensional Liquid Surfaces 测量二维液体表面的单相机合成纹影法
Pub Date : 2021-08-10 DOI: 10.1115/fedsm2021-66507
Duo Xu, Huixin Li, M. Avila
A single-camera synthetic Schlieren method is introduced here to measure two-dimensional topography and depth of dynamic free liquid surfaces. The method is simple and easy to implement. Because of light refraction (following Snell’s law), markers on a flat bottom which are seen through the surfaces of a transparent liquid are virtually displaced. This leads to a governing equation that the liquid surface depth (and its topography) is associated with the marker displacement. In the equation, the refractive index of the liquid (e.g. water) can be obtained by a refractometer (or from a technical reference), and the displacements of the markers can be obtained by a cross-correlation method which is usually used in particle image velocimetry. In the equation, the only unknown, the depth of the surface, can be obtained by solving the governing equation with boundary conditions. Unlike free-surface synthetic Schlieren (FS-SS) of Moisy et al. (Exp. Fluids, 1021, 46, 2009), our method does not require a reference depth (which is obtained before or after experiments), so that flows with temporally evolving depth can be measured. Experiments of liquid ripples and dam-break flows were performed to test the method. The results agree well with those obtained with FS-SS and visualization measurements.
介绍了一种用于动态自由液体表面二维形貌和深度测量的单相机合成纹影法。该方法简单,易于实现。由于光的折射(遵循斯涅尔定律),通过透明液体表面看到的平底标记实际上发生了移位。这导致了一个控制方程,即液体表面深度(及其地形)与标记位移有关。在方程中,液体(例如水)的折射率可以通过折光计(或从技术参考)获得,标记物的位移可以通过通常用于粒子图像测速的相互关联方法获得。方程中唯一未知的曲面深度,可以通过求解带边界条件的控制方程得到。与Moisy等人的自由表面合成纹影(FS-SS)不同(实验流体,1021,46,2009),我们的方法不需要参考深度(在实验之前或之后获得),因此可以测量随时间变化的深度的流动。通过液体波纹和溃坝水流实验对该方法进行了验证。结果与FS-SS和可视化测量结果吻合较好。
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引用次数: 0
Effects of Valve Disc on Flow Characteristics Inside a Swing Check Valve During Opening and Closing Processes 阀瓣对开启和关闭过程中旋启式止回阀内部流动特性的影响
Pub Date : 2021-08-10 DOI: 10.1115/fedsm2021-65674
Yi-xiang Xu, Qiang Ru, Huai-yu Yao, Zhi-jiang Jin, J. Qian
The check valve is one of the most important devices for safety protection of the piping system in thermal and nuclear power plants. As the key component of the check valve, the valve disc accounts for a major effect on the flow characteristics especially during the opening and closing processes. In this paper, a typical swing check valve is taken as the research object. In order to make a comparative study, three working conditions of 30% THA (Turbine Heat Acceptance), 50% THA and 100% THA are selected. Focusing on the effects of valve disc, how does the valve disc motion interact with the flow field around the valve disc is analyzed with the help of the dynamic mesh technology. The results show that under the combined action of fluid force and gravity, the check valve can be opened and closed quickly. During the opening process, the maximum total moment of the disc appears between 45° ∼ 50° opening angle, and during the closing process the maximum total moment occurs when the disc fully closed. The flow field near the valve disc has similar variation rules with the rotation of the valve disc in the three working conditions, and the pressure near the valve disc reaches the maximum value at the moment of opening and closing. This study can provide some suggestions for the further optimal design of similar swing check valve.
止回阀是火电厂和核电站管道系统安全保护的重要装置之一。阀瓣作为单向阀的关键部件,对单向阀的流量特性有着重要的影响,特别是在开启和关闭过程中。本文以典型的旋启式止回阀为研究对象。为了进行对比研究,选取30% THA(汽轮机热接受度)、50% THA和100% THA三种工况。针对阀瓣的作用,利用动态网格技术分析了阀瓣运动与阀瓣周围流场的相互作用。结果表明,在流体力和重力的共同作用下,该止回阀可以实现快速启闭。在开启过程中,阀瓣的最大总力矩出现在45°~ 50°开启角之间,在关闭过程中,最大总力矩出现在阀瓣完全关闭时。三种工况下阀瓣附近流场随阀瓣旋转的变化规律相似,阀瓣附近压力在开启和关闭时刻达到最大值。研究结果可为类似旋启式止回阀的进一步优化设计提供参考。
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引用次数: 0
Influence of Rectangular Strips’ Size on Aerodynamic Performance of a High-Speed Train Subjected to Crosswind 横风作用下矩形带尺寸对高速列车气动性能的影响
Pub Date : 2021-08-10 DOI: 10.1115/fedsm2021-65692
Mengying Wang, Zhenxu Sun, S. Ju, Guowei Yang
Conventional studies usually assume that the train surface is smooth, so as to simplify the numerical calculation. In fact, the surface of the train is irregular, which will change the flow characteristics in the boundary layer and further affect the aerodynamic performance of a train. In this work, roughness is applied to the roof of a 1:25 scaled train model in the form of longitudinal strips. Firstly, the improved delayed detached eddy simulation (IDDES) method is adopted to simulate the aerodynamic performance of the train model with both smooth and rough surface, which are subjected to crosswind. Results show that the side force coefficient and the roll moment coefficient subjected to rough model decreased by 3.71% and 10.56% compared with the smooth model. Then, the width, height and length of the strips are selected as variables to design different numerical simulation schemes based on the orthogonal experimental design method. Through variance analysis, it can be found that four design parameters have no significant effect on the side force coefficient. Meanwhile, for the roll moment coefficient, the length of the strips in the straight region of the train has a significant effect and the width of the strips has a highly significant effect on it. These conclusions can provide a theoretical basis to improve the aerodynamic performance of the high-speed train subjected to crosswind.
传统的研究通常假设列车表面是光滑的,以简化数值计算。实际上,列车的表面是不规则的,这会改变边界层内的流动特性,进而影响列车的气动性能。在这项工作中,粗糙度以纵向条带的形式应用于1:25比例的火车模型的车顶。首先,采用改进的延迟分离涡模拟(IDDES)方法,对光滑和粗糙两种表面的列车模型在侧风作用下的气动性能进行了模拟。结果表明:与光滑模型相比,粗糙模型的侧力系数和横摇力矩系数分别降低了3.71%和10.56%;然后,以带材的宽度、高度和长度为变量,采用正交试验设计方法设计不同的数值模拟方案。通过方差分析,可以发现四个设计参数对侧力系数没有显著影响。同时,对于横摇力矩系数,列车直线区横摇带的长度对横摇力矩系数有显著影响,横摇带的宽度对横摇力矩系数有极显著影响。研究结果可为提高高速列车侧风作用下的气动性能提供理论依据。
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引用次数: 1
Improvements of Flow Control With Fluid Injection for the Suppression of Flow Instabilities in Pump-Turbines 改进喷流控制对水轮机流动不稳定性的抑制
Pub Date : 2021-08-10 DOI: 10.1115/fedsm2021-65115
S. Deniz, Fabio Asaro
A stable and reliable pump-turbine operation under continuously expanding operating range requirement often imposes challenges on the hydraulic design of the pump-turbines and requires new developments. During a previous study carried out at the HSLU (Lucerne University of Applied Sciences, Switzerland), the flow instabilities of a low specific speed (i.e., nq = 25) pump-turbine were analyzed while a CFD methodology was developed through taking different numerical approaches and applying several turbulence models. The goal was to predict the turbine-mode characteristics of the reversible pump-turbines in the S-shaped region (at speed no load conditions) accurately as well as analyzing the flow features especially at off-design conditions. This CFD model was validated against the experimental data at different guide vane openings in turbine operating mode. Based on the analysis of the experimental data, flow visualization, and CFD results focusing especially on the flow features in the vaneless space and at the runner inlet, the onset and development of the flow instabilities were explored. Furthermore, a flow control technology that entailed injecting air and water in the vaneless space of a model pump-turbine was implemented for suppressing the flow instabilities and thus extending the operating range of the pump-turbine. Both air- and water-injection were applied by using an external energy source (compressor and pump) and discrete nozzles that are distributed in the vaneless space circumferentially. The S-shaped pump-turbine characteristics in turbine operating mode were modified so that the slope at speed no load conditions was no more positive indicating an improvement in the stability behavior. The analysis of the unsteady pressure data indicates the suppression of flow instability such as rotating stall with fluid injection in the vaneless space. The positive effect of fluid injection on the pump-turbine characteristics was also demonstrated in the CFD calculations. CFD was able to predict the pump-turbine dimensionless discharge, Kcm1, - speed, Ku1, characteristic curve with water injection correctly. After the CFD tool is validated for the prediction of the pump-turbine characteristics with fluid injection, further CFD simulations were carried out in order to improve the effectiveness of flow control and if possible, using less amount of injected fluid in the vaneless space. The goal was to optimize the fluid injection so that the instabilities can be suppressed with the lowest possible water/energy consumption. Parameters such as number of injection nozzles, nozzle position, nozzle diameter, and injection direction are varied. Several configurations of water injection system i.e., changing the number, location, and distribution of injection nozzles circumferentially and radially, direction of flow injection with respect to the main flow in the vaneless space, symmetrical and asymmetrical circumferential distribution of the nozzles i
在不断扩大的工况要求下,要使水泵水轮机稳定可靠地运行,往往对水泵水轮机的水力设计提出了挑战,需要有新的发展。在HSLU(瑞士卢塞恩应用科学大学)之前进行的一项研究中,通过采用不同的数值方法和应用几种湍流模型,开发了CFD方法,分析了低比速(即nq = 25)泵水轮机的流动不稳定性。目的是准确预测可逆泵水轮机在s形区域(转速空载工况下)的涡轮模式特性,并分析非设计工况下的流动特性。通过涡轮运行模式下不同导叶开度下的实验数据对该CFD模型进行了验证。基于对实验数据的分析、流动可视化和CFD结果,特别是对无叶空间和流道入口的流动特征进行了分析,探讨了流动不稳定的发生和发展。采用在模型水泵水轮机无叶空间注入空气和水的流动控制技术来抑制流量不稳定性,从而扩大水泵水轮机的工作范围。空气和水的注入都是通过外部能源(压缩机和泵)和分散的喷嘴进行的,这些喷嘴沿周向分布在无叶空间中。对水轮机运行模式下的s形泵-水轮机特性进行了修正,使转速空载条件下的斜率不再为正,表明稳定性行为得到改善。对非定常压力数据的分析表明,在无叶空间注入流体可以抑制旋转失速等流动不稳定性。流体注入对泵-水轮机特性的积极影响也在CFD计算中得到证实。计算流体力学(CFD)能够正确预测泵-水轮机无量纲流量、kcm2、转速、Ku1、注水特性曲线。在验证了CFD工具对注入流体的泵-涡轮特性的预测后,为了提高流动控制的有效性,并在可能的情况下,在无叶空间中使用更少的注入流体,进行了进一步的CFD模拟。目标是优化流体注入,以尽可能低的水/能量消耗来抑制不稳定性。喷射喷嘴的数量、喷嘴位置、喷嘴直径和喷射方向等参数都是不同的。利用CFD模拟分析了注水系统在周向和径向上改变喷嘴数量、位置和分布、无叶空间内相对于主流的流动喷射方向、无叶空间内喷嘴周向对称和不对称分布等几种配置方式。除了从轮毂壁面向无叶空间注入流动外,还研究了通过导叶的流体注入。将流体注入修改的结果与基线流量注入情况的结果进行了比较。通过参数研究,找到了最佳喷嘴配置,在涡轮工作模式下,与基线情况相比,喷嘴数量更少,注入流量更低,泵-涡轮性能稳定。
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引用次数: 1
Visualisation of Interactions Between Impeller and Textile in a Wastewater Pump 污水泵中叶轮与织物相互作用的可视化
Pub Date : 2021-08-10 DOI: 10.1115/fedsm2021-65427
M. Steffen, P. Thamsen
In order to characterize wastewater pumps regarding their clogging behaviour, a wide variety of test procedures with artificial wastewater exist. These tests provide a good insight into the clogging characteristics of a pump. However, conclusions about the clogging mechanisms and their sources cannot be drawn. This paper deals with the design and implementation of an optical access on the suction side of a wastewater pump to allow visualisation of the interaction between impeller and textile via high-speed recordings. The optical access is realized by an endoscope and a connected high-speed camera with a frame rate of 2000 fps and a resolution of 1024 × 1024 pixels. To ensure sufficient illumination of the impeller, a light ring assembled from 12 high power LEDs with a luminous flux of 5595 lumen are circumferentially arranged around the suction side of the pump. The light ring concept is scalable to fit any pump size. A clogging-affine impeller is developed, 3D printed and used for experimental investigations. For the investigated impeller, the blade’s upper area is identified to be crucial for pump clogging. Optical accessibility provides an important contribution to develop non-clogging impellers.
为了表征废水泵的堵塞行为,存在各种各样的人工废水测试程序。这些测试可以很好地了解泵的堵塞特性。然而,关于堵塞机制及其来源的结论无法得出。本文讨论了废水泵吸入侧的光学通道的设计和实现,以便通过高速记录来可视化叶轮和纺织品之间的相互作用。光学访问由内窥镜和连接的高速摄像机实现,帧率为2000 fps,分辨率为1024 × 1024像素。为了保证叶轮有足够的照度,在泵的吸入侧圆周布置了一个由12个大功率led组成的光通量为5595流明的光圈。光环的概念是可扩展的,以适应任何泵尺寸。研制了一种阻塞仿射叶轮,并进行了3D打印,用于实验研究。对于所研究的叶轮,确定了叶片上部区域对泵堵塞至关重要。光学可及性为研制无堵塞叶轮作出了重要贡献。
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引用次数: 1
Impact of Urban Microclimate on Air Conditioning Energy Consumption Using Different Convective Heat Transfer Coefficient Correlations Available in Building Energy Simulation Tools 基于不同对流换热系数的城市小气候对空调能耗的影响
Pub Date : 2021-08-10 DOI: 10.1115/fedsm2021-65589
Sambhaji T. Kadam, I. Hassan, L. Wang, M. A. Rahman
Rapid urbanization resulted in the drastic expansion of the built infrastructure in urban areas. This eventually led to an increase in energy consumption in the residential and commercial sectors. An appropriate selection of the convective heat transfer coefficient correlation at the design stage is of vital importance as it directly affects the cooling load of the building and consequently buildings’ energy demand. In this context, the comparative analysis of existing convective heat transfer coefficient correlations (CHTCs) used in building simulation programs such as EnergyPlus, ESP-r, IES, IDA, and TAS, are assessed. These correlations are tested against the data of Liu et al.’s [1]. It is observed that some of CHTCs correlations show lower error and others exhibit a significant deviation. In the case of the CHTCs used EnergyPlus, it is observed that the TARP algorithm shows overall better prediction ability for windward, leeward, and roof surface. On the other hand, in the case of the ESP-r, different correlations show a good prediction ability for different surfaces. For windward surface: MoWiTT; for leeward surface: MoWiTT and McAdams; and for roof surface: Liu and Harris show closer prediction with an error of less than 30% among other correlations. The correlation used in IES, IDA, and TAS shows a large deviation for windward, leeward, and roof surfaces under considered input. Based on this analysis, it can be concluded that the choice of such CHTCs uses in the BES tool can lead to the significantly higher energy consumption of the building and hence need the expertise to make the appropriate selection.
快速的城市化导致了城市地区基础设施建设的急剧扩张。这最终导致了住宅和商业部门能源消耗的增加。在设计阶段合理选择对流换热系数相关系数是至关重要的,因为它直接影响到建筑的冷负荷,从而影响到建筑的能源需求。在此背景下,对EnergyPlus、ESP-r、IES、IDA和TAS等建筑模拟程序中使用的现有对流换热系数相关性(chtc)进行了比较分析。我们用Liu等人[1]的数据对这些相关性进行了检验。观察到,一些chtc相关性显示出较低的误差,而其他chtc相关性显示出显著的偏差。在使用EnergyPlus的chtc中,可以观察到,TARP算法对迎风面、背风面和顶板面的预测能力总体较好。另一方面,在ESP-r的情况下,不同的相关性显示出对不同表面的良好预测能力。迎风面:MoWiTT;背风面:MoWiTT和McAdams;对于屋顶表面:刘和哈里斯在其他相关性中给出了更接近的预测,误差小于30%。在IES、IDA和TAS中使用的相关性显示,在考虑输入的情况下,迎风面、背风面和屋顶表面存在很大偏差。基于这一分析,可以得出结论,在BES工具中选择这种chtc使用会导致建筑物的能耗显著提高,因此需要专业知识来做出适当的选择。
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Volume 2: Fluid Applications and Systems; Fluid Measurement and Instrumentation
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