Younes Oudich, J. Gyselinck, F. De Belie, M. Kinnaert
{"title":"Providing power reserve for secondary grid frequency regulation of offshore wind farms through yaw control","authors":"Younes Oudich, J. Gyselinck, F. De Belie, M. Kinnaert","doi":"10.1002/we.2845","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/we.2845","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":23689,"journal":{"name":"Wind Energy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2023-07-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47837597","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Load response of a two‐rotor floating wind turbine undergoing blade‐pitch system faults","authors":"Omar El Beshbichi, Y. Xing, Muk Chen Ong","doi":"10.1002/we.2850","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/we.2850","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":23689,"journal":{"name":"Wind Energy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2023-06-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"51062809","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Accurate and reliable assessment of wind energy potential has important implication to the wind energy industry. Most previous studies on wind energy assessment focused solely on wind speed, whereas the dependence of wind energy on wind direction was much less considered and documented. In this paper, a copula-based method is proposed to better characterize the direction-related wind energy potential at six typical sites in Hong Kong. The joint probability density function (JPDF) of wind speed and wind direction is constructed by a series of copula models. It shows that Frank copula has the best performance to fit the JPDF at hilltop and offshore sites while Gumbel copula outperforms other models at urban sites. The derived JPDFs are applied to estimate the direction-related wind power density at the considered sites. The obtained maximum direction-related wind energy density varies from 41.3 W/m 2 at an urban site to 507.9 W/m 2 at a hilltop site. These outcomes are expected to facilitate accurate micro-site selection of wind turbines, thereby improving the economic benefits of wind farms in Hong Kong. Meanwhile, the developed copula-based method provides useful references for further investigations regarding direction-related wind energy assessments at various terrain regions. Notably, the proposed copula-based method can also be applied to characterize the direction-related wind energy potential somewhere other than Hong Kong.
{"title":"Copula‐based joint distribution analysis of wind speed and wind direction: Wind energy development for Hong Kong","authors":"Shijin Huang, Q. Li, Zhenru Shu, Pak-wai Chan","doi":"10.1002/we.2847","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/we.2847","url":null,"abstract":"Accurate and reliable assessment of wind energy potential has important implication to the wind energy industry. Most previous studies on wind energy assessment focused solely on wind speed, whereas the dependence of wind energy on wind direction was much less considered and documented. In this paper, a copula-based method is proposed to better characterize the direction-related wind energy potential at six typical sites in Hong Kong. The joint probability density function (JPDF) of wind speed and wind direction is constructed by a series of copula models. It shows that Frank copula has the best performance to fit the JPDF at hilltop and offshore sites while Gumbel copula outperforms other models at urban sites. The derived JPDFs are applied to estimate the direction-related wind power density at the considered sites. The obtained maximum direction-related wind energy density varies from 41.3 W/m 2 at an urban site to 507.9 W/m 2 at a hilltop site. These outcomes are expected to facilitate accurate micro-site selection of wind turbines, thereby improving the economic benefits of wind farms in Hong Kong. Meanwhile, the developed copula-based method provides useful references for further investigations regarding direction-related wind energy assessments at various terrain regions. Notably, the proposed copula-based method can also be applied to characterize the direction-related wind energy potential somewhere other than Hong Kong.","PeriodicalId":23689,"journal":{"name":"Wind Energy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2023-06-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46626766","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Bearing failure in wind turbine gearboxes is one of the significant sources of down-time. While it is well-known that bearing failures cause the largest downtime, the failure cause(s) is often elusive. The bearings are designed to satisfy their rolling contact fatigue (RCF) life. However, they often undergo sudden and rapid failure within a few years of operation. It is well-known that these premature failures are attributed to surface damages such as white surface flaking (WSF), white etching cracks (WECs) and axial cracks. In that regard, transient torque reversals (TTRs) in the drivetrain have emerged as one of the primary triggers of surface damage, as explained in this paper. The risk associated with TTRs motivates the need to mitigate TTRs arising in the drive-train due to various transient events. This paper investigates three TTR mitigation methods. First, two existing devices, namely, the torsional tuned mass damper and the asymmetric torque limiter, are studied to demonstrate their TTR mitigation capabilities. Then, a novel idea of open-loop high-speed shaft mechanical brake control is proposed. The results presented here show that while the torsional tuned mass damper and the asymmetric torque limiter can improve the torsional vibration characteristics of the drivetrain, they cannot mitigate TTRs in terms of eliminating the bearing slip risk associated with TTRs. However, the novel approach proposed here can mitigate TTRs both in terms of improving the torque characteristic in the high-speed shaft and reducing the risk of bearing slip by actuating the high-speed shaft brake at the onset of the transient event. Furthermore, the control method is capable of mitigating TTRs with the mechanical limitations of a pneumatic actuator in terms of bandwidth and initial dead time applied to it. This novel approach allows the wind turbines to protect the gearbox bearings from TTRs using the existing hardware on the turbine.
{"title":"Mitigation of transient torque reversals in indirect drive wind turbine drivetrains","authors":"Saptarshi Sarkar, H. Johansson, V. Berbyuk","doi":"10.1002/we.2842","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/we.2842","url":null,"abstract":"Bearing failure in wind turbine gearboxes is one of the significant sources of down-time. While it is well-known that bearing failures cause the largest downtime, the failure cause(s) is often elusive. The bearings are designed to satisfy their rolling contact fatigue (RCF) life. However, they often undergo sudden and rapid failure within a few years of operation. It is well-known that these premature failures are attributed to surface damages such as white surface flaking (WSF), white etching cracks (WECs) and axial cracks. In that regard, transient torque reversals (TTRs) in the drivetrain have emerged as one of the primary triggers of surface damage, as explained in this paper. The risk associated with TTRs motivates the need to mitigate TTRs arising in the drive-train due to various transient events. This paper investigates three TTR mitigation methods. First, two existing devices, namely, the torsional tuned mass damper and the asymmetric torque limiter, are studied to demonstrate their TTR mitigation capabilities. Then, a novel idea of open-loop high-speed shaft mechanical brake control is proposed. The results presented here show that while the torsional tuned mass damper and the asymmetric torque limiter can improve the torsional vibration characteristics of the drivetrain, they cannot mitigate TTRs in terms of eliminating the bearing slip risk associated with TTRs. However, the novel approach proposed here can mitigate TTRs both in terms of improving the torque characteristic in the high-speed shaft and reducing the risk of bearing slip by actuating the high-speed shaft brake at the onset of the transient event. Furthermore, the control method is capable of mitigating TTRs with the mechanical limitations of a pneumatic actuator in terms of bandwidth and initial dead time applied to it. This novel approach allows the wind turbines to protect the gearbox bearings from TTRs using the existing hardware on the turbine.","PeriodicalId":23689,"journal":{"name":"Wind Energy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2023-06-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47597718","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
N. Abbas, P. Bortolotti, C. Kelley, J. Paquette, L. Pao, Nick Johnson
This work introduces automated wind turbine optimization techniques based on full aero-servo-elastic models and investigates the potential of trailing edge flaps to reduce the levelized cost of energy (LCOE) of wind turbines. The Wind Energy with Integrated Servo-control (WEIS) framework is improved to conduct the presented research. Novel methods for the generic implementation and tuning of trailing edge flap devices and their controller are also introduced. Primary flap and controller parameters are optimized to demonstrate potential maximum blade tip deflection reductions of 21 % . Concurrent design optimization (i.e., co-design) of a novel segmented wind turbine blade with trailing edge flaps and its controller is then conducted to demonstrate blade cost savings of 5 % . Additionally, rotor diameter co-design optimization is demonstrated to reduce the LCOE by 1.3 % without significant load increases to the tower. These results demonstrate the efficacy of control co-design optimization using trailing edge flaps, and the entirety of this work provides a foundation for numerous control co-design-oriented studies for distributed aerodynamic control devices.
{"title":"Aero‐servo‐elastic co‐optimization of large wind turbine blades with distributed aerodynamic control devices","authors":"N. Abbas, P. Bortolotti, C. Kelley, J. Paquette, L. Pao, Nick Johnson","doi":"10.1002/we.2840","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/we.2840","url":null,"abstract":"This work introduces automated wind turbine optimization techniques based on full aero-servo-elastic models and investigates the potential of trailing edge flaps to reduce the levelized cost of energy (LCOE) of wind turbines. The Wind Energy with Integrated Servo-control (WEIS) framework is improved to conduct the presented research. Novel methods for the generic implementation and tuning of trailing edge flap devices and their controller are also introduced. Primary flap and controller parameters are optimized to demonstrate potential maximum blade tip deflection reductions of 21 % . Concurrent design optimization (i.e., co-design) of a novel segmented wind turbine blade with trailing edge flaps and its controller is then conducted to demonstrate blade cost savings of 5 % . Additionally, rotor diameter co-design optimization is demonstrated to reduce the LCOE by 1.3 % without significant load increases to the tower. These results demonstrate the efficacy of control co-design optimization using trailing edge flaps, and the entirety of this work provides a foundation for numerous control co-design-oriented studies for distributed aerodynamic control devices.","PeriodicalId":23689,"journal":{"name":"Wind Energy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2023-05-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48241177","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
B. Blanco, J. Escalona, R. Lambert, R. Ling, O. Balling
{"title":"On the definition and effect of optimum gear microgeometry modifications for the gearbox of an offshore 10‐MW wind turbine","authors":"B. Blanco, J. Escalona, R. Lambert, R. Ling, O. Balling","doi":"10.1002/we.2825","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/we.2825","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":23689,"journal":{"name":"Wind Energy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2023-05-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47067769","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"New insights on wind turbine wakes from large‐eddy simulation: Wake contraction, dual nature, and temperature effects","authors":"Sicheng Wu, C. Archer, J. Mirocha","doi":"10.1002/we.2827","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/we.2827","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":23689,"journal":{"name":"Wind Energy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2023-05-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45632807","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Ruben Gutierrez, R. Zamponi, D. Ragni, E. Llorente, P. Aranguren
{"title":"On the extension of\u0000 k\u0000 −\u0000 ω\u0000 −\u0000 SST\u0000 corrections to predict flow separation on thick airfoils with leading‐edge roughness","authors":"Ruben Gutierrez, R. Zamponi, D. Ragni, E. Llorente, P. Aranguren","doi":"10.1002/we.2822","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/we.2822","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":23689,"journal":{"name":"Wind Energy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2023-05-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45355126","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Sliding mesh simulations of a wind turbine rotor with actuator line lattice‐Boltzmann method","authors":"André F. P. Ribeiro, Claudia Muscari","doi":"10.1002/we.2821","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/we.2821","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":23689,"journal":{"name":"Wind Energy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2023-05-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42547603","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
T. Potentier, E. Guilmineau, A. Finez, Colin Le Bourdat, C. Braud
{"title":"High Reynolds number unsteadiness assessment using 3D and 2D computational fluid dynamics simulations of a thick aerofoil equipped with a spoiler","authors":"T. Potentier, E. Guilmineau, A. Finez, Colin Le Bourdat, C. Braud","doi":"10.1002/we.2823","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/we.2823","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":23689,"journal":{"name":"Wind Energy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2023-05-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49572637","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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