Thomas Bondo Pedersen, Susi Lehtola, Ignacio Fdez. Galván, Roland Lindh
The resolution-of-the-identity (RI) or density fitting (DF) approximation for the electron repulsion integrals (ERIs) has become a standard component of accelerated and reduced-scaling implementations of first-principles Gaussian-type orbital electronic-structure methods. The Cholesky decomposition (CD) of the ERIs has also become increasingly deployed across quantum chemistry packages in the last decade, even though its early applications were mostly limited to high-accuracy methods such as coupled-cluster theory and multiconfigurational approaches. Starting with a summary of the basic theory underpinning both the CD and RI/DF approximations, thus underlining the extremely close relation of the CD and RI/DF techniques, we provide a brief and largely chronological review of the evolution of the CD approach from its birth in 1977 to its current state. In addition to being a purely numerical procedure for handling ERIs, thus providing robust and computationally efficient approximations to the exact ERIs that have been found increasingly useful on modern computer platforms, CD also offers highly accurate approaches for generating auxiliary basis sets for the RI/DF approximation on the fly due to the deep mathematical connection between the two approaches. In this review, we aim to provide a concise reference of the main techniques employed in various CD approaches in electronic structure theory, to exemplify the connection between the CD and RI/DF approaches, and to clarify the state of the art to guide new implementations of CD approaches across electronic structure programs.
This article is categorized under:
电子斥力积分(ERIs)的同一性解析(RI)或密度拟合(DF)近似已成为第一原理高斯轨道电子结构方法加速和缩减缩放实施的标准组成部分。ERIs的Cholesky分解(CD)在过去十年中也越来越多地应用于量子化学软件包中,尽管其早期应用主要局限于高精度方法,如耦合簇理论和多配置方法。我们首先总结了 CD 和 RI/DF 近似的基础理论,从而强调了 CD 和 RI/DF 技术之间极为密切的关系,然后按时间顺序简要回顾了 CD 方法从 1977 年诞生到现在的演变过程。CD 是一种处理 ERI 的纯数值程序,可为精确 ERI 提供稳健且计算效率高的近似值,在现代计算机平台上越来越有用;此外,由于 RI/DF 近似与 CD 两种方法之间存在深层数学联系,CD 还可为 RI/DF 近似提供高精度的辅助基集生成方法。在这篇综述中,我们旨在简明扼要地介绍电子结构理论中各种 CD 方法所采用的主要技术,举例说明 CD 和 RI/DF 方法之间的联系,并阐明目前的技术水平,以指导电子结构程序中 CD 方法的新实施:
{"title":"The versatility of the Cholesky decomposition in electronic structure theory","authors":"Thomas Bondo Pedersen, Susi Lehtola, Ignacio Fdez. Galván, Roland Lindh","doi":"10.1002/wcms.1692","DOIUrl":"10.1002/wcms.1692","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The resolution-of-the-identity (RI) or density fitting (DF) approximation for the electron repulsion integrals (ERIs) has become a standard component of accelerated and reduced-scaling implementations of first-principles Gaussian-type orbital electronic-structure methods. The Cholesky decomposition (CD) of the ERIs has also become increasingly deployed across quantum chemistry packages in the last decade, even though its early applications were mostly limited to high-accuracy methods such as coupled-cluster theory and multiconfigurational approaches. Starting with a summary of the basic theory underpinning both the CD and RI/DF approximations, thus underlining the extremely close relation of the CD and RI/DF techniques, we provide a brief and largely chronological review of the evolution of the CD approach from its birth in 1977 to its current state. In addition to being a purely numerical procedure for handling ERIs, thus providing robust and computationally efficient approximations to the exact ERIs that have been found increasingly useful on modern computer platforms, CD also offers highly accurate approaches for generating auxiliary basis sets for the RI/DF approximation on the fly due to the deep mathematical connection between the two approaches. In this review, we aim to provide a concise reference of the main techniques employed in various CD approaches in electronic structure theory, to exemplify the connection between the CD and RI/DF approaches, and to clarify the state of the art to guide new implementations of CD approaches across electronic structure programs.</p><p>This article is categorized under:\u0000 </p>","PeriodicalId":236,"journal":{"name":"Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Computational Molecular Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":11.4,"publicationDate":"2023-10-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/wcms.1692","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135215975","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Zipeng Zhong, Jie Song, Zunlei Feng, Tiantao Liu, Lingxiang Jia, Shaolun Yao, Tingjun Hou, Mingli Song
Retrosynthesis is the cornerstone of organic chemistry, providing chemists in material and drug manufacturing access to poorly available and brand-new molecules. Conventional rule-based or expert-based computer-aided synthesis has obvious limitations, such as high labor costs and limited search space. In recent years, dramatic breakthroughs driven by deep learning have revolutionized retrosynthesis. Here we aim to present a comprehensive review of recent advances in AI-based retrosynthesis. For single-step and multi-step retrosynthesis both, we first introduce their goal and provide a thorough taxonomy of existing methods. Afterwards, we analyze these methods in terms of their mechanism and performance, and introduce popular evaluation metrics for them, in which we also provide a detailed comparison among representative methods on several public datasets. In the next part, we introduce popular databases and established platforms for retrosynthesis. Finally, this review concludes with a discussion about promising research directions in this field.
{"title":"Recent advances in deep learning for retrosynthesis","authors":"Zipeng Zhong, Jie Song, Zunlei Feng, Tiantao Liu, Lingxiang Jia, Shaolun Yao, Tingjun Hou, Mingli Song","doi":"10.1002/wcms.1694","DOIUrl":"10.1002/wcms.1694","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Retrosynthesis is the cornerstone of organic chemistry, providing chemists in material and drug manufacturing access to poorly available and brand-new molecules. Conventional rule-based or expert-based computer-aided synthesis has obvious limitations, such as high labor costs and limited search space. In recent years, dramatic breakthroughs driven by deep learning have revolutionized retrosynthesis. Here we aim to present a comprehensive review of recent advances in AI-based retrosynthesis. For single-step and multi-step retrosynthesis both, we first introduce their goal and provide a thorough taxonomy of existing methods. Afterwards, we analyze these methods in terms of their mechanism and performance, and introduce popular evaluation metrics for them, in which we also provide a detailed comparison among representative methods on several public datasets. In the next part, we introduce popular databases and established platforms for retrosynthesis. Finally, this review concludes with a discussion about promising research directions in this field.</p><p>This article is categorized under:\u0000 </p>","PeriodicalId":236,"journal":{"name":"Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Computational Molecular Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":11.4,"publicationDate":"2023-10-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135570895","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
All processes involving molecular systems entail a balance between associated enthalpic and entropic changes. Molecular dynamics simulations of the end-points of a process provide in a straightforward way the enthalpy as an ensemble average. Obtaining absolute entropies is still an open problem and most commonly pathway methods are used to obtain free energy changes and thereafter entropy changes. The kth nearest neighbor (kNN) method has been first proposed as a general method for entropy estimation in the mathematical community 20 years ago. Later, it has been applied to compute conformational, positional–orientational, and hydration entropies of molecules. Programs to compute entropies from molecular ensembles, for example, from molecular dynamics (MD) trajectories, based on the kNN method, are currently available. The kNN method has distinct advantages over traditional methods, namely that it is possible to address high-dimensional spaces, impossible to treat without loss of resolution or drastic approximations with, for example, histogram-based methods. Application of the method requires understanding the features of: the kth nearest neighbor method for entropy estimation; the variables relevant to biomolecular and in general molecular processes; the metrics associated with such variables; the practical implementation of the method, including requirements and limitations intrinsic to the method; and the applications for conformational, position/orientation and solvation entropy. Coupling the method with general approximations for the multivariable entropy based on mutual information, it is possible to address high dimensional problems like those involving the conformation of proteins, nucleic acids, binding of molecules and hydration.
This article is categorized under:
所有涉及分子系统的过程都需要在相关的焓变和熵变之间取得平衡。对一个过程的终点进行分子动力学模拟,可以直接获得焓的集合平均值。获得绝对熵仍是一个有待解决的问题,最常用的方法是通过路径来获得自由能变化,进而获得熵变化。20 年前,数学界首次提出 kth 近邻法(kNN)作为熵估算的通用方法。后来,它被用于计算分子的构象熵、位置取向熵和水合熵。目前已有基于 kNN 方法的从分子集合(例如从分子动力学(MD)轨迹)计算熵的程序。与传统方法相比,kNN 方法具有明显的优势,即它可以处理高维空间,而使用基于直方图等的方法则不可能在不损失分辨率或大幅逼近的情况下处理高维空间。应用该方法需要了解以下方面的特点:熵估算的第 k 次近邻法;与生物分子和一般分子过程相关的变量;与这些变量相关的度量;该方法的实际应用,包括该方法的内在要求和限制;以及构象熵、位置/方位熵和溶解熵的应用。将该方法与基于互信息的多变量熵的一般近似值相结合,可以解决高维问题,如涉及蛋白质、核酸、分子结合和水合的构象问题:
{"title":"The kth nearest neighbor method for estimation of entropy changes from molecular ensembles","authors":"Federico Fogolari, Roberto Borelli, Agostino Dovier, Gennaro Esposito","doi":"10.1002/wcms.1691","DOIUrl":"10.1002/wcms.1691","url":null,"abstract":"<p>All processes involving molecular systems entail a balance between associated enthalpic and entropic changes. Molecular dynamics simulations of the end-points of a process provide in a straightforward way the enthalpy as an ensemble average. Obtaining absolute entropies is still an open problem and most commonly pathway methods are used to obtain free energy changes and thereafter entropy changes. The <i>k</i>th nearest neighbor (kNN) method has been first proposed as a general method for entropy estimation in the mathematical community 20 years ago. Later, it has been applied to compute conformational, positional–orientational, and hydration entropies of molecules. Programs to compute entropies from molecular ensembles, for example, from molecular dynamics (MD) trajectories, based on the kNN method, are currently available. The kNN method has distinct advantages over traditional methods, namely that it is possible to address high-dimensional spaces, impossible to treat without loss of resolution or drastic approximations with, for example, histogram-based methods. Application of the method requires understanding the features of: the <i>k</i>th nearest neighbor method for entropy estimation; the variables relevant to biomolecular and in general molecular processes; the metrics associated with such variables; the practical implementation of the method, including requirements and limitations intrinsic to the method; and the applications for conformational, position/orientation and solvation entropy. Coupling the method with general approximations for the multivariable entropy based on mutual information, it is possible to address high dimensional problems like those involving the conformation of proteins, nucleic acids, binding of molecules and hydration.</p><p>This article is categorized under:\u0000 </p>","PeriodicalId":236,"journal":{"name":"Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Computational Molecular Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":11.4,"publicationDate":"2023-10-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/wcms.1691","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135792985","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Matteo Castagnola, Rosario Roberto Riso, Alberto Barlini, Enrico Ronca, Henrik Koch
Polaritonic chemistry is an interdisciplinary emerging field that presents several challenges and opportunities in chemistry, physics, and engineering. A systematic review of polaritonic response theory is presented, following a chemical perspective based on molecular response theory. We provide the reader with a general strategy for developing response theory for ab initio cavity quantum electrodynamics (QED) methods and critically emphasize details that still need clarification and require cooperation between the physical and chemistry communities. We show that several well-established results can be applied to strong coupling light-matter systems, leading to novel perspectives on the computation of matter and photonic properties. The application of the Pauli–Fierz Hamiltonian to polaritons is discussed, focusing on the effects of describing operators in different mathematical representations. We thoroughly examine the most common approximations employed in ab initio QED, such as the dipole approximation. We introduce the polaritonic response equations for the recently developed ab initio QED Hartree–Fock and QED coupled cluster methods. The discussion focuses on the similarities and differences from standard quantum chemistry methods, providing practical equations for computing the polaritonic properties.
This article is categorized under:
极性化学是一个跨学科的新兴领域,为化学、物理学和工程学带来了诸多挑战和机遇。本文从基于分子响应理论的化学视角出发,对极性响应理论进行了系统综述。我们为读者提供了为自证空穴量子电动力学(QED)方法开发响应理论的一般策略,并批判性地强调了仍需澄清并需要物理和化学界合作的细节。我们表明,一些成熟的结果可以应用于强耦合光-物质系统,从而为物质和光子特性的计算带来新的视角。我们讨论了将保利-费尔茨哈密顿应用于极化子的问题,重点是以不同数学表示法描述算子的效果。我们深入研究了 ab initio QED 中最常用的近似方法,如偶极子近似。我们介绍了最近开发的 ab initio QED 哈特里-福克和 QED 耦合簇方法的极化子响应方程。讨论的重点是与标准量子化学方法的异同,并提供计算极性的实用方程:
{"title":"Polaritonic response theory for exact and approximate wave functions","authors":"Matteo Castagnola, Rosario Roberto Riso, Alberto Barlini, Enrico Ronca, Henrik Koch","doi":"10.1002/wcms.1684","DOIUrl":"10.1002/wcms.1684","url":null,"abstract":"<p><i>Polaritonic chemistry</i> is an interdisciplinary emerging field that presents several challenges and opportunities in chemistry, physics, and engineering. A systematic review of polaritonic response theory is presented, following a chemical perspective based on molecular response theory. We provide the reader with a general strategy for developing response theory for <i>ab initio</i> cavity quantum electrodynamics (QED) methods and critically emphasize details that still need clarification and require cooperation between the physical and chemistry communities. We show that several well-established results can be applied to strong coupling light-matter systems, leading to novel perspectives on the computation of matter and photonic properties. The application of the Pauli–Fierz Hamiltonian to polaritons is discussed, focusing on the effects of describing operators in different mathematical representations. We thoroughly examine the most common approximations employed in <i>ab initio</i> QED, such as the dipole approximation. We introduce the polaritonic response equations for the recently developed <i>ab initio</i> QED Hartree–Fock and QED coupled cluster methods. The discussion focuses on the similarities and differences from standard quantum chemistry methods, providing practical equations for computing the polaritonic properties.</p><p>This article is categorized under:\u0000 </p>","PeriodicalId":236,"journal":{"name":"Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Computational Molecular Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":11.4,"publicationDate":"2023-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/wcms.1684","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135458261","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Conformational searches and ML-driven geometry predictions (e.g., AlphaFold) work in the space of molecule's degrees of freedom. When dealing with cycles, cyclicity constraints impose complex interdependence between them, so that arbitrary changes of cyclic dihedral angles lead to heavy distortions of some bond lengths and valence angles of the ring. This renders navigation through conformational space of cyclic molecules to be very challenging. Inverse kinematics is a theory that provides a mathematically strict solution to this problem. It allows one to identify degrees of freedom for any polycyclic molecule, that is, its dihedral angles that can be set independently from each other. Then for any values of degrees of freedom, inverse kinematics can reconstruct the remaining dihedrals so that all rings are closed with given bond lengths and valence angles. This approach offers a handy and efficient way for constructing and navigating conformational space of any molecule using either naïve Monte-Carlo sampling or sophisticated machine learning models. Inverse kinematics can considerably narrow the conformational space of a polycyclic molecule to include only cyclicity-preserving regions. Thus, it can be viewed as a physical constraint on the model, making the latter obey the laws of kinematics, which govern the rings conformations. We believe that inverse kinematics will be universally used in the ever-growing field of geometry prediction of complex interlinked molecules.
This article is categorized under:
构象搜索和 ML 驱动的几何预测(如 AlphaFold)是在分子自由度空间中进行的。在处理循环时,循环约束在它们之间施加了复杂的相互依存关系,因此任意改变循环二面角会导致环的某些键长和价角发生严重扭曲。这使得在环状分子的构象空间中进行导航非常具有挑战性。逆运动学理论为这一问题提供了严格的数学解决方案。它允许我们确定任何多环分子的自由度,即可以独立设置的二面角。然后,对于任何自由度值,逆运动学都可以重建剩余的二面角,从而使所有环都以给定的键长和价角闭合。这种方法提供了一种方便、高效的方法,可以使用天真的蒙特卡洛采样或复杂的机器学习模型来构建和浏览任何分子的构象空间。逆运动学可以大大缩小多环分子的构象空间,使其只包括保留环性的区域。因此,它可以被视为对模型的一种物理约束,使后者遵守运动学定律,从而控制环的构象。我们相信,逆运动学将被广泛应用于日益增长的复杂互联分子几何预测领域:
{"title":"Ring kinematics-informed conformation space exploration","authors":"Nikolai V. Krivoshchapov, Michael G. Medvedev","doi":"10.1002/wcms.1690","DOIUrl":"10.1002/wcms.1690","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Conformational searches and ML-driven geometry predictions (e.g., AlphaFold) work in the space of molecule's degrees of freedom. When dealing with cycles, cyclicity constraints impose complex interdependence between them, so that arbitrary changes of cyclic dihedral angles lead to heavy distortions of some bond lengths and valence angles of the ring. This renders navigation through conformational space of cyclic molecules to be very challenging. Inverse kinematics is a theory that provides a mathematically strict solution to this problem. It allows one to identify degrees of freedom for any polycyclic molecule, that is, its dihedral angles that can be set independently from each other. Then for any values of degrees of freedom, inverse kinematics can reconstruct the remaining dihedrals so that all rings are closed with given bond lengths and valence angles. This approach offers a handy and efficient way for constructing and navigating conformational space of any molecule using either naïve Monte-Carlo sampling or sophisticated machine learning models. Inverse kinematics can considerably narrow the conformational space of a polycyclic molecule to include only cyclicity-preserving regions. Thus, it can be viewed as a physical constraint on the model, making the latter obey the laws of kinematics, which govern the rings conformations. We believe that inverse kinematics will be universally used in the ever-growing field of geometry prediction of complex interlinked molecules.</p><p>This article is categorized under:\u0000 </p>","PeriodicalId":236,"journal":{"name":"Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Computational Molecular Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":11.4,"publicationDate":"2023-09-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134885941","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Mauricio G. S. Costa, Mert Gur, James M. Krieger, Ivet Bahar
There is a variety of experimental and computational techniques available to explore protein dynamics, each presenting advantages and limitations. One promising experimental technique that is driving the development of computational methods is cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM). Cryo-EM provides molecular-level structural data and first estimates of conformational landscape from single particle analysis but cannot track real-time protein dynamics and may contain uncertainties in atomic positions especially at highly dynamic regions. Molecular simulations offer atomic-level insights into protein dynamics; however, their computing time requirements limit the conformational sampling accuracy, and it is often hard, to assess by full-atomic simulations the cooperative movements of biological interest for large assemblies such as those resolved by cryo-EM. Coarse-grained (CG) simulations permit us to explore such systems, but at the costs of lower resolution and potentially incomplete sampling of conformational space. On the other hand, analytical methods may circumvent sampling limitations. In particular, elastic network models-based normal mode analyses (ENM-NMA) provide unique solutions for the complete mode spectra near equilibrium states, even for systems of megadaltons, and may thus deliver information on mechanisms of motions relevant to biological function. Yet, they lack atomic resolution as well as temporal information for non-equilibrium systems. Given the complementary nature of these methods, the integration of molecular simulations and ENM-NMA into hybrid methodologies has gained traction. This review presents the current state-of-the-art in structure-based computations and how they are helping us gain a deeper understanding of biological mechanisms, with emphasis on the development of hybrid methods accompanying the advances in cryo-EM.
{"title":"Computational biophysics meets cryo-EM revolution in the search for the functional dynamics of biomolecular systems","authors":"Mauricio G. S. Costa, Mert Gur, James M. Krieger, Ivet Bahar","doi":"10.1002/wcms.1689","DOIUrl":"10.1002/wcms.1689","url":null,"abstract":"<p>There is a variety of experimental and computational techniques available to explore protein dynamics, each presenting advantages and limitations. One promising experimental technique that is driving the development of computational methods is cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM). Cryo-EM provides molecular-level structural data and first estimates of conformational landscape from single particle analysis but cannot track real-time protein dynamics and may contain uncertainties in atomic positions especially at highly dynamic regions. Molecular simulations offer atomic-level insights into protein dynamics; however, their computing time requirements limit the conformational sampling accuracy, and it is often hard, to assess by full-atomic simulations the cooperative movements of biological interest for large assemblies such as those resolved by cryo-EM. Coarse-grained (CG) simulations permit us to explore such systems, but at the costs of lower resolution and potentially incomplete sampling of conformational space. On the other hand, analytical methods may circumvent sampling limitations. In particular, elastic network models-based normal mode analyses (ENM-NMA) provide unique solutions for the complete mode spectra near equilibrium states, even for systems of megadaltons, and may thus deliver information on mechanisms of motions relevant to biological function. Yet, they lack atomic resolution as well as temporal information for non-equilibrium systems. Given the complementary nature of these methods, the integration of molecular simulations and ENM-NMA into hybrid methodologies has gained traction. This review presents the current state-of-the-art in structure-based computations and how they are helping us gain a deeper understanding of biological mechanisms, with emphasis on the development of hybrid methods accompanying the advances in cryo-EM.</p><p>This article is categorized under:\u0000 </p>","PeriodicalId":236,"journal":{"name":"Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Computational Molecular Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":11.4,"publicationDate":"2023-09-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/wcms.1689","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136129851","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Juan V. Alegre-Requena, Shree Sowndarya S. V., Raúl Pérez-Soto, Turki M. Alturaifi, Robert S. Paton
The cover image is based on the Software Focus AQME: Automated quantum mechanical environments for researchers and educators by Juan V. Alegre-Requena et al., https://doi.org/10.1002/wcms.1663.