Monyo Grace, Mtenga Damian, Maro Godsteven, Kilambo Deusdedit, U. Josephine
A study was conducted to assess the response of improved coffee varieties to somatic embryogenesis and identify varieties that can be included in multiplication programme using this technique. Young fully expanded leaves from six varieties N39-1, N39-5, KP423-1, KP423-3, CVT1-2 and CVT2-1 planted at Lyamungu were surface sterilized for 30 minutes under agitation using calcium hypochlorite solution, cut in small explants approximately 1 cm2. Seven explants each were plated in 5 magenta jars (6.5cm diameter) per variety, cultured in Murashige Skoog medium with initiation additives (MS1) for 6 weeks, and embryonic callus development additives (MS2) for 6 months. The time required for callus induction was observed during the first six weeks. Callus formation continued to be monitored up to six months. Then callus weights were taken per jar and results expressed as percentage of the established average weight of calli per genotype, and were routinely managed afterwards. Each magenta jar was treated as a replication, allowing for RCD design, and individual weights were exposed to ANOVA using STAT statistical software. The results showed some difference in both callus formation time and callus weight among the genotypes tested, the latter being significant at P<0.05. Explants from varieties CVT1-2 and CVT2-1 were fastest developing (3 weeks) followed by KP423-3 and KP423-1 (4 weeks) while N39-1 was slowest (5 weeks). The highest mean weight and percentage of callus development was observed in explants obtained from variety KP423-3 (86.25%), KP423-1 (83.73%) followed by N39-3 (63.75%) and CVT1-2 (61.25%), while the least performers were N39-1 (46.25%) and CVT2-1 (43.75%). This study has shown that response to somatic embryogenesis differs with varieties, opening up avenue for future screening of the remaining 13 varieties. Varieties KP423-3 and KP423-1, with high percent callus per explant and average initiation time, are hereby recommended as pioneers for investors interested in massive somatic embryogenesis of Arabica coffee in Tanzania.
{"title":"Developmental Variation among Improved Coffee Hybrids Propagated through Somatic Embryogenesis","authors":"Monyo Grace, Mtenga Damian, Maro Godsteven, Kilambo Deusdedit, U. Josephine","doi":"10.12691/WJAR-8-3-1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12691/WJAR-8-3-1","url":null,"abstract":"A study was conducted to assess the response of improved coffee varieties to somatic embryogenesis and identify varieties that can be included in multiplication programme using this technique. Young fully expanded leaves from six varieties N39-1, N39-5, KP423-1, KP423-3, CVT1-2 and CVT2-1 planted at Lyamungu were surface sterilized for 30 minutes under agitation using calcium hypochlorite solution, cut in small explants approximately 1 cm2. Seven explants each were plated in 5 magenta jars (6.5cm diameter) per variety, cultured in Murashige Skoog medium with initiation additives (MS1) for 6 weeks, and embryonic callus development additives (MS2) for 6 months. The time required for callus induction was observed during the first six weeks. Callus formation continued to be monitored up to six months. Then callus weights were taken per jar and results expressed as percentage of the established average weight of calli per genotype, and were routinely managed afterwards. Each magenta jar was treated as a replication, allowing for RCD design, and individual weights were exposed to ANOVA using STAT statistical software. The results showed some difference in both callus formation time and callus weight among the genotypes tested, the latter being significant at P<0.05. Explants from varieties CVT1-2 and CVT2-1 were fastest developing (3 weeks) followed by KP423-3 and KP423-1 (4 weeks) while N39-1 was slowest (5 weeks). The highest mean weight and percentage of callus development was observed in explants obtained from variety KP423-3 (86.25%), KP423-1 (83.73%) followed by N39-3 (63.75%) and CVT1-2 (61.25%), while the least performers were N39-1 (46.25%) and CVT2-1 (43.75%). This study has shown that response to somatic embryogenesis differs with varieties, opening up avenue for future screening of the remaining 13 varieties. Varieties KP423-3 and KP423-1, with high percent callus per explant and average initiation time, are hereby recommended as pioneers for investors interested in massive somatic embryogenesis of Arabica coffee in Tanzania.","PeriodicalId":23702,"journal":{"name":"World Journal of Agricultural Research","volume":"09 1","pages":"70-74"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-06-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85861283","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
F. Oro, H. Lallié, Gaston Koffi Kouamé, Dominique Sanouidi, H. Diallo
The overall objective of this study was to compare the effect of the biostimulant Banzai and fertilizer on black cherries disease. More specifically, the aim was to evaluate the effect of the number of applications of the biostimulant Banzai and to evaluate the cumulative effect of the previous fertilizer and Banzai. The experiment was conducted in N'Gouamoinkro in the department of Toumodi. The design consists of a Fischer block with six treatments repeated three times and each treatment contained 20 test cocoa trees. This design was replicated on two sites, one with previous fertilizer (DAE) and the other without previous fertilizer (DSE). Banzai was applied for three or four consecutive months depending on the treatment at each site. The SUPERCAO fertilizer was applied twice during the experiment. The data collected included the total number of cherries produced and the number of black cherries. The results obtained revealed that at both sites (DAE and DSE), the plots treated with Banzai had better control the black cherries disease than the control plots. At DAE site, the control of black cherries disease was independent of the number of Banzai biostimulant and fertilizer applications. At the DSE site, the three applications of Banzai combined with the SUPERCAO fertilizer had a better control effect than the three applications of Banzai without fertilizer. The cumulative effect of the previous fertilizer, and the Banzai, did not have a positive impact on the control of black cherries disease.
{"title":"Evaluation of the Biostimulant Banzaï’s Effect and the Previous Fertilizer on the Control of Cocoa Black Cherries Disease in N’Gouamoinkro, in the Department of Toumodi, Côte d'Ivoire","authors":"F. Oro, H. Lallié, Gaston Koffi Kouamé, Dominique Sanouidi, H. Diallo","doi":"10.12691/WJAR-8-2-7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12691/WJAR-8-2-7","url":null,"abstract":"The overall objective of this study was to compare the effect of the biostimulant Banzai and fertilizer on black cherries disease. More specifically, the aim was to evaluate the effect of the number of applications of the biostimulant Banzai and to evaluate the cumulative effect of the previous fertilizer and Banzai. The experiment was conducted in N'Gouamoinkro in the department of Toumodi. The design consists of a Fischer block with six treatments repeated three times and each treatment contained 20 test cocoa trees. This design was replicated on two sites, one with previous fertilizer (DAE) and the other without previous fertilizer (DSE). Banzai was applied for three or four consecutive months depending on the treatment at each site. The SUPERCAO fertilizer was applied twice during the experiment. The data collected included the total number of cherries produced and the number of black cherries. The results obtained revealed that at both sites (DAE and DSE), the plots treated with Banzai had better control the black cherries disease than the control plots. At DAE site, the control of black cherries disease was independent of the number of Banzai biostimulant and fertilizer applications. At the DSE site, the three applications of Banzai combined with the SUPERCAO fertilizer had a better control effect than the three applications of Banzai without fertilizer. The cumulative effect of the previous fertilizer, and the Banzai, did not have a positive impact on the control of black cherries disease.","PeriodicalId":23702,"journal":{"name":"World Journal of Agricultural Research","volume":"12 1","pages":"62-69"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-05-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76185905","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The growth and yield response of some of TaCRI’s improved tall Coffea arabica hybrids to applied N, P and K were assessed in this work; since, in addition to resistance to CBD and CLR, they are also high yielding (up to 3 t ha-1 against 1.5 t ha-1 of the traditional varieties) and assumed also to be highly nutrient demanding. A split plot RCBD was applied with three replications, five coffee varieties (N39-8, N39-9, N39-11, N39-12 and KP 423 old variety check) as main factors and 4 fertilizer rates (75, 112.5 and 150 g tree-1, together with 37.5g + 10 kg of FYM) as sub factors. Each rate was applied three times per year except FYM which was applied once in two years. Data on canopy width, stem girth, number of bearing primaries, plant height, berry clusters and yields were collected and subjected to ANOVA using Statistica V7 software with means separated using Fisher LSD method at α = 0.05. Variety KP 423 showed a significantly (p<0.05) wider canopy and more berry clusters than the test varieties. N39-8 excelled in number of branches, stem girth and tree height. It also gave higher yield (1894 kg clean coffee ha-1) which was significantly different (p<0.05) from other varieties. Plant height, stem girth and yield response to the fertilizer options showed an asymptotic relationship with the turning point at 112.5 g tree-1. Interaction between Variety N39-8 and 37.5g tree-1 + FYM resulted into significantly higher yield (2436 Kg clean coffee ha-1). It is tentatively concluded that the assumed high nutrient demand for the new varieties is unlikely, at least in the first four years. As such, 37.5g tree-1 of NPK (20:10:10) applied three times per year + 10 kg of FYM per tree applied once in two years; or 75g of NPK (20:10:10) per tree if applied three times per year is enough for the test varieties under this age.
研究了TaCRI选育的部分高型小比卡咖啡杂交品种在施氮、施磷、施钾条件下的生长和产量响应;因为，除了对CBD和CLR具有抗性外，它们也是高产品种(高达3吨公顷-1，而传统品种为1.5吨公顷-1)，并且也被认为是高营养需求。以5个咖啡品种(N39-8、N39-9、N39-11、N39-12和KP 423老品种对照)为主施因子，以4个施肥量(75、112.5和150 g tree-1，以及37.5g + 10 kg FYM)为次施因子，分地块施用RCBD。每种税率每年适用三次，但FYM每两年适用一次。收集冠宽、茎周长、结果初生数、株高、浆果簇数和产量数据，采用Statistica V7软件进行方差分析，均数采用Fisher LSD法分离，α = 0.05。品种KP 423比试验品种冠层宽、果簇多(p<0.05)。N39-8在枝数、茎周长和树高方面表现优异。净咖啡产量为1894 kg ha-1，显著高于其他品种(p<0.05)。株高、茎长和产量对肥料选择的响应与112.5 g tree-1的转折点呈渐近关系。品种N39-8与37.5g tree-1 + FYM互作可显著提高产量(2436 Kg净咖啡ha-1)。初步得出的结论是，假定的对新品种的高营养需求是不可能的，至少在头四年。因此，37.5g树-1氮磷钾(20:10:10)每年施用三次+每棵树10公斤FYM，每两年施用一次;对于这个年龄以下的试验品种，如果每年施用三次，每棵树施用75克氮磷钾(20:10:10)就足够了。
{"title":"Response of Selected Tall Hybrid Coffea arabica Varieties to N, P and K Nutrients in Tanzania","authors":"S. Mbwambo, G. Maro, E. Nkya","doi":"10.12691/WJAR-8-2-6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12691/WJAR-8-2-6","url":null,"abstract":"The growth and yield response of some of TaCRI’s improved tall Coffea arabica hybrids to applied N, P and K were assessed in this work; since, in addition to resistance to CBD and CLR, they are also high yielding (up to 3 t ha-1 against 1.5 t ha-1 of the traditional varieties) and assumed also to be highly nutrient demanding. A split plot RCBD was applied with three replications, five coffee varieties (N39-8, N39-9, N39-11, N39-12 and KP 423 old variety check) as main factors and 4 fertilizer rates (75, 112.5 and 150 g tree-1, together with 37.5g + 10 kg of FYM) as sub factors. Each rate was applied three times per year except FYM which was applied once in two years. Data on canopy width, stem girth, number of bearing primaries, plant height, berry clusters and yields were collected and subjected to ANOVA using Statistica V7 software with means separated using Fisher LSD method at α = 0.05. Variety KP 423 showed a significantly (p<0.05) wider canopy and more berry clusters than the test varieties. N39-8 excelled in number of branches, stem girth and tree height. It also gave higher yield (1894 kg clean coffee ha-1) which was significantly different (p<0.05) from other varieties. Plant height, stem girth and yield response to the fertilizer options showed an asymptotic relationship with the turning point at 112.5 g tree-1. Interaction between Variety N39-8 and 37.5g tree-1 + FYM resulted into significantly higher yield (2436 Kg clean coffee ha-1). It is tentatively concluded that the assumed high nutrient demand for the new varieties is unlikely, at least in the first four years. As such, 37.5g tree-1 of NPK (20:10:10) applied three times per year + 10 kg of FYM per tree applied once in two years; or 75g of NPK (20:10:10) per tree if applied three times per year is enough for the test varieties under this age.","PeriodicalId":23702,"journal":{"name":"World Journal of Agricultural Research","volume":"50 1","pages":"57-61"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-05-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87989561","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
As an effort to generate information that can be used to expand the Robusta coffee production in Tanzania, a study was conducted in six potential districts (Geita, Sengerema, Kibondo/Kakonko, Kasulu/Buhigwe, Uvinza and Mpanda) and two reference districts in Kagera (Muleba and Karagwe/Kyerwa) to assess the quality of land in general and soil fertility in particular. A total of 354 soil samples were taken from 116 survey sites across the study districts and were analyzed for routine soil fertility parameters. Land evaluation (qualitative, parametric method) was done, with climatic data adopted as proxy from nearby weather stations; and other land characteristics (slope, drainage and soil depth) taken from the field. In fertility assessment, soil pH was used to establish the correction factors for available N, P and K (fN, fP and fK). Then relationships were empirically worked out between the correction factors, OC and the amount of total N, available P and exchangeable K to get the total available forms of each in kg ha-1 which were converted to kg-equivalent (kE) per ha and summed up. Spatial interpolation was done using the inverse distance weighting (IDW) algorithm under QGIS 3.2. Geita and Sengerema compared fairly well with the reference districts in land suitability for Robusta. In the soil’s point of view, they showed to be even more fertile than the reference districts. They are hereby recommended as priority areas in Robusta expansion with the Robusta type of choice being Nganda which appears to be specific to the lacustrine ecosystem. The other four districts could constitute Phase two of the expansion. And because they are farther away from Lake Victoria, investors can adopt the Erecta type which appears to be better adapted to a diversity of agro-ecosystems.
{"title":"Towards Expansion of Coffea canephora Production in Tanzania: The Land Suitability Perspective","authors":"S. Mbwambo, G. Maro, H. Monyo, E. Mosi","doi":"10.12691/WJAR-8-2-5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12691/WJAR-8-2-5","url":null,"abstract":"As an effort to generate information that can be used to expand the Robusta coffee production in Tanzania, a study was conducted in six potential districts (Geita, Sengerema, Kibondo/Kakonko, Kasulu/Buhigwe, Uvinza and Mpanda) and two reference districts in Kagera (Muleba and Karagwe/Kyerwa) to assess the quality of land in general and soil fertility in particular. A total of 354 soil samples were taken from 116 survey sites across the study districts and were analyzed for routine soil fertility parameters. Land evaluation (qualitative, parametric method) was done, with climatic data adopted as proxy from nearby weather stations; and other land characteristics (slope, drainage and soil depth) taken from the field. In fertility assessment, soil pH was used to establish the correction factors for available N, P and K (fN, fP and fK). Then relationships were empirically worked out between the correction factors, OC and the amount of total N, available P and exchangeable K to get the total available forms of each in kg ha-1 which were converted to kg-equivalent (kE) per ha and summed up. Spatial interpolation was done using the inverse distance weighting (IDW) algorithm under QGIS 3.2. Geita and Sengerema compared fairly well with the reference districts in land suitability for Robusta. In the soil’s point of view, they showed to be even more fertile than the reference districts. They are hereby recommended as priority areas in Robusta expansion with the Robusta type of choice being Nganda which appears to be specific to the lacustrine ecosystem. The other four districts could constitute Phase two of the expansion. And because they are farther away from Lake Victoria, investors can adopt the Erecta type which appears to be better adapted to a diversity of agro-ecosystems.","PeriodicalId":23702,"journal":{"name":"World Journal of Agricultural Research","volume":"161 1","pages":"52-56"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-05-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77708859","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Loukou N’Goran Etienne, N. Edouard, K. Ysidor, Fadaré Tamassi, Diomandé Dramane, Y. Valentine
The search for better zootechnical performance is a major stake in the strategy for the development of animal resources in Cote d'Ivoire. The present study aims at improving the nutritional status of traditionally reared poultry using feedstuffs containing Moringa oleifera leaf powder, a plant with appreciable levels of micronutrients. The study was carried out on traditional chicks reared in a total confinement farm from March to June 2019 in the municipality of Korhogo in northern Cote d'Ivoire. Ninety 14-day-old traditional chicks were equitably divided into 3 lots and then fed for 12 weeks on diets based on single maize bran (lot 0 or control) or supplemented with M. oleifera leaf powder at 5% (lot 1) and 10% (lot 2) incorporation rates. The study showed that the incorporation of M. oleifera powder in the ration significantly (p<0.05) improved the live weight of the chickens, with means of 699.81 ± 31.28 g and 633.43 ± 135.44 g for the individuals in lots 1 and 2, respectively, compared to 557.40 ± 100.24 g for the control lot. M. oleifera also improved the average daily gains (ADG) of chickens in lot 1 (7.23 g/d) and lot 2 (6.34 g/d) compared to the control lot (5.80 g/d). This supplementation was beneficial on the feed conversion of the chickens, estimated at 9.55 and 10.82 for 5% and 10% of M. oleifera compared to 11.14 for the feed without the supplement. The incorporation of Moringa oleifera leaf powder in growth-type feeds, especially at the 5 % level, could therefore be recommended in local traditional chicken farming.
{"title":"Evaluation of the Nutritional Effect of Moringa oleifera Leaf Powder on the Growth of Traditional Chickens in Northern Côte d'Ivoire","authors":"Loukou N’Goran Etienne, N. Edouard, K. Ysidor, Fadaré Tamassi, Diomandé Dramane, Y. Valentine","doi":"10.12691/WJAR-8-2-4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12691/WJAR-8-2-4","url":null,"abstract":"The search for better zootechnical performance is a major stake in the strategy for the development of animal resources in Cote d'Ivoire. The present study aims at improving the nutritional status of traditionally reared poultry using feedstuffs containing Moringa oleifera leaf powder, a plant with appreciable levels of micronutrients. The study was carried out on traditional chicks reared in a total confinement farm from March to June 2019 in the municipality of Korhogo in northern Cote d'Ivoire. Ninety 14-day-old traditional chicks were equitably divided into 3 lots and then fed for 12 weeks on diets based on single maize bran (lot 0 or control) or supplemented with M. oleifera leaf powder at 5% (lot 1) and 10% (lot 2) incorporation rates. The study showed that the incorporation of M. oleifera powder in the ration significantly (p<0.05) improved the live weight of the chickens, with means of 699.81 ± 31.28 g and 633.43 ± 135.44 g for the individuals in lots 1 and 2, respectively, compared to 557.40 ± 100.24 g for the control lot. M. oleifera also improved the average daily gains (ADG) of chickens in lot 1 (7.23 g/d) and lot 2 (6.34 g/d) compared to the control lot (5.80 g/d). This supplementation was beneficial on the feed conversion of the chickens, estimated at 9.55 and 10.82 for 5% and 10% of M. oleifera compared to 11.14 for the feed without the supplement. The incorporation of Moringa oleifera leaf powder in growth-type feeds, especially at the 5 % level, could therefore be recommended in local traditional chicken farming.","PeriodicalId":23702,"journal":{"name":"World Journal of Agricultural Research","volume":"216 1","pages":"45-51"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-05-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76276228","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Dilrukshi M.K.D.T, R. Dharmadasa, Abeysinghe D.C, A. Abhayagunasekara
Present study evaluated different parts of (leaves, seeds, bark, roots, ripen fruits, unripen fruits) 6 species of Annona (Annona cherimola, Annona muricata L., Annona reticulata L., Annona squamosa L (green and red varieties) and Annona glabra L. by means of total antioxidant capacity (TAC), total phenolic content (TPC) and total flavonoid content (TFC) in order to select superior quality species of Annona for commercial cultivation. TAC, TPC and TFC were determined using Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power (FRAP) assay, Folin-Ciocalteu method and colorimetric method, respectively. It was observed that all tested parts of all tested species contained appreciable amount of TAC, TPC and TFC. Significantly higher TPC were recorded in roots of custard apple (82.08±0.74a mg GAE/g DW) followed by roots of soursop (73.10±0.72b mg GAE/g DW), leaves of soursop (55.18±0.18a mg GAE/g DW) respectively. It was interesting to see that the highest TAC was observed in root extracts of soursop (194.98 mg TE/g DW followed by bark extracts of pond apple (134.37 mg TE/g DW) and leaf extracts of soursop (122.67 mg TE/g DW respectively. Total flavonoid content of leaf extracts of six different species were varied as soursops>sugar apple R>pond apple>sugar apple G> custard apple >cherimoya respectively. Strong positive correlations were observed between TAC values and TPCs of leaves, seeds, barks and roots (R² = 0.78; p<0.001). Based on the results of bioactive molecules present in different species and their parts, it could be concluded that soursop and custard apple could be recommended as superior quality Annona species for commercial cultivation.
{"title":"Selection of Superior Quality Annona Species by Means of Bioactive Compounds and Antioxidant Capacity","authors":"Dilrukshi M.K.D.T, R. Dharmadasa, Abeysinghe D.C, A. Abhayagunasekara","doi":"10.12691/WJAR-8-2-3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12691/WJAR-8-2-3","url":null,"abstract":"Present study evaluated different parts of (leaves, seeds, bark, roots, ripen fruits, unripen fruits) 6 species of Annona (Annona cherimola, Annona muricata L., Annona reticulata L., Annona squamosa L (green and red varieties) and Annona glabra L. by means of total antioxidant capacity (TAC), total phenolic content (TPC) and total flavonoid content (TFC) in order to select superior quality species of Annona for commercial cultivation. TAC, TPC and TFC were determined using Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power (FRAP) assay, Folin-Ciocalteu method and colorimetric method, respectively. It was observed that all tested parts of all tested species contained appreciable amount of TAC, TPC and TFC. Significantly higher TPC were recorded in roots of custard apple (82.08±0.74a mg GAE/g DW) followed by roots of soursop (73.10±0.72b mg GAE/g DW), leaves of soursop (55.18±0.18a mg GAE/g DW) respectively. It was interesting to see that the highest TAC was observed in root extracts of soursop (194.98 mg TE/g DW followed by bark extracts of pond apple (134.37 mg TE/g DW) and leaf extracts of soursop (122.67 mg TE/g DW respectively. Total flavonoid content of leaf extracts of six different species were varied as soursops>sugar apple R>pond apple>sugar apple G> custard apple >cherimoya respectively. Strong positive correlations were observed between TAC values and TPCs of leaves, seeds, barks and roots (R² = 0.78; p<0.001). Based on the results of bioactive molecules present in different species and their parts, it could be concluded that soursop and custard apple could be recommended as superior quality Annona species for commercial cultivation.","PeriodicalId":23702,"journal":{"name":"World Journal of Agricultural Research","volume":"1 1","pages":"39-44"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-05-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75552816","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
W. Tadesse, T. Dejene, Gizachew Zeleke, G. Desalegn
The drylands of Ethiopia are well known for their natural gum and resin producing tree and shrub species such as Acacia, Boswellia, Commiphora and Sterculia. The production and trade volumes of gums and resins in the country showed a declining trend since 2010. The present review work is focused on availability of alternative underutilized tree and shrub species to indicate the diverse gum and resin market opportunities. Several Sub-Saharan African countries are producing gum and resin products from diversified species. Gum arabic is collected from Acacia senegal (L) Willd, Acacia seyal DEL, and Acacia polyacantha Willd species. Three countries namely Sudan, Nigeria, Chad contribute about 97% to the international market, while Ethiopia's contribution is 0.9%. World demand for karaya gum from Sterculia setigera DEL is about 7,000 tonne and in Africa, Senegal is the leading exporter. Despite the huge resources of A. senegal, A. seyal and A. polyacantha, Ethiopia producing very low quantity, and gum is collected from natural oozes of trunks or branches. S. setigera is also found in the country, although gum karaya is not yet under production. South and south eastern parts of Ethiopia hosts abundant species of Acacia, Boswellia and Commiphora. Gum-resin products are collected from natural exudates by herdsmen, women and children while herding and doing other activities, indicating its adverse effects on quality and quantity. Very small proportions of Myrrh and gum opopanax enter the local market. Other constraints are, lack of appropriate institutions, infrastructure, tapping technologies and market information. Therefore, appropriate policy formulation, research and development interventions, are recommended for supporting sustainable management, production and marketing of products.
{"title":"Underutilized Natural Gum and Resin Resources in Ethiopia for Future Directions and Commercial Utilization","authors":"W. Tadesse, T. Dejene, Gizachew Zeleke, G. Desalegn","doi":"10.12691/WJAR-8-2-2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12691/WJAR-8-2-2","url":null,"abstract":"The drylands of Ethiopia are well known for their natural gum and resin producing tree and shrub species such as Acacia, Boswellia, Commiphora and Sterculia. The production and trade volumes of gums and resins in the country showed a declining trend since 2010. The present review work is focused on availability of alternative underutilized tree and shrub species to indicate the diverse gum and resin market opportunities. Several Sub-Saharan African countries are producing gum and resin products from diversified species. Gum arabic is collected from Acacia senegal (L) Willd, Acacia seyal DEL, and Acacia polyacantha Willd species. Three countries namely Sudan, Nigeria, Chad contribute about 97% to the international market, while Ethiopia's contribution is 0.9%. World demand for karaya gum from Sterculia setigera DEL is about 7,000 tonne and in Africa, Senegal is the leading exporter. Despite the huge resources of A. senegal, A. seyal and A. polyacantha, Ethiopia producing very low quantity, and gum is collected from natural oozes of trunks or branches. S. setigera is also found in the country, although gum karaya is not yet under production. South and south eastern parts of Ethiopia hosts abundant species of Acacia, Boswellia and Commiphora. Gum-resin products are collected from natural exudates by herdsmen, women and children while herding and doing other activities, indicating its adverse effects on quality and quantity. Very small proportions of Myrrh and gum opopanax enter the local market. Other constraints are, lack of appropriate institutions, infrastructure, tapping technologies and market information. Therefore, appropriate policy formulation, research and development interventions, are recommended for supporting sustainable management, production and marketing of products.","PeriodicalId":23702,"journal":{"name":"World Journal of Agricultural Research","volume":"73 1","pages":"32-38"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-05-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74135265","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
P. M. Godsteven, G. M. Suzana, E. Harrison, J. M. Epafra
Soil fertility evaluation for Arabica and Robusta coffee was conducted in Morogoro and Mvomero districts, representing the historical, yet insignificant, Eastern coffee area. Field characteristics were recorded and soil samples collected from 0-30, 30-60 and 60-90 cm depths in nine wards per district. Samples were analyzed for soil texture, pH-water, organic carbon, total nitrogen, available phosphorus, CEC, exchangeable bases and extractable Cu, Fe, Mn and Zn. Qualitative (simple limitation), quantitative evaluation of the supply potential of N, P and K, spatial and multivariate statistical analysis were used. Over 70% of survey sites were moderately fertile, implying that coffee production is viable. Mvomero was lower than Morogoro in both pH and OC; hence lower in total available NPK. Soil pH, OC, available P, Fe, Mg/K, TEB and K/TEB explained 32.05% of the total variability, with CEC, BS and ESP explaining 19.00%. Four ward clusters were identified, with clusters best expressed by micronutrients (Cu and Fe), followed by total N, Na, K/TEB, Zn, Mg and K. Soil fertility limitations were low pH, low Ca and K, low OC, low N and very low micronutrient levels. District councils should devise coffee development programmes, taking cognizance of the intervention strategies suggested in this work.
{"title":"Soil fertility Evaluation for the Potential Coffee Areas in Morogoro and Mvomero Districts, Eastern Tanzania","authors":"P. M. Godsteven, G. M. Suzana, E. Harrison, J. M. Epafra","doi":"10.12691/WJAR-8-2-1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12691/WJAR-8-2-1","url":null,"abstract":"Soil fertility evaluation for Arabica and Robusta coffee was conducted in Morogoro and Mvomero districts, representing the historical, yet insignificant, Eastern coffee area. Field characteristics were recorded and soil samples collected from 0-30, 30-60 and 60-90 cm depths in nine wards per district. Samples were analyzed for soil texture, pH-water, organic carbon, total nitrogen, available phosphorus, CEC, exchangeable bases and extractable Cu, Fe, Mn and Zn. Qualitative (simple limitation), quantitative evaluation of the supply potential of N, P and K, spatial and multivariate statistical analysis were used. Over 70% of survey sites were moderately fertile, implying that coffee production is viable. Mvomero was lower than Morogoro in both pH and OC; hence lower in total available NPK. Soil pH, OC, available P, Fe, Mg/K, TEB and K/TEB explained 32.05% of the total variability, with CEC, BS and ESP explaining 19.00%. Four ward clusters were identified, with clusters best expressed by micronutrients (Cu and Fe), followed by total N, Na, K/TEB, Zn, Mg and K. Soil fertility limitations were low pH, low Ca and K, low OC, low N and very low micronutrient levels. District councils should devise coffee development programmes, taking cognizance of the intervention strategies suggested in this work.","PeriodicalId":23702,"journal":{"name":"World Journal of Agricultural Research","volume":"73 1","pages":"23-31"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-04-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76773785","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Akilimali Itongwa Justin, Hyangya Lwikitcha Béni, M. Pascal
This study aims to identify the current state of fish farming in two rural agroecological zones in the South-Kivu province (Democratic Republic of Congo, DRC): one of Low Altitude (L.A.) and another of High Altitude (H.A) different by their fish farming histories. It was carried out from January to June 2017 using a participatory survey coupled with individual interviews with 263 fish farmers distributed in these two rural agroecological zones. In addition to these interviews, field observations have also been focused on 576 fish ponds. The results obtained revealed that the fish farming is mainly practiced by men (L.A.: 72.0%, H.A.: 84.1%) for subsistence and business (L.A.: 57.0 %, H.A.: 67.5%) in both zones of study, that the fish ponds of these two zones are of the same average length (L.A.: 25.9 m and 25.06 m, H.A.: 25.17 m), have almost all the wooden monk (L.A.: 73.17% and 82.53%, H.A.: 72.64%) and composters (L.A.: 73.17 % and 73.53%, H.A.: 96.96%) where is made fertilization with local ingredients (L.A.: 69.0%, H.A.: 90.8%). However, beyond these similarities, the results reveal several differences between the socioeconomic and zootechnic characteristics of the fish farming of these two zones. These differences can be correlated with the different fish farming histories of the two zones; aspects which are widely discussed in the article.
{"title":"Socioeconomic and Zootechnic Characterization of the Fish Farming in the High and Low Altitude Rural Zones in the South-Kivu (DRC): Which Link with the Fish Farming History?","authors":"Akilimali Itongwa Justin, Hyangya Lwikitcha Béni, M. Pascal","doi":"10.12691/WJAR-8-1-4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12691/WJAR-8-1-4","url":null,"abstract":"This study aims to identify the current state of fish farming in two rural agroecological zones in the South-Kivu province (Democratic Republic of Congo, DRC): one of Low Altitude (L.A.) and another of High Altitude (H.A) different by their fish farming histories. It was carried out from January to June 2017 using a participatory survey coupled with individual interviews with 263 fish farmers distributed in these two rural agroecological zones. In addition to these interviews, field observations have also been focused on 576 fish ponds. The results obtained revealed that the fish farming is mainly practiced by men (L.A.: 72.0%, H.A.: 84.1%) for subsistence and business (L.A.: 57.0 %, H.A.: 67.5%) in both zones of study, that the fish ponds of these two zones are of the same average length (L.A.: 25.9 m and 25.06 m, H.A.: 25.17 m), have almost all the wooden monk (L.A.: 73.17% and 82.53%, H.A.: 72.64%) and composters (L.A.: 73.17 % and 73.53%, H.A.: 96.96%) where is made fertilization with local ingredients (L.A.: 69.0%, H.A.: 90.8%). However, beyond these similarities, the results reveal several differences between the socioeconomic and zootechnic characteristics of the fish farming of these two zones. These differences can be correlated with the different fish farming histories of the two zones; aspects which are widely discussed in the article.","PeriodicalId":23702,"journal":{"name":"World Journal of Agricultural Research","volume":"15 1","pages":"16-22"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-03-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81762304","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Life table is one of the useful procedures to understand the population dynamic of a specie. The population growth of the insect can be studied by using the demographic studies of insect species and summarize the data collected from the population as well as understanding the dynamics. This study was carried out to track the demographic processes, such as birth, death, and fecundity, as these affect the size and composition of the population of A. grisella in laboratory conditions. In addition, a life table on honey bee wax is constructed to estimate the rate of population growth and survival of this pest. A stock culture was started by 30 pairs of adult moths to lay eggs. The newly hatched larvae were raised on sanitized combs, and the culture was placed and allowed to reproduce at a room temperature of 31±1°C and 66.28±3% RH with 12L: 12D photoperiod in a closed aquarium tank (9.2×16×9.2 cm). The aquarium was covered with muslin cloth for good aeration in the laboratory. The results show that, the net reproductive rate (Ro) was 29.81 females per female cohort per day. This indicates that within two months (Ro > 1), the population will increase and multiply by this value in the next generation. The infinite rate of natural increase (λ) value was 2.55 female per female per day. This study shows that the estimated intrinsic rate of increase equals to the positive value of 0.94 females per female per day, which indicates that the population of A. grisella will increase under laboratory conditions and could be successfully cultured in mass production.
{"title":"Life Table and Demographic Parameters of the Lesser Wax Moth, Achroia grisella, Reared on Natural Honey Bee Wax","authors":"M. O. Mahgoub, W. Lau, D. Omar, Ahmed M. El Naim","doi":"10.12691/WJAR-8-1-3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12691/WJAR-8-1-3","url":null,"abstract":"Life table is one of the useful procedures to understand the population dynamic of a specie. The population growth of the insect can be studied by using the demographic studies of insect species and summarize the data collected from the population as well as understanding the dynamics. This study was carried out to track the demographic processes, such as birth, death, and fecundity, as these affect the size and composition of the population of A. grisella in laboratory conditions. In addition, a life table on honey bee wax is constructed to estimate the rate of population growth and survival of this pest. A stock culture was started by 30 pairs of adult moths to lay eggs. The newly hatched larvae were raised on sanitized combs, and the culture was placed and allowed to reproduce at a room temperature of 31±1°C and 66.28±3% RH with 12L: 12D photoperiod in a closed aquarium tank (9.2×16×9.2 cm). The aquarium was covered with muslin cloth for good aeration in the laboratory. The results show that, the net reproductive rate (Ro) was 29.81 females per female cohort per day. This indicates that within two months (Ro > 1), the population will increase and multiply by this value in the next generation. The infinite rate of natural increase (λ) value was 2.55 female per female per day. This study shows that the estimated intrinsic rate of increase equals to the positive value of 0.94 females per female per day, which indicates that the population of A. grisella will increase under laboratory conditions and could be successfully cultured in mass production.","PeriodicalId":23702,"journal":{"name":"World Journal of Agricultural Research","volume":"27 1","pages":"12-15"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-03-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81933254","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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