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Liposoluble vitamins A and E in kidney disease. 脂溶性维生素A和E在肾病中的作用。
Pub Date : 2022-05-25 DOI: 10.5527/wjn.v11.i3.96
Maria Helena Rojo-Trejo, Ma Ludivina Robles-Osorio, Ernesto Sabath

Kidney disease (KD) is characterized by the presence of elevated oxidative stress, and this is postulated as contributing to the high cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in these individuals. Chronic KD (CKD) is related to high grade inflammatory condition and pro-oxidative state that aggravates the progression of the disease by damaging primary podocytes. Liposoluble vitamins (vitamin A and E) are potent dietary antioxidants that have also anti-inflammatory and antiapoptotic functions. Vitamin deficits in CKD patients are a common issue, and multiple causes are related to them: Anorexia, dietary restrictions, food cooking methods, dialysis losses, gastrointestinal malabsorption, etc. The potential benefit of retinoic acid (RA) and α-tocopherol have been described in animal models and in some human clinical trials. This review provides an overview of RA and α tocopherol in KD.

肾脏疾病(KD)的特点是氧化应激升高,这被认为是导致这些个体心血管疾病发病率和死亡率高的原因。慢性KD (CKD)与高级别炎症状态和促氧化状态有关,通过损伤原发性足细胞来加剧疾病的进展。脂溶性维生素(维生素A和E)是有效的膳食抗氧化剂,也具有抗炎和抗凋亡功能。慢性肾病患者维生素缺乏是一个常见的问题,与之相关的原因有多种:厌食症、饮食限制、食物烹调方法、透析损失、胃肠道吸收不良等。维甲酸(RA)和α-生育酚的潜在益处已经在动物模型和一些人体临床试验中被描述。本文就RA和α生育酚在KD中的作用作一综述。
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引用次数: 4
Renal biopsy reports in nephritic syndrome: Update 肾病综合征的肾活检报告:更新
Pub Date : 2022-03-25 DOI: 10.5527/wjn.v11.i2.73
S. Taheri
BACKGROUND Nephritic syndrome (NiS) is a major indicator of serious renal diseases necessitating kidney biopsies for histopathological evaluations, but due to the lack of comprehensive reviews in the literature, the current understanding of the syndrome and its significance is limited. AIM To collect all the evidence retrievable from the literature on the diagnoses made on the renal biopsies performed for NiS as the indication to the procedure. METHODS A literature search was conducted to find studies reporting final diagnoses on renal biopsies in NiS patients. Data were pooled and analyzed with stratifications on age and regions. Meta-analyzes were performed using Stata v.9. RESULTS Overall, 26414 NiS patients from the total number of 96738 kidney biopsy diagnoses reported by 47 studies from 23 countries from all continents (except sub-Saharan Africa) were found and analyzed. NiS was the indication for renal biopsy in 21% of the patient populations across the reviewed studies. Immunoglobulin A (IgA) nephropathy was the single most frequent diagnosis in these patients (approximately 38%) followed by lupus nephritis (approximately 8%) and Henoch Schönlein purpura (approximately 7%). IgA nephropathy was the most frequent diagnosis reported for the NiS patients from the East Asia, comprising half of all the cases, and least prevalent in South Asia. Considering the age subgroups, adult (vs pediatric or elderly) patients were by far the most likely age group to be diagnosed with the IgA nephropathy. A myriad of such regional and age disparities have been found and reported. CONCLUSION As the indication for renal biopsy, NiS represents a very distinctive epidemiology of final renal disease diagnoses compared to the other major syndromes.
肾病综合征(nephrotic syndrome, NiS)是严重肾脏疾病的主要指标,需要进行肾脏活检进行组织病理学评估,但由于文献中缺乏全面的综述,目前对该综合征的认识及其意义有限。目的收集所有可从文献中检索到的关于NiS肾活检诊断作为手术指征的证据。方法:文献检索报告NiS患者肾活检最终诊断的研究。对数据进行汇总和分析,并按年龄和地区分层。meta分析使用Stata v.9进行。结果:总体而言,来自各大洲23个国家(撒哈拉以南非洲除外)的47项研究报告的96738例肾活检诊断中发现并分析了26414例NiS患者。在回顾的研究中,21%的患者群体的肾活检指征是NiS。免疫球蛋白A (IgA)肾病是这些患者中最常见的诊断(约38%),其次是狼疮肾炎(约8%)和Henoch Schönlein紫癜(约7%)。IgA肾病是东亚NiS患者中最常见的诊断,占所有病例的一半,而在南亚最不普遍。考虑到年龄亚组,到目前为止,成人(与儿童或老年人相比)患者是最有可能被诊断为IgA肾病的年龄组。人们已经发现并报道了无数这样的地区和年龄差异。结论与其他主要综合征相比,NiS作为肾活检的指征,在最终肾脏疾病诊断中具有非常独特的流行病学特征。
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引用次数: 3
Hidden risks associated with conventional short intermittent hemodialysis: A call for action to mitigate cardiovascular risk and morbidity. 与传统短期间歇性血液透析相关的隐藏风险:呼吁采取行动降低心血管风险和发病率。
Pub Date : 2022-03-25 DOI: 10.5527/wjn.v11.i2.39
Bernard Canaud, Jeroen P Kooman, Nicholas M Selby, Maarten Taal, Andreas Maierhofer, Pascal Kopperschmidt, Susan Francis, Allan Collins, Peter Kotanko

The development of maintenance hemodialysis (HD) for end stage kidney disease patients is a success story that continues to save many lives. Nevertheless, intermittent renal replacement therapy is also a source of recurrent stress for patients. Conventional thrice weekly short HD is an imperfect treatment that only partially corrects uremic abnormalities, increases cardiovascular risk, and exacerbates disease burden. Altering cycles of fluid loading associated with cardiac stretching (interdialytic phase) and then fluid unloading (intradialytic phase) likely contribute to cardiac and vascular damage. This unphysiologic treatment profile combined with cyclic disturbances including osmotic and electrolytic shifts may contribute to morbidity in dialysis patients and augment the health burden of treatment. As such, HD patients are exposed to multiple stressors including cardiocirculatory, inflammatory, biologic, hypoxemic, and nutritional. This cascade of events can be termed the dialysis stress storm and sickness syndrome. Mitigating cardiovascular risk and morbidity associated with conventional intermittent HD appears to be a priority for improving patient experience and reducing disease burden. In this in-depth review, we summarize the hidden effects of intermittent HD therapy, and call for action to improve delivered HD and develop treatment schedules that are better tolerated and associated with fewer adverse effects.

为终末期肾病患者开发的维持性血液透析(HD)是一个成功的故事,它不断挽救着许多人的生命。然而,间歇性肾脏替代疗法也给患者带来了反复发作的压力。传统的每周三次短期血液透析是一种不完善的治疗方法,只能部分纠正尿毒症异常,增加心血管风险,加重疾病负担。与心脏拉伸(间歇期)相关的液体负荷循环的改变,以及随后的液体卸载(析出期)很可能会导致心脏和血管损伤。这种非生理性的治疗模式与包括渗透压和电解质变化在内的周期性紊乱相结合,可能会导致透析患者发病并加重治疗带来的健康负担。因此,血液透析患者面临着多重压力,包括心循环系统压力、炎症压力、生物压力、低氧血症压力和营养压力。这一系列事件可称为透析压力风暴和疾病综合征。减轻与传统间歇性血液透析相关的心血管风险和发病率似乎是改善患者体验和减轻疾病负担的当务之急。在这篇深入的综述中,我们总结了间歇性血液透析治疗的隐性影响,并呼吁采取行动改善血液透析的实施,开发耐受性更好、不良反应更少的治疗方案。
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引用次数: 0
Clinical presentation and outcomes of chronic dialysis patients with COVID-19: A single center experience from Greece 慢性透析患者COVID-19的临床表现和结局:来自希腊的单中心经验
Pub Date : 2022-03-25 DOI: 10.5527/wjn.v11.i2.58
D. Bacharaki, Minas Karagiannis, Aggeliki Sardeli, Panagiotis N Giannakopoulos, N. Tziolos, Vasiliki Zoi, Nikitas Piliouras, N. Arkoudis, N. Oikonomopoulos, K. Tzannis, D. Kavatha, A. Antoniadou, D. Vlahakos, S. Lionaki
BACKGROUND Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is still a menacing pandemic, especially in vulnerable patients. Morbidity and mortality from COVID-19 in maintenance hemodialysis (MHD) patients are considered worse than those in the general population, but vary across continents and countries in Europe. AIM To describe the clinical course and outcomes of hospitalized MHD patients with COVID-19 in a retrospective observational single center study in Greece. METHODS We correlated clinical, laboratory, and radiological data with the clinical outcomes of MHD patients hospitalized with COVID-19 during the pandemic. The diagnosis was confirmed by real-time polymerase chain reaction. Outcome was determined as survivors vs non-survivors and “progressors” (those requiring oxygen supplementation because of COVID-19 pneumonia worsening) vs “non-progressors”. RESULTS We studied 32 patients (17 males), with a median age of 75.5 (IQR: 58.5-82) years old. Of those, 12 were diagnosed upon screening and 20 with related symptoms. According to the World Health Organization (WHO) score, the severity on admission was mild disease in 16, moderate in 13, and severe in 3 cases. Chest computed tomography (CT) showed 1-10% infiltrates in 24 patients. Thirteen “progressors” were recorded among included patients. The case fatality rate was 5/32 (15.6%). Three deaths occurred among “progressors” and two in “non-progressors”, irrespective of co-morbidities and gender. Predictors of mortality on admission included frailty index, chest CT findings, WHO severity score, and thereafter the increasing values of serum LDH and D-dimers and decreasing serum albumin. Predictors of becoming a “progressor” included increasing number of neutrophils and neutrophils/lymphocytes ratio. CONCLUSION Patients on MHD seem to be at higher risk of COVID-19 mortality, distinct from the general population. Certain laboratory parameters on admission and during follow-up may be helpful in risk stratification and management of patients.
2019冠状病毒病(COVID-19)仍然是一种具有威胁性的大流行,特别是在弱势患者中。维持性血液透析(MHD)患者的COVID-19发病率和死亡率被认为比一般人群更差,但在欧洲各大洲和国家有所不同。目的回顾性观察性单中心研究希腊MHD合并COVID-19住院患者的临床过程和结局。方法将大流行期间因COVID-19住院的MHD患者的临床、实验室和放射学数据与临床结果相关联。实时聚合酶链反应证实诊断。结果确定为幸存者与非幸存者以及“进展者”(因COVID-19肺炎恶化而需要补充氧气的人)与“非进展者”。结果32例患者(男性17例),中位年龄75.5 (IQR: 58.5-82)岁。其中12人经筛查确诊,20人有相关症状。根据世界卫生组织(WHO)评分,入院时病情轻重为轻度16例,中度13例,重度3例。24例胸部CT示1-10%浸润。在纳入的患者中记录了13名“进展者”。病死率为5/32(15.6%)。不论合并症和性别,“进展者”中有3人死亡,“非进展者”中有2人死亡。入院时死亡率的预测因素包括虚弱指数、胸部CT表现、WHO严重程度评分,以及此后血清LDH和d -二聚体的升高和血清白蛋白的降低。成为“进展”的预测因素包括中性粒细胞数量和中性粒细胞/淋巴细胞比例的增加。结论与普通人群不同,MHD患者似乎具有更高的COVID-19死亡率。入院时和随访期间的某些实验室参数可能有助于患者的风险分层和管理。
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引用次数: 2
Renal cell carcinoma and viral infections: A dangerous relationship? 肾细胞癌和病毒感染:危险的关系?
Pub Date : 2022-01-25 DOI: 10.5527/wjn.v11.i1.1
Melissa Bersanelli, Chiara Casartelli, Sebastiano Buti, Camillo Porta

Virus-related cancers in humans are widely recognized, but in the case of renal cancer, the link with the world of viruses is not clearly established in humans, despite being known in animal biology. In the present review, we aimed to explore the literature on renal cell carcinoma (RCC) for a possible role of viruses in human RCC tumorigenesis and immune homeostasis, hypothesizing the contribution of viruses to the immunogenicity of this tumor. A scientific literature search was conducted using the PubMed, Web of Science, and Google Scholar databases with the keywords "virus" or "viruses" or "viral infection" matched with ("AND") "renal cell carcinoma" or "kidney cancer" or "renal cancer" or "renal carcinoma" or "renal tumor" or "RCC". The retrieved findings evidenced two main aspects testifying to the relationship between RCC and viruses: The presence of viruses within the tumor, especially in non-clear cell RCC cases, and RCC occurrence in cases with pre-existing chronic viral infections. Some retrieved translational and clinical data suggest the possible contribution of viruses, particularly Epstein-Barr virus, to the marked immunogenicity of sarcomatoid RCC. In addition, it was revealed the possible role of endogenous retrovirus reactivation in RCC oncogenesis, introducing new fascinating hypotheses about this tumor's immunogenicity and likeliness of response to immune checkpoint inhibitors.

人类中与病毒相关的癌症得到了广泛的认识,但就肾癌而言,尽管在动物生物学中已知与病毒世界的联系,但在人类中尚未明确建立。在本综述中,我们旨在探讨病毒在肾细胞癌(RCC)的发生和免疫稳态中的可能作用,并假设病毒对这种肿瘤的免疫原性的贡献。使用PubMed、Web of Science和Google Scholar数据库进行科学文献检索,关键词“病毒”或“病毒”或“病毒感染”与(“and”)匹配。“肾细胞癌”或“肾癌”或“肾癌”或“肾癌”或“肾肿瘤”或“肾细胞癌”。检索到的结果证明了两个主要方面证明了RCC与病毒之间的关系:肿瘤内病毒的存在,特别是在非透明细胞RCC病例中,以及先前存在慢性病毒感染的病例中发生RCC。一些检索到的转化和临床数据表明,病毒,特别是爱泼斯坦-巴尔病毒,可能对肉瘤样RCC的显著免疫原性有贡献。此外,该研究还揭示了内源性逆转录病毒再激活在RCC肿瘤发生中的可能作用,对这种肿瘤的免疫原性和对免疫检查点抑制剂的反应可能性提出了新的有趣的假设。
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引用次数: 1
Literature review of the mechanisms of acute kidney injury secondary to acute liver injury. 急性肾损伤继发于急性肝损伤机制的文献综述。
Pub Date : 2022-01-25 DOI: 10.5527/wjn.v11.i1.13
Esther Platt, Enriko Klootwijk, Alan Salama, Brian Davidson, Francis Robertson

People exposed to liver ischaemia reperfusion (IR) injury often develop acute kidney injury and the combination is associated with significant morbidity and mortality. Molecular mediators released by the liver in response to IR injury are the likely cause of acute kidney injury (AKI) in this setting, but the mediators have not yet been identified. Identifying the mechanism of injury will allow the identification of therapeutic targets which may modulate both liver IR injury and AKI following liver IR injury.

暴露于肝缺血再灌注(IR)损伤的人经常发生急性肾损伤,其合并与显著的发病率和死亡率相关。在这种情况下,肝脏响应IR损伤释放的分子介质可能是急性肾损伤(AKI)的原因,但这些介质尚未被确定。确定损伤机制将有助于确定可能调节肝IR损伤和肝IR损伤后AKI的治疗靶点。
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引用次数: 3
Unilateral hypoplastic kidney in adults: An experience of a tertiary-level urology center. 成人单侧肾发育不全:一个三级泌尿中心的经验。
Pub Date : 2022-01-25 DOI: 10.5527/wjn.v11.i1.30
Rabea Ahmed Gadelkareem, Nasreldin Mohammed

Background: Unilateral small-sized kidney is a radiological term referring to both the congenital and acquired causes of reduced kidney volume. However, the hypoplastic kidney may have peculiar clinical and radiological characterizations.

Aim: To evaluate the clinical presentations, complications, and management approaches of the radiologically diagnosed unilateral hypoplastic kidney.

Methods: A retrospective review of the records of patients with a radiological diagnosis of unilateral hypoplastic kidney between July 2015 and June 2020 was done at Assiut Urology and Nephrology Hospital, Assiut University, Egypt.

Results: A total of 33 cases were diagnosed to have unilateral hypoplastic kidney with a mean (range) age of 39.5 ± 11.2 (19-73) years. The main clinical presentation was loin pain (51.5%), stone passer (9.1%), anuria (12.1%), accidental discovery (15.2%), or manifestations of urinary tract infections (12.1%). Computed tomography was the most useful tool for radiological diagnosis. However, radioisotope scanning could be requested for verification of surgical interventions and nephrectomy decisions. Urolithiasis occurred in 23 (69.7%) cases and pyuria was detected in 22 (66.7%) cases where the infection was documented by culture and sensitivity test in 19 cases. While the non-complicated cases were managed by assurance only (12.1%), nephrectomy (15.2%) was performed for persistent complications. However, symptomatic (27.3%) and endoscopic (45.6%) approaches were used for the management of correctable complications.

Conclusion: Unilateral hypoplastic kidney in adults has various complications that range from urinary tract infections to death from septicemia. Diagnosis is mainly radiological and management is usually conservative or minimally invasive.

背景:单侧小肾是一个放射学术语,指先天性和后天肾体积缩小的原因。然而,肾发育不全可能具有特殊的临床和影像学特征。目的:探讨影像学诊断单侧肾发育不全的临床表现、并发症及治疗方法。方法:回顾性分析2015年7月至2020年6月在埃及阿西乌特大学阿西乌特泌尿和肾脏医院放射学诊断为单侧肾脏发育不良的患者的记录。结果:确诊单侧肾发育不全33例,平均(范围)年龄39.5±11.2(19-73)岁。主要临床表现为腰痛(51.5%)、结石(9.1%)、无尿(12.1%)、意外发现(15.2%)或尿路感染(12.1%)。计算机断层扫描是放射学诊断最有用的工具。然而,放射性同位素扫描可用于手术干预和肾切除术决策的验证。尿石症23例(69.7%),脓尿22例(66.7%),其中19例经培养和敏感试验证实感染。而非并发症的病例仅采用保证治疗(12.1%),持续并发症则采用肾切除术(15.2%)。然而,对症(27.3%)和内窥镜(45.6%)入路用于治疗可纠正的并发症。结论:成人单侧肾发育不全有多种并发症,从尿路感染到败血症死亡。诊断主要是放射学,治疗通常是保守或微创。
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引用次数: 1
Efficacy and safety of recombinant human erythropoietin (Hema-Plus®) for management of anemia in Thai patients on peritoneal dialysis. 重组人促红细胞生成素(Hema-Plus®)治疗泰国腹膜透析患者贫血的疗效和安全性
Pub Date : 2021-11-25 DOI: 10.5527/wjn.v10.i6.109
Piyatida Chuengsaman, Surapong Narenpitak, Suchai Sritippayawan

Background: Hema-Plus, a recombinant human erythropoietin (rHuEPO) or epoetin alfa has shown effectiveness in correction of anemia in Thai population in clinical practice. This study was aimed to demonstrate efficacy and safety under the evidence-based approach.

Aim: To evaluate the efficacy and safety of rHuEPO (Hema-Plus) for treatment of anemia over 12 wk in Thai patients with Stage V chronic kidney disease (CKD) on peritoneal dialysis (PD).

Methods: This study was an open-label, multi-center study to enroll 30 CKD patients identified to start PD with hemoglobin (Hb) less than 9.5 g/dL, serum ferritin more than 100 ng/mL, serum transferrin saturation more than or equal to 20% and who had not previously received epoetin. Patients with conditions that could increase the risk of adverse effects from study participation or interfere with study outcomes, were using concomitant androgens or had secondary hyperparathyroidism were excluded. All eligible patients started Hema-Plus by SC injection at 4000 IU once or twice weekly (week 0) and with follow-up at weeks 2, 4, 8, and 12. Dosage adjustment could be done to achieve Hb level of 11-12 g/dL. Primary end point was mean change in Hb level from baseline to end of treatment (week 12). Safety was assessed throughout the study. Quality of life (QoL) was assessed using KDQOL-36.

Results: All 30 enrolled patients completed the study. Mean (standard deviation) Hb at baseline (week 0) to the end of 12 wk was significantly increased from 7.39 (1.29) g/dL to 11.15 (1.73) g/dL (paired t-test, P value < 0.001). Overall change of Hb means from baseline over the other 4 visits was statistically significantly increased (repeated measure ANOVA, P value < 0.001). Ten out of 39 adverse events (AEs) were serious. Two serious AEs were probably related to study medication by investigators' assessment. At week 12, the QoL scores in all domains were significantly increased from baseline.

Conclusion: Hema-Plus administered for 12 wk for treatment of anemia in patients on PD effectively increased Hb levels with acceptable safety profile.

背景:Hema-Plus是一种重组人促红细胞生成素(rHuEPO)或促红细胞生成素α (epoetin alfa),在泰国人群的临床实践中显示出纠正贫血的有效性。本研究旨在证明循证方法下的有效性和安全性。目的:评价rHuEPO (Hema-Plus)治疗泰国V期慢性肾病(CKD)腹膜透析(PD)患者12周以上贫血的疗效和安全性。方法:本研究是一项开放标签、多中心的研究,纳入30例CKD患者,确定为开始PD时血红蛋白(Hb)小于9.5 g/dL,血清铁蛋白大于100 ng/mL,血清转铁蛋白饱和度大于或等于20%,之前未接受过生成素治疗。排除了可能增加研究参与不良反应风险或干扰研究结果的患者,同时使用雄激素或患有继发性甲状旁腺功能亢进的患者。所有符合条件的患者通过每周一次或两次4000 IU的SC注射Hema-Plus(第0周),并在第2、4、8和12周进行随访。调整剂量可使血红蛋白水平达到11-12 g/dL。主要终点是从基线到治疗结束(第12周)Hb水平的平均变化。在整个研究过程中对安全性进行了评估。生活质量(QoL)采用KDQOL-36进行评估。结果:所有30例入组患者均完成了研究。基线(第0周)至12周结束时的平均(标准差)Hb从7.39 (1.29)g/dL显著增加到11.15 (1.73)g/dL(配对t检验,P值< 0.001)。在其他4次就诊中,Hb平均值从基线的总体变化在统计学上显著增加(重复测量方差分析,P值< 0.001)。39例不良事件中有10例为严重不良事件。据研究者评估,两例严重ae可能与研究用药有关。在第12周,各领域的生活质量评分较基线显著提高。结论:Hema-Plus治疗PD患者贫血12周,有效提高血红蛋白水平,安全性可接受。
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引用次数: 6
Lemierre's syndrome caused by Klebsiella pneumoniae: A case report. 肺炎克雷伯菌引起的勒米尔综合征1例。
Pub Date : 2021-09-25 DOI: 10.5527/wjn.v10.i5.101
So Yeon Hwang, Seok Joon Shin, Hye Eun Yoon

Background: Lemierre's syndrome is a disease that causes anaerobic sepsis, internal jugular vein thrombosis, and septic embolism in the lungs and other organs after acute oropharyngeal infection. It was named after André-Alfred Lemierre in 1936.

Case summary: Here, we have reported a case of Lemierre's syndrome in a 56-year-old female patient who presented with a sore throat. The patient had septic shock, had not voided, and had severe hyperglycemia at the time of her visit. Imaging tests revealed bilateral pneumonia, pleural effusion, pulmonary embolism, and renal vein thrombosis. The patient was admitted to the intensive care unit and placed on mechanical ventilation due to acute respiratory distress syndrome. Continuous renal replacement therapy was administered to treat renal failure with anuria. Klebsiella pneumoniae was cultured from blood and sputum samples. After reviewing various results, the patient was ultimately diagnosed with Lemierre's syndrome. The patient was treated with appropriate antibiotics and thrombolytic agents. She was discharged from the hospital after recovery.

Conclusion: Lemierre's syndrome is associated with a high mortality rate. Therefore, clinicians should be familiar with the signs and symptoms of this disease as well as the preemptive examinations, procedures, and treatments.

背景:Lemierre综合征是急性口咽感染后引起厌氧败血症、颈内静脉血栓形成、肺部及其他器官脓毒性栓塞的疾病。它于1936年以安德列-阿尔弗雷德·莱米尔的名字命名。病例总结:在这里,我们报告了一例56岁的Lemierre综合征女性患者,她表现为喉咙痛。患者感染性休克,未排尿,就诊时患有严重的高血糖。影像学检查显示双侧肺炎、胸腔积液、肺栓塞和肾静脉血栓形成。患者因急性呼吸窘迫综合征入住重症监护室并进行机械通气。持续肾替代疗法用于治疗肾功能衰竭无尿症。从血液和痰中培养肺炎克雷伯菌。在检查了各种结果后,患者最终被诊断为Lemierre综合征。患者给予适当的抗生素和溶栓药物治疗。她康复后出院了。结论:Lemierre综合征与高死亡率相关。因此,临床医生应该熟悉这种疾病的体征和症状,以及先发制人的检查,程序和治疗。
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引用次数: 1
Trends in pediatric nephrotic syndrome. 儿童肾病综合征的发展趋势。
Pub Date : 2021-09-25 DOI: 10.5527/wjn.v10.i5.88
Hiroshi Tamura

Nephrotic syndrome (NS) is relatively common in children, with most of its histological types being minimal changed disease. Its etiology has long been attributed to lymphocyte (especially T-cell) dysfunction, while T-cell-mediated vascular hyperpermeability increases protein permeability in glomerular capillaries, leading to proteinuria and hypoproteinemia. Based on this etiology, steroids and immunosuppressive drugs that are effective against this disease have also been considered to correct T-cell dysfunction. However, in recent years, this has been questioned. The primary cause of NS has been considered damage to glomerular epithelial cells and podocyte-related proteins. Therefore, we first describe the changes in expression of molecules involved in NS etiology, and then describe the mechanism by which abnormal expression of these molecules induces proteinuria. Finally, we consider the mechanism by which infection causes the recurrence of NS.

肾病综合征(NS)在儿童中相对常见,其大多数组织学类型是最小改变的疾病。其病因一直被认为是淋巴细胞(尤其是t细胞)功能障碍,而t细胞介导的血管高通透性增加了肾小球毛细血管的蛋白质通透性,导致蛋白尿和低蛋白血症。基于这种病因,类固醇和免疫抑制药物对这种疾病有效,也被认为可以纠正t细胞功能障碍。然而,近年来,这种说法受到了质疑。NS的主要原因被认为是肾小球上皮细胞和足细胞相关蛋白的损伤。因此,我们首先描述了与NS病因相关的分子表达变化,然后描述了这些分子异常表达诱导蛋白尿的机制。最后,我们考虑感染引起NS复发的机制。
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引用次数: 8
期刊
World Journal of Nephrology
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