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Serum phosphate and chronic kidney and cardiovascular disease: Phosphorus potential implications in general population. 血清磷酸盐与慢性肾脏和心血管疾病:磷在普通人群中的潜在影响。
Pub Date : 2021-09-25 DOI: 10.5527/wjn.v10.i5.76
Vaia D Raikou

It has already been established that in end-stage renal disease, hyperphosphatemia causes soft tissue calcification including vascular calcifications. It has also been supported that there is a connection between increased serum phosphate and morbidity in subjects, who suffer from renal disease. However, studies in these populations conferred mixed results. Several warnings are included in the role of serum phosphorus on cardiovascular disease in normal populations. Homeostasis of serum phosphate is obtained by the cooperation between regulatory hormones, cellular receptors and bone metabolic factors. There is the probability that one or more phosphate regulatory factors, rather than phosphate directly, may be responsible for observed associations with calcification and cardiovascular events in normal populations. Experimental studies have shown that the restriction of dietary phosphate prevents the progression of kidney dysfunction, although high dietary phosphate aggravates the renal function. In the current review, we discuss the role of serum phosphorus on progression of renal dysfunction and cardiovascular outcomes in chronic kidney disease patients and its involvement in important health risks in the general population.

已经确定,在终末期肾脏疾病中,高磷血症引起软组织钙化,包括血管钙化。也有证据表明,在患有肾脏疾病的受试者中,血清磷酸盐升高与发病率之间存在联系。然而,对这些人群的研究得出了不同的结果。在正常人群中,血清磷对心血管疾病的作用中包含了几个警告。血清磷酸盐的稳态是调节激素、细胞受体和骨代谢因子共同作用的结果。在正常人群中,有可能是一种或多种磷酸盐调节因子,而不是磷酸盐直接导致了观察到的钙化和心血管事件的关联。实验研究表明,尽管高磷饮食会加重肾功能,但限制饮食中磷酸盐的摄入可以防止肾功能障碍的进展。在这篇综述中,我们讨论了血清磷在慢性肾病患者肾功能障碍进展和心血管结局中的作用,以及它在普通人群中参与的重要健康风险。
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引用次数: 9
Should pediatric idiopathic hypercalciuria be treated with hypocalciuric agents? 儿童特发性高钙尿应该用低钙药治疗吗?
Pub Date : 2021-07-25 DOI: 10.5527/wjn.v10.i4.47
Maria Goretti Moreira Guimarães Penido, Marcelo de Sousa Tavares

Background: Hypercalciuria is the most common metabolic risk factor for calcium urolithiasis and is associated with bone loss in adult patients. Reduced bone mineral density (BMD) was already described in idiopathic hypercalciuria (IH) children, but the precise mechanisms of bone loss or inadequate bone mass gain remain unknown. Life-long hypercalciuria might be considered a risk to change bone structure and determine low bone mass throughout life. The peak of bone mass should occur without interferences. A beneficial effect of citrate formulations and thiazides on bone mass in adult and pediatric patients with IH have been shown.

Aim: To evaluate whether pharmacological therapy has a beneficial effect on bone mass in children and adolescents with IH.

Methods: This retrospective cohort study evaluated 40 hypercalciuric children non-responsive to lifestyle and diet changes. After a 2-mo run-in period of citrate formulation (Kcitrate) usage, the first bone densitometry (DXA) was ordered. In patients with sustained hypercalciuria, a thiazide diuretic was prescribed. The second DXA was performed after 12 mo. Bone densitometry was performed by DXA at lumbar spine (L2-L4). A 24-h urine (calcium, citrate, creatinine) and blood samples (urea, creatinine, uric acid, calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, chloride, hemoglobin) were obtained. Clinical data included age, gender, weight, height and body mass index.

Results: Forty IH children; median age 10.5 year and median time follow-up 6.0 year were evaluated. Nine patients were treated with Kcitrate (G1) and 31 with Kcitrate + thiazide (G2). There were no differences in age, gender, body mass index z-score and biochemical parameters between G1 and G2. There were no increases in total cholesterol, kalemia and magnesemia. Calciuria decreased in both groups after treatment. Lumbar spine BMD z-score increased after thiazide treatment in G2. There was no improvement in G1.

Conclusion: Results point to a beneficial effect of thiazide on lumbar spine BMD z-score in children with IH. Further studies are necessary to confirm the results of the present study.

背景:高钙尿是钙性尿石症最常见的代谢危险因素,与成人患者骨质流失有关。特发性高钙尿症(IH)儿童的骨密度(BMD)降低已被描述,但骨质流失或骨量增加不足的确切机制尚不清楚。终身高钙尿症可能被认为是改变骨结构的风险,并在一生中决定低骨量。骨量的峰值应该在没有干扰的情况下出现。柠檬酸盐制剂和噻嗪类药物对成人和儿童IH患者骨量的有益影响已被证实。目的:评价药物治疗对儿童和青少年IH患者骨量的有益影响。方法:本回顾性队列研究评估了40名对生活方式和饮食改变无反应的高钙血症儿童。经过2个月的柠檬酸盐配方(Kcitrate)使用磨合期后,进行第一次骨密度测定(DXA)。对于持续性高钙尿症患者,开噻嗪类利尿剂。12个月后进行第二次DXA。腰椎(L2-L4)进行DXA骨密度测定。取24小时尿液(钙、柠檬酸、肌酐)和血液样本(尿素、肌酐、尿酸、钙、磷、镁、氯化物、血红蛋白)。临床资料包括年龄、性别、体重、身高和身体质量指数。结果:40例IH患儿;中位年龄10.5岁,中位随访时间6.0年。k柠檬酸盐组9例(G1), k柠檬酸盐+噻嗪类药物组31例(G2)。G1与G2在年龄、性别、体质指数z-score及生化指标上均无差异。总胆固醇、钾血症和镁血症没有增加。治疗后两组患者的钙尿量均有所下降。噻嗪类药物治疗后,G2组腰椎BMD z评分升高。G1期无明显改善。结论:结果表明噻嗪类药物对IH患儿腰椎BMD z-score有有益作用。需要进一步的研究来证实本研究的结果。
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引用次数: 3
Prediction of mortality among patients with chronic kidney disease: A systematic review. 慢性肾脏病患者死亡率的预测:一项系统综述。
Pub Date : 2021-07-25 DOI: 10.5527/wjn.v10.i4.59
Panupong Hansrivijit, Yi-Ju Chen, Kriti Lnu, Angkawipa Trongtorsak, Max M Puthenpura, Charat Thongprayoon, Tarun Bathini, Michael A Mao, Wisit Cheungpasitporn

Background: Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a common medical condition that is increasing in prevalence. Existing published evidence has revealed through regression analyses that several clinical characteristics are associated with mortality in CKD patients. However, the predictive accuracies of these risk factors for mortality have not been clearly demonstrated.

Aim: To demonstrate the accuracy of mortality predictive factors in CKD patients by utilizing the area under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve (AUC) analysis.

Methods: We searched Ovid MEDLINE, EMBASE, and the Cochrane Library for eligible articles through January 2021. Studies were included based on the following criteria: (1) Study nature was observational or conference abstract; (2) Study populations involved patients with non-transplant CKD at any CKD stage severity; and (3) Predictive factors for mortality were presented with AUC analysis and its associated 95% confidence interval (CI). AUC of 0.70-0.79 is considered acceptable, 0.80-0.89 is considered excellent, and more than 0.90 is considered outstanding.

Results: Of 1759 citations, a total of 18 studies (n = 14579) were included in this systematic review. Eight hundred thirty two patients had non-dialysis CKD, and 13747 patients had dialysis-dependent CKD (2160 patients on hemodialysis, 370 patients on peritoneal dialysis, and 11217 patients on non-differentiated dialysis modality). Of 24 mortality predictive factors, none were deemed outstanding for mortality prediction. A total of seven predictive factors [N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP), BNP, soluble urokinase plasminogen activator receptor (suPAR), augmentation index, left atrial reservoir strain, C-reactive protein, and systolic pulmonary artery pressure] were identified as excellent. Seventeen predictive factors were in the acceptable range, which we classified into the following subgroups: predictors for the non-dialysis population, echocardiographic factors, comorbidities, and miscellaneous.

Conclusion: Several factors were found to predict mortality in CKD patients. Echocardiography is an important tool for mortality prognostication in CKD patients by evaluating left atrial reservoir strain, systolic pulmonary artery pressure, diastolic function, and left ventricular mass index.

背景:慢性肾脏疾病(CKD)是一种常见的疾病,患病率正在上升。现有已发表的证据通过回归分析表明,CKD患者的几个临床特征与死亡率相关。然而,这些风险因素对死亡率的预测准确性尚未得到明确证明。目的:利用受试者操作特征面积(ROC)曲线(AUC)分析,证明CKD患者死亡率预测因素的准确性。方法:截至2021年1月,我们在Ovid MEDLINE、EMBASE和Cochrane图书馆搜索符合条件的文章。基于以下标准纳入研究:(1)研究性质为观察性或会议摘要;(2) 研究人群涉及任何CKD阶段严重程度的非移植性CKD患者;(3)死亡率的预测因素采用AUC分析及其相关的95%置信区间(CI)。AUC为0.70-0.79被认为是可接受的,0.80-0.89被认为是优秀的,大于0.90被认为是杰出的。结果:在1759篇引文中,共有18项研究(n=14579)被纳入本系统综述。八百三十二名患者患有非透析性CKD,13747名患者患有透析依赖性CKD(2160名患者接受血液透析,370名患者接受腹膜透析,11217名患者接受非分化透析)。在24个死亡率预测因素中,没有一个被认为是死亡率预测的突出因素。共有7个预测因素[N-末端脑钠素前体(NT-proBNP)、BNP、可溶性尿激酶纤溶酶原激活物受体(suPAR)、增强指数、左心房储层应变、C反应蛋白和收缩肺动脉压]被确定为优秀。17个预测因素在可接受范围内,我们将其分为以下亚组:非透析人群的预测因素、超声心动图因素、合并症和其他。结论:有几个因素可以预测CKD患者的死亡率。超声心动图是通过评估左心房储层应变、收缩肺动脉压、舒张功能和左心室质量指数来预测CKD患者死亡率的重要工具。
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引用次数: 0
Lower urinary tract dysfunction in pediatrics progress to kidney disease in adolescents: Toward precision medicine in treatment. 儿科下尿路功能障碍进展为青少年肾脏疾病:走向精准医学治疗。
Pub Date : 2021-07-25 DOI: 10.5527/wjn.v10.i4.37
Mohamed Wishahi

Newborn infants who had neurogenic bladder dysfunction (NBD) have a normal upper urinary tract at birth. Most of them will develop deterioration of renal function and chronic kidney disease if they do not receive proper management. Children with NBD can develop renal damage at adolescence or earlier, which is due to high detrusor pressures resulted from poor compliance of the bladder, detrusor overactivity against a closed sphincter or detrusor sphincter dyssynergia. To preserve renal function and prevent deterioration of the kidneys, NBD must be treated immediately after being diagnosed. Over the last few years there was great progress in the treatment of children with the NBD. We searched PubMed and the Cochrane Library for peer-reviewed articles published in any language up to March 10, 2021, using the search term "neurogenic bladder children." Our search excluded diagnosis, pathophysiology, surgical treatment of spinal cord injury and spina bifida. The research identified the effectiveness of treatment regimens targeting prevention of chronic kidney disease and the indications of kidney transplantation. The results of the research showed that NBD in children should be diagnosed early in life, and the child should receive the proper management. The literature search concluded that the management of NBD in children would be personalized for every case and could be changed according to response to treatment, side effects, child compliance, availability of treatment modality and costs of treatment. The objectives of the study are to present the different options of management of NBD in children and the selection of the proper method in a personalized manner.

新生儿神经源性膀胱功能障碍(NBD)出生时上尿路正常。如果得不到适当的治疗,他们大多会发展成肾功能恶化和慢性肾脏疾病。患有NBD的儿童可在青春期或更早发生肾损害,这是由于膀胱依从性差、逼尿肌过度活动对抗封闭的括约肌或逼尿肌协同障碍而导致的逼尿肌压力高。为了保护肾功能和防止肾脏恶化,NBD在确诊后必须立即治疗。在过去几年中,在治疗NBD儿童方面取得了很大进展。我们在PubMed和Cochrane图书馆检索了截至2021年3月10日以任何语言发表的同行评议文章,搜索词为“神经性膀胱儿童”。我们的研究排除了脊髓损伤和脊柱裂的诊断、病理生理学、手术治疗。该研究确定了针对慢性肾脏疾病预防和肾移植适应症的治疗方案的有效性。研究结果表明,儿童NBD应在生命早期诊断,并应接受适当的治疗。文献检索的结论是,儿童NBD的管理应针对每个病例进行个性化,并可根据治疗反应、副作用、儿童依从性、治疗方式的可用性和治疗费用进行更改。本研究的目的是提出儿童NBD治疗的不同选择,并以个性化的方式选择适当的方法。
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引用次数: 5
Nephrogenic systemic fibrosis: A frivolous entity. 肾源性全身性纤维化:一个无足轻重的实体。
Pub Date : 2021-05-25 DOI: 10.5527/wjn.v10.i3.29
Vinant Bhargava, Kulwant Singh, Priti Meena, Rupan Sanyal

Gadolinium-based contrast agents (GBCAs) used in magnetic resonance imaging are vital in providing enhanced quality images, essential for diagnosis and treatment. Nephrogenic systemic fibrosis (NSF) with GBCAs has been a deterrent for the physician and has led to avoidance of these agents in patients with impaired kidney function. NSF is a progressive debilitating multisystem condition described classically in patients with renal insufficiency exposed to gadolinium contrast media. It is characterized by an induration and hardening of the skin. NSF is described to first involve the extremities and can imperceptibly involve internal organs. Lack of therapeutic interventions to treat NSF makes it more challenging and warrants deep insight into the pathogenesis, risk factors and treatment strategies.

磁共振成像中使用的钆基造影剂(gbca)对于提供高质量的图像至关重要,对诊断和治疗至关重要。肾源性全身性纤维化(NSF)与gbca一直是医生的威慑,并导致肾功能受损患者避免使用这些药物。NSF是一种进行性衰弱的多系统疾病,通常发生在暴露于钆造影剂的肾功能不全患者中。它的特点是皮肤硬化和硬化。NSF被描述为首先累及四肢,并可在不知不觉中累及内脏。缺乏治疗干预措施治疗NSF使其更具挑战性,需要深入了解发病机制,危险因素和治疗策略。
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引用次数: 17
Low-molecular-weight dextran for optical coherence tomography may not be protective against kidney injury in patients with renal insufficiency. 低分子量右旋糖酐用于光学相干断层扫描可能对肾功能不全患者的肾损伤没有保护作用。
Pub Date : 2021-03-25 DOI: 10.5527/wjn.v10.i2.8
Toru Misawa, Tomoyo Sugiyama, Yoshihisa Kanaji, Masahiro Hoshino, Masao Yamaguchi, Masahiro Hada, Tatsuhiro Nagamine, Kai Nogami, Yumi Yasui, Eisuke Usui, Tetsumin Lee, Taishi Yonetsu, Tetsuo Sasano, Tsunekazu Kakuta

Background: Low-molecular-weight dextran (LMWD) is considered a safe alternative to contrast media for blood displacement during optical coherence tomography (OCT) imaging.

Aim: To investigate whether the use of LMWD for OCT is protective against kidney injury in patients with advanced renal insufficiency.

Methods: In this retrospective cohort study, we identified 421 patients with advanced renal insufficiency (estimated glomerular filtration rate < 45 mL/min/1.73 m2) who underwent coronary angiography or percutaneous coronary intervention; 79 patients who used additional LMWD for OCT imaging (LMWD group) and 342 patients who used contrast medium exclusively (control group). We evaluated the differences between these two groups and performed a propensity score-matched subgroup comparison.

Results: The median total volume of contrast medium was 133.0 mL in the control group vs 140.0 mL in the LMWD group. Although baseline renal function was not statistically different between these two groups, the LMWD group demonstrated a strong trend toward the progression of renal insufficiency as indicated by the greater change in serum creatinine level during the 1-year follow-up compared with the control group. Patients in the LMWD group experienced worsening renal function more frequently than patients in the control group. Propensity score matching adjusted for total contrast media volume consistently indicated a trend toward worsening renal function in the LMWD group at the 1-year follow-up. Delta serum creatinine at 1-year follow-up was significantly greater in the LMWD group than that in the control group [0.06 (-0.06, 0.29) vs -0.04 (-0.23, 0.08) mg/dL, P = 0.001], despite using similar contrast volume.

Conclusion: OCT using LMWD may not be protective against worsening renal function in patients with advanced renal insufficiency.

背景:低分子量右旋糖酐(LMWD)被认为是光学相干断层扫描(OCT)成像中血液置换造影剂的安全替代品。目的:探讨中晚期肾功能不全患者在OCT中应用低分子动脉造影是否对肾损伤有保护作用。方法:在这项回顾性队列研究中,我们确定了421例晚期肾功能不全(估计肾小球滤过率< 45 mL/min/1.73 m2)的患者,他们接受了冠状动脉造影或经皮冠状动脉介入治疗;另外加用低剂量造影剂进行OCT成像79例(低剂量组),342例只使用造影剂(对照组)。我们评估了这两组之间的差异,并进行了倾向评分匹配的亚组比较。结果:对照组造影剂中位容积为133.0 mL, LMWD组造影剂中位容积为140.0 mL。尽管两组之间的基线肾功能无统计学差异,但LMWD组表现出肾功能不全进展的强烈趋势,1年随访期间血清肌酐水平与对照组相比变化更大。LMWD组患者出现肾功能恶化的频率高于对照组。在1年的随访中,经对比剂总容量调整后的倾向评分匹配一致显示LMWD组肾功能有恶化的趋势。尽管使用相似的造影剂体积,LMWD组1年随访时血清肌酐δ值显著高于对照组[0.06 (-0.06,0.29)vs -0.04 (-0.23, 0.08) mg/dL, P = 0.001]。结论:在晚期肾功能不全患者中,使用低密度超声OCT可能对肾功能恶化没有保护作用。
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引用次数: 1
Siblings with coronavirus disease 2019 infection and opposite outcome-the hemodialysis's better outcome paradox: Two case reports. 兄弟姐妹感染2019冠状病毒病和相反的结果——血液透析更好的结果悖论:两例报告
Pub Date : 2021-03-25 DOI: 10.5527/wjn.v10.i2.21
Dimitra Bacharaki, Evangelia Chrysanthopoulou, Sotiria Grigoropoulou, Panagiotis Giannakopoulos, Panagiotis Simitsis, Frantzeska Frantzeskaki, Aikaterini Flevari, Minas Karagiannis, Aggeliki Sardeli, Dimitra Kavatha, Anastasia Antoniadou, Demetrios Vlahakos

Background: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a highly contagious infection caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 virus and has a unique underlying pathogenesis. Hemodialysis (HD) patients experience high risk of contamination with COVID-19 and are considered to have higher mortality rates than the general population by most but not all clinical series. We aim to highlight the peculiarities in the immune state of HD patients, who seem to have both immune-activation and immune-depression affecting their outcome in COVID-19 infection.

Case summary: We report the opposite clinical outcomes (nearly asymptomatic course vs death) of two diabetic elderly patients infected simultaneously by COVID-19, one being on chronic HD and the other with normal renal function. They were both admitted in our hospital with COVID-19 symptoms and received the same treatment by protocol. The non-HD sibling deteriorated rapidly and was intubated and transferred to the Intensive Care Unit, where he died despite all supportive care. The HD sibling, although considered more "high-risk" for adverse outcome, followed a benign course and left the hospital alive and well.

Conclusion: These cases may shed light on aspects of the immune responses to COVID-19 between HD and non-HD patients and stimulate further research in pathophysiology and treatment of this dreadful disease.

背景:2019冠状病毒病(COVID-19)是由严重急性呼吸综合征冠状病毒2型引起的高度传染性感染,具有独特的潜在发病机制。血液透析(HD)患者感染COVID-19的风险很高,大多数但并非所有临床系列都认为其死亡率高于普通人群。我们的目的是强调HD患者免疫状态的特殊性,这些患者似乎同时具有免疫激活和免疫抑制,影响他们在COVID-19感染中的预后。病例总结:我们报告了两例同时感染COVID-19的老年糖尿病患者的相反临床结果(几乎无症状病程vs死亡),其中一例患有慢性HD,另一例肾功能正常。他们都以COVID-19症状入住我院,并按照协议接受相同的治疗。非hd兄弟病情迅速恶化,被插管并转移到重症监护室,尽管有所有的支持治疗,他还是在那里去世了。这名患有HD的兄弟姐妹,虽然被认为有更“高风险”的不良后果,但最终还是走了一个良性过程,并安然无恙地离开了医院。结论:这些病例可能揭示HD和非HD患者对COVID-19的免疫反应的各个方面,并促进对这一可怕疾病的病理生理学和治疗的进一步研究。
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引用次数: 7
Emperor's syndrome in the COVID-19 era: Time for patient-centered nephrology? COVID-19 时代的皇帝综合征:以患者为中心的肾脏病学时代到来了吗?
Pub Date : 2021-01-25 DOI: 10.5527/wjn.v10.i1.1
Dimitra Bacharaki, Athanasios Diamandopoulos

The coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) pandemic has been a wake-up call in which has forced us to react worldwide. Health policies and practices have attracted particular attention in terms of human and financial cost. Before COVID-19, chronic kidney disease was already considered a risk multiplier in patients with diabetes and hypertension, the two now being the major risk factors for COVID-19 infection and adverse outcome. In contrast to the urgent need for action, the nephrology field is considered to be in a state of stagnation regarding the management of chronic kidney disease patients who still experience unacceptably high morbidity and mortality. Ironically and paradoxically in a field lacking robust clinical trials, clinical practice is driven by guidelines-based medicine on weak evidence. The Emperor's syndrome, referring to Hans Christian Andersen's fairy tale, has been described in medicine as voluntary blindness to an obvious truth, being a weak evidence-based therapeutic intervention or weak health care. A promising positive example of improving heart and kidney outcomes is the emerging treatment with sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors. COVID-19 could boost actions for patient-centered care as a positive shift in nephrology care.

冠状病毒病-19(COVID-19)大流行给我们敲响了警钟,迫使我们在全球范围内做出反应。就人力和财力成本而言,卫生政策和做法引起了特别关注。在 COVID-19 之前,慢性肾病已被认为是糖尿病和高血压患者的风险倍增因素,而现在这两种疾病已成为 COVID-19 感染和不良后果的主要风险因素。与迫切需要采取行动形成鲜明对比的是,肾脏病学领域对慢性肾脏病患者的管理却处于停滞状态,这些患者的发病率和死亡率仍然高得令人无法接受。具有讽刺意味且自相矛盾的是,在这个缺乏强有力临床试验的领域,临床实践是由基于薄弱证据的指南医学驱动的。皇帝综合症指的是安徒生的童话故事,在医学中被描述为对一个显而易见的事实自愿视而不见,即基于薄弱证据的治疗干预或薄弱的医疗保健。钠-葡萄糖共转运体 2 抑制剂是改善心脏和肾脏预后的一个很有希望的正面例子。COVID-19 可以促进以患者为中心的护理行动,成为肾脏病护理的积极转变。
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引用次数: 0
Restructuring nephrology services to combat COVID-19 pandemic: Report from a Middle Eastern country. 重组肾脏病服务以抗击COVID-19大流行:来自中东国家的报告。
Pub Date : 2020-11-29 DOI: 10.5527/wjn.v9.i2.9
Muhammad Asim, Mohamad Alkadi, Abdullah Hamad, Muftah Othman, Essa Abuhelaiqa, Omar Fituri, Ihab El-Madhoun, Hassan Al-Malki

Coronavirus disease 2019 has spread across the world and has been classified as a pandemic. It has overwhelmed the healthcare systems. Specifically, it has overstretched the intensive care units and renal replacement therapy services in many countries. In this paper, we discuss the reconfiguration of nephrology services in the State of Qatar during the current pandemic. We highlight the key strategies that have been implemented to ensure that renal replacement therapy capacity is not constrained in either the intensive care or ambulatory setting. Some innovative approaches for the safe delivery of ambulatory care to dialysis and kidney transplant patients are also discussed.

2019冠状病毒病已在全球蔓延,并被列为大流行。它已经使医疗系统不堪重负。具体来说,它使许多国家的重症监护病房和肾脏替代治疗服务不堪重负。在这篇论文中,我们讨论了当前大流行期间卡塔尔肾病服务的重新配置。我们强调了已经实施的关键策略,以确保肾脏替代治疗能力在重症监护或门诊环境中不受限制。一些创新的方法为安全提供流动护理透析和肾移植患者也进行了讨论。
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引用次数: 6
Kidney injury in COVID-19. COVID-19 中的肾损伤。
Pub Date : 2020-11-29 DOI: 10.5527/wjn.v9.i2.18
Adeel Rafi Ahmed, Chaudhry Adeel Ebad, Sinead Stoneman, Muniza Manshad Satti, Peter J Conlon

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) continues to affect millions of people around the globe. As data emerge, it is becoming more evident that extrapulmonary organ involvement, particularly the kidneys, highly influence mortality. The incidence of acute kidney injury has been estimated to be 30% in COVID-19 non-survivors. Current evidence suggests four broad mechanisms of renal injury: Hypovolaemia, acute respiratory distress syndrome related, cytokine storm and direct viral invasion as seen on renal autopsy findings. We look to critically assess the epidemiology, pathophysiology and management of kidney injury in COVID-19.

冠状病毒病 2019(COVID-19)继续影响着全球数百万人。随着数据的不断涌现,肺外器官受累(尤其是肾脏)对死亡率的影响越来越明显。据估计,在 COVID-19 非幸存者中,急性肾损伤的发生率为 30%。目前的证据表明,肾损伤有四大机制:低氧血症、急性呼吸窘迫综合征、细胞因子风暴和肾脏尸检结果显示的直接病毒入侵。我们希望对 COVID-19 肾损伤的流行病学、病理生理学和管理进行批判性评估。
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引用次数: 0
期刊
World Journal of Nephrology
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