Zainab Mohammed Redha, Qais Bu‐Ali, Anfal Yusuf Janahi, Maryam Mohamed AlQahtani, Reem Anas Buhindi
The evaluation of the effluent water quality from wastewater treatment plants is fundamental for human health and aquatic environment considerations. Therefore, this research presents a new and specific water quality index for evaluating the effluent water discharged into the sea by integrating the complex set of wastewater qualities into a single reliable value. Two approaches were utilized for this purpose: experts' opinions and statistical analysis using principal component analysis. In the first approach, the opinions of local experts shortlisted the parameters into six important parameters out of a list of 19 with assigned weights varied from 0.160 to 0.174. In the statistical approach, principal component analysis and correlation analysis reduced the parameters to seven accounting for 75% of the variation in the data. Their weights were calculated based on their eigenvalues and ranged from 0.063 to 0.435. The subindices rating curves were developed based on the Kingdom of Bahrain's legislated standards and the weighted arithmetic mean function was used for the aggregation stage. The established water quality indices were applied to effluents from a local wastewater treatment plant, and the obtained results revealed “Class 1: excellent category” discharge quality maintained throughout the year as per the categories proposed in this work. The developed indices proved their effectiveness and reliability in assessing the treated water. The study provides a comprehensive and reliable assessment of treated water quality, and its approach and outputs could have significant implications globally for ensuring the quality of treated water prior its discharge and promoting sustainable development.
{"title":"Development of wastewater quality index as an assessment tool of treated wastewater quality for sea discharge","authors":"Zainab Mohammed Redha, Qais Bu‐Ali, Anfal Yusuf Janahi, Maryam Mohamed AlQahtani, Reem Anas Buhindi","doi":"10.1111/wej.12940","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/wej.12940","url":null,"abstract":"The evaluation of the effluent water quality from wastewater treatment plants is fundamental for human health and aquatic environment considerations. Therefore, this research presents a new and specific water quality index for evaluating the effluent water discharged into the sea by integrating the complex set of wastewater qualities into a single reliable value. Two approaches were utilized for this purpose: experts' opinions and statistical analysis using principal component analysis. In the first approach, the opinions of local experts shortlisted the parameters into six important parameters out of a list of 19 with assigned weights varied from 0.160 to 0.174. In the statistical approach, principal component analysis and correlation analysis reduced the parameters to seven accounting for 75% of the variation in the data. Their weights were calculated based on their eigenvalues and ranged from 0.063 to 0.435. The subindices rating curves were developed based on the Kingdom of Bahrain's legislated standards and the weighted arithmetic mean function was used for the aggregation stage. The established water quality indices were applied to effluents from a local wastewater treatment plant, and the obtained results revealed “Class 1: excellent category” discharge quality maintained throughout the year as per the categories proposed in this work. The developed indices proved their effectiveness and reliability in assessing the treated water. The study provides a comprehensive and reliable assessment of treated water quality, and its approach and outputs could have significant implications globally for ensuring the quality of treated water prior its discharge and promoting sustainable development.","PeriodicalId":23753,"journal":{"name":"Water and Environment Journal","volume":"16 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141168360","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pakistan is on the brink of becoming a water‐scarce country as a result of a peak in population and rapid urbanization. This research investigates the awareness of water scarcity amongst the general public in Pakistan and their behaviour and attitude towards water conservation practices at the household level. The study incorporated the theory of planned behaviour to gain a better understanding of the phenomenon. Households were surveyed in Islamabad Capital City using a quantitative research approach. Descriptive analysis and Fischer's exact test were followed to measure the variables. Results demonstrated a significant awareness regarding water scarcity amongst the residents which influenced positive behaviour and attitudes towards water conservation in the households. Notably, the p‐value for water consumption patterns was found to be highly significant at 0.000 for activities such as laundry, gardening and car washing and less significant at 0.003 for bathing and 0.002 for housecleaning. It is concluded that water use is conditioned by dwelling characteristics and the types of devices employed in the houses. This comprehensive understanding is crucial for developing targeted interventions that resonate with diverse populations worldwide.
由于人口激增和快速城市化，巴基斯坦正濒临成为缺水国家的边缘。本研究调查了巴基斯坦公众对水资源短缺的认识，以及他们在家庭层面对节水做法的行为和态度。研究采用了计划行为理论来更好地理解这一现象。采用定量研究方法对首都伊斯兰堡的住户进行了调查。对变量进行了描述性分析和费舍尔精确检验。结果表明，居民对水资源短缺的认识程度很高，这影响了家庭节水的积极行为和态度。值得注意的是，在洗衣、园艺和洗车等活动中，用水模式的 p 值为 0.000，具有高度显著性；而在沐浴和家庭清洁活动中，p 值为 0.003 和 0.002，显著性较低。由此得出结论，用水量受住宅特征和住宅中使用的设备类型的影响。这种全面的认识对于制定有针对性的干预措施至关重要，这些干预措施应能引起全球不同人群的共鸣。
{"title":"Thirsty nation: An investigation into water scarcity and public conservation behaviour in Pakistan","authors":"Aimen Zulqarnain, Muhammad Ammad Khan","doi":"10.1111/wej.12930","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/wej.12930","url":null,"abstract":"Pakistan is on the brink of becoming a water‐scarce country as a result of a peak in population and rapid urbanization. This research investigates the awareness of water scarcity amongst the general public in Pakistan and their behaviour and attitude towards water conservation practices at the household level. The study incorporated the theory of planned behaviour to gain a better understanding of the phenomenon. Households were surveyed in Islamabad Capital City using a quantitative research approach. Descriptive analysis and Fischer's exact test were followed to measure the variables. Results demonstrated a significant awareness regarding water scarcity amongst the residents which influenced positive behaviour and attitudes towards water conservation in the households. Notably, the <jats:italic>p</jats:italic>‐value for water consumption patterns was found to be highly significant at 0.000 for activities such as laundry, gardening and car washing and less significant at 0.003 for bathing and 0.002 for housecleaning. It is concluded that water use is conditioned by dwelling characteristics and the types of devices employed in the houses. This comprehensive understanding is crucial for developing targeted interventions that resonate with diverse populations worldwide.","PeriodicalId":23753,"journal":{"name":"Water and Environment Journal","volume":"49 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140930213","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Toxic metal ion‐selective electrodes (TM‐ISEs) with simultaneously multiple high‐response properties (MHRPs) are urgently needed for continuous monitoring of contaminated water environment. Still, scarce reports exist from research in which electrodes developed possess those properties. To overcome this challenge, we previously proposed an IECQ index method for obtaining a few of Pb2+‐ISEs with MHRPs and a universal approach for selecting referable values of response characteristic ([RC]refer) for normalization. This research aims to select electrodes with MHRPs from 391 collected electrodes for five kinds of TM (Cd, Cu, Hg, Ag or Zn)‐ISEs (TM‐ISEs) reported in the literature, through the IECQ,i indices and the study of the IECQ screening capacity, that is, the magnitude of IECQ coverage. The higher coverages, from 63.60% to 100%, of four categories IECQ,i (IECQ,2B, IECQ,3C, etc.) to electrodes with high performance are observed, indicating their good screening abilities. For eight diverse needs, the 21 screened electrodes have MHRPs, and their excellent performances are comparable with those used in real‐time monitoring. The reliability of the monitored results would be improved if they were applied to the actual detection of TM ions.
{"title":"Screening the polymeric membrane toxic metals ion‐selective electrodes with multiple high‐response performances using electrode quality index","authors":"Lingzhi Sun, Chengjun Sun, Xianxiang Sun","doi":"10.1111/wej.12926","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/wej.12926","url":null,"abstract":"Toxic metal ion‐selective electrodes (TM‐ISEs) with simultaneously multiple high‐response properties (MHRPs) are urgently needed for continuous monitoring of contaminated water environment. Still, scarce reports exist from research in which electrodes developed possess those properties. To overcome this challenge, we previously proposed an <jats:italic>I</jats:italic><jats:sub>ECQ</jats:sub> index method for obtaining a few of Pb<jats:sup>2+</jats:sup>‐ISEs with MHRPs and a universal approach for selecting referable values of response characteristic ([<jats:italic>RC</jats:italic>]<jats:sub>refer</jats:sub>) for normalization. This research aims to select electrodes with MHRPs from 391 collected electrodes for five kinds of TM (Cd, Cu, Hg, Ag or Zn)‐ISEs (TM‐ISEs) reported in the literature, through the <jats:italic>I</jats:italic><jats:sub>ECQ,i</jats:sub> indices and the study of the <jats:italic>I</jats:italic><jats:sub>ECQ</jats:sub> screening capacity, that is, the magnitude of <jats:italic>I</jats:italic><jats:sub>ECQ</jats:sub> coverage. The higher coverages, from 63.60% to 100%, of four categories <jats:italic>I</jats:italic><jats:sub>ECQ,i</jats:sub> (<jats:italic>I</jats:italic><jats:sub>ECQ,2</jats:sub><jats:sup>B</jats:sup>, <jats:italic>I</jats:italic><jats:sub>ECQ,3</jats:sub><jats:sup>C</jats:sup>, etc.) to electrodes with high performance are observed, indicating their good screening abilities. For eight diverse needs, the 21 screened electrodes have MHRPs, and their excellent performances are comparable with those used in real‐time monitoring. The reliability of the monitored results would be improved if they were applied to the actual detection of TM ions.","PeriodicalId":23753,"journal":{"name":"Water and Environment Journal","volume":"30 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140930299","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Inter‐basin water transfer projects (WTPs) address water scarcity by lifting water uphill, posing energy challenges due to diverse topography. This study therefore analyses historical trends in WTP distance, average annual water volumes delivered, water lift and pumping capacity to develop the Water Transfer Energy Efficiency Index (WTEEI) and apply it for the assessment of WTPs. Results indicate that the WTEEI is a valuable tool for evaluating WTP energy efficiency. While no definitive trend in WTEEI values was observed, the findings suggest the need for monitoring of energy use of WTPs and more research to better understand and improve the energy efficiency of these large‐scale infrastructure projects. By introducing a simple, intuitive and rapid assessment tool for evaluating energy efficiency in WTPs, this study addresses a critical gap in the water–energy field, namely, the evaluation of energy usage in WTPs and the identification of energy‐efficiency improvements for current and future WTPs.
{"title":"Water Transfer Energy Efficiency Index for inter‐basin water transfer projects","authors":"Sooyeon Yi","doi":"10.1111/wej.12929","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/wej.12929","url":null,"abstract":"Inter‐basin water transfer projects (WTPs) address water scarcity by lifting water uphill, posing energy challenges due to diverse topography. This study therefore analyses historical trends in WTP distance, average annual water volumes delivered, water lift and pumping capacity to develop the Water Transfer Energy Efficiency Index (WTEEI) and apply it for the assessment of WTPs. Results indicate that the WTEEI is a valuable tool for evaluating WTP energy efficiency. While no definitive trend in WTEEI values was observed, the findings suggest the need for monitoring of energy use of WTPs and more research to better understand and improve the energy efficiency of these large‐scale infrastructure projects. By introducing a simple, intuitive and rapid assessment tool for evaluating energy efficiency in WTPs, this study addresses a critical gap in the water–energy field, namely, the evaluation of energy usage in WTPs and the identification of energy‐efficiency improvements for current and future WTPs.","PeriodicalId":23753,"journal":{"name":"Water and Environment Journal","volume":"29 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140831550","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Steven V. Rouse, Janet P. Trammell, Gary M. Bucciarelli, Dave Roberts, Lee B. Kats
With a growing need for efficient use of water in a large metropolitan community, a municipal water district has developed an experiential educational programme to help customers develop acceptance of purified recycled water (PRW). This programme involves touring a small‐scale working purification facility that does not provide consumer drinking water but serves as a demonstration centre. Two empirical studies demonstrated the positive impact of this educational program. In Study 1, a pre‐/post‐research design was used to examine scores on a measure of attitudes about PRW for 70 undergraduate students who were asked to tour the demonstration centre. These participants expressed more favourable attitudes after the tour than they expressed before the tour (t = 8.76, df = 68, p < 0.001, d = 1.06), suggesting that the demonstration centre positively impacted attitudes about PRW. In Study 2, an experimental design allowed for a comparison of attitudes about PRW for undergraduate students who were given an informational tour of the demonstration centre (n = 27), compared to students who did not tour the demonstration centre until after their data were collected (n = 30). Participants who toured the demonstration centre expressed more positive attitudes on a self‐report measure of PRW attitudes than those who had not completed the tour (t = 2.24, df = 50.0, p = 0.03, d = 0.60); however, the two groups did not differ in the amount of water they sampled (t = 0.29, df = 55.65, p = 0.77, d = 0.08) or in facial expressions associated with happiness (t = 1.34, df = 53.89, p = 0.19, d = 0.38) or disgust (t = 0.86, df = 53.14, p = 0.40, d = 0.39) when drinking a sample of water. Together, these studies demonstrate the effectiveness of an experiential demonstration centre in increasing positive attitudes towards purified recycled water.
{"title":"The effect of a brief educational programme for improving attitudes about purified recycled water","authors":"Steven V. Rouse, Janet P. Trammell, Gary M. Bucciarelli, Dave Roberts, Lee B. Kats","doi":"10.1111/wej.12928","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/wej.12928","url":null,"abstract":"With a growing need for efficient use of water in a large metropolitan community, a municipal water district has developed an experiential educational programme to help customers develop acceptance of purified recycled water (PRW). This programme involves touring a small‐scale working purification facility that does not provide consumer drinking water but serves as a demonstration centre. Two empirical studies demonstrated the positive impact of this educational program. In Study 1, a pre‐/post‐research design was used to examine scores on a measure of attitudes about PRW for 70 undergraduate students who were asked to tour the demonstration centre. These participants expressed more favourable attitudes after the tour than they expressed before the tour (<jats:italic>t</jats:italic> = 8.76, <jats:italic>df</jats:italic> = 68, <jats:italic>p</jats:italic> < 0.001, <jats:italic>d</jats:italic> = 1.06), suggesting that the demonstration centre positively impacted attitudes about PRW. In Study 2, an experimental design allowed for a comparison of attitudes about PRW for undergraduate students who were given an informational tour of the demonstration centre (<jats:italic>n</jats:italic> = 27), compared to students who did not tour the demonstration centre until after their data were collected (<jats:italic>n</jats:italic> = 30). Participants who toured the demonstration centre expressed more positive attitudes on a self‐report measure of PRW attitudes than those who had not completed the tour (<jats:italic>t</jats:italic> = 2.24, <jats:italic>df</jats:italic> = 50.0, <jats:italic>p</jats:italic> = 0.03, <jats:italic>d</jats:italic> = 0.60); however, the two groups did not differ in the amount of water they sampled (<jats:italic>t</jats:italic> = 0.29, <jats:italic>df</jats:italic> = 55.65, <jats:italic>p</jats:italic> = 0.77, <jats:italic>d</jats:italic> = 0.08) or in facial expressions associated with happiness (<jats:italic>t</jats:italic> = 1.34, <jats:italic>df</jats:italic> = 53.89, <jats:italic>p</jats:italic> = 0.19, <jats:italic>d</jats:italic> = 0.38) or disgust (<jats:italic>t</jats:italic> = 0.86, <jats:italic>df</jats:italic> = 53.14, <jats:italic>p</jats:italic> = 0.40, <jats:italic>d</jats:italic> = 0.39) when drinking a sample of water. Together, these studies demonstrate the effectiveness of an experiential demonstration centre in increasing positive attitudes towards purified recycled water.","PeriodicalId":23753,"journal":{"name":"Water and Environment Journal","volume":"20 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140810166","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Solomon Ali Yimam, Joon Wun Kang, Shimelis Kebede Kassahun
A multifactor interaction study was performed using the combined response surface methodology and an artificial neural network on the operational parameters and their influence on residual chlorine production. The operating variables, sodium chloride concentration, electrical potential, electrolysis time, and electrode gap, were evaluated over the response, residual chlorine and energy consumption. The results indicated that the optimum value for residual chlorine was 2450 mg/L achieved at an electrical potential of 8.8 V for 25 min in the presence of 25 g/L of sodium chloride and an electrode distance of 1 cm, and the optimum corresponding energy consumption was measured at 21.76 kWh/L. The study reveals that electric potential, sodium chloride concentration, and electrolysis time positively influence residual chlorine production. ANN models showed superior prediction ability compared with RSM models. This suggests electrolysis can be used for active chlorine production from saline solutions, potentially for industrial applications and water disinfection.
{"title":"Applications of integrated response surface methodology statistic techniques and artificial neural network‐based machine learning to optimize residual chlorine production and energy consumption","authors":"Solomon Ali Yimam, Joon Wun Kang, Shimelis Kebede Kassahun","doi":"10.1111/wej.12922","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/wej.12922","url":null,"abstract":"A multifactor interaction study was performed using the combined response surface methodology and an artificial neural network on the operational parameters and their influence on residual chlorine production. The operating variables, sodium chloride concentration, electrical potential, electrolysis time, and electrode gap, were evaluated over the response, residual chlorine and energy consumption. The results indicated that the optimum value for residual chlorine was 2450 mg/L achieved at an electrical potential of 8.8 V for 25 min in the presence of 25 g/L of sodium chloride and an electrode distance of 1 cm, and the optimum corresponding energy consumption was measured at 21.76 kWh/L. The study reveals that electric potential, sodium chloride concentration, and electrolysis time positively influence residual chlorine production. ANN models showed superior prediction ability compared with RSM models. This suggests electrolysis can be used for active chlorine production from saline solutions, potentially for industrial applications and water disinfection.","PeriodicalId":23753,"journal":{"name":"Water and Environment Journal","volume":"376 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140580363","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This study addresses the pressing issue of bilge water pollution from ships, a highly oily and hazardous wastewater source. The research employs the electrooxidation/flotation process, known for its effectiveness in organic matter removal. Key parameters, such as initial pH, current density and flow rate, were investigated for their impact on the removal of chemical oxygen demand (COD) and oil-grease (OG) from bilge water. Initial pH showed minimal effects on COD and OG removal, while current density significantly enhanced removal efficiency by influencing anodic electrochemical reactions. Conversely, higher flow rates reduced residence time and lowered removal efficiency. Optimal conditions, with a current density of 10 mA/cm2, pH 7.5 and a flow rate of 20 ml/min, achieved impressive results, removing approximately 80% of COD and 99% of OG from bilge water. These findings highlight the potential of this method for effective bilge water purification.
{"title":"The investigation of parameters affecting the treatment of synthetic bilge water by continuous electrooxidation/flotation process","authors":"Donya Akbarzadeh Yazdi, Alper Erdem Yilmaz, Sümeyye Güler, Okan Tarık Komesli","doi":"10.1111/wej.12921","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/wej.12921","url":null,"abstract":"This study addresses the pressing issue of bilge water pollution from ships, a highly oily and hazardous wastewater source. The research employs the electrooxidation/flotation process, known for its effectiveness in organic matter removal. Key parameters, such as initial pH, current density and flow rate, were investigated for their impact on the removal of chemical oxygen demand (COD) and oil-grease (OG) from bilge water. Initial pH showed minimal effects on COD and OG removal, while current density significantly enhanced removal efficiency by influencing anodic electrochemical reactions. Conversely, higher flow rates reduced residence time and lowered removal efficiency. Optimal conditions, with a current density of 10 mA/cm<sup>2</sup>, pH 7.5 and a flow rate of 20 ml/min, achieved impressive results, removing approximately 80% of COD and 99% of OG from bilge water. These findings highlight the potential of this method for effective bilge water purification.","PeriodicalId":23753,"journal":{"name":"Water and Environment Journal","volume":"19 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140580365","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Mpho Muloiwa, Megersa Olumana Dinka, Stephen Nyende‐Byakika
The solubility of oxygen in a liquid is limited/restricted by the gas–liquid film that prevents gas from dissolving in wastewater. Oxygen in the biological aeration unit (BAU) is required by microorganisms to survive and eliminate organic and inorganic matter. This study developed a volumetric mass transfer coefficient (KLa) model using Artificial Neural Network (ANN) algorithm. The performance of the KLa model was evaluated using coefficient of determination (R2), mean squared error (MSE), and root mean squared error (RMSE). KLa model produced R2 (0.852), MSE (0.0006), and RMSE (0.0245) during the testing phase. Biomass concentration (22.29%), aeration period (20.55%), and temperature (19.63%) contributed the highest towards the KLa model. KLa model showed that the BAU should be operated at high temperatures (35°C), low biomass concentration (1.65 g/L), and low aeration period (1 h) instead of high airflow (30 L/min). Temperature should be included in the modelling of the BAU, to achieve optimum KLa.
{"title":"An artificial neural network model for predicting volumetric mass transfer coefficient in the biological aeration unit","authors":"Mpho Muloiwa, Megersa Olumana Dinka, Stephen Nyende‐Byakika","doi":"10.1111/wej.12925","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/wej.12925","url":null,"abstract":"The solubility of oxygen in a liquid is limited/restricted by the gas–liquid film that prevents gas from dissolving in wastewater. Oxygen in the biological aeration unit (BAU) is required by microorganisms to survive and eliminate organic and inorganic matter. This study developed a volumetric mass transfer coefficient (K<jats:sub>L</jats:sub>a) model using Artificial Neural Network (ANN) algorithm. The performance of the K<jats:sub>L</jats:sub>a model was evaluated using coefficient of determination (R<jats:sup>2</jats:sup>), mean squared error (MSE), and root mean squared error (RMSE). K<jats:sub>L</jats:sub>a model produced R<jats:sup>2</jats:sup> (0.852), MSE (0.0006), and RMSE (0.0245) during the testing phase. Biomass concentration (22.29%), aeration period (20.55%), and temperature (19.63%) contributed the highest towards the K<jats:sub>L</jats:sub>a model. K<jats:sub>L</jats:sub>a model showed that the BAU should be operated at high temperatures (35°C), low biomass concentration (1.65 g/L), and low aeration period (1 h) instead of high airflow (30 L/min). Temperature should be included in the modelling of the BAU, to achieve optimum K<jats:sub>L</jats:sub>a.","PeriodicalId":23753,"journal":{"name":"Water and Environment Journal","volume":"85 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140580364","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Ionic liquids (ILs) are third-generation materials with broad industrial applications. However, their toxicity, non-biodegradability and water solubility render them persistent water pollutants. Consequently, IL degradation from water is an emerging topic of research interest nowadays. Sonolysis is one of the advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) based on ultrasound (US). During sonolysis, acoustic cavitation decomposes water into reactive hydroxyl (•OH) and hydrogen (•H) radicals, which then oxidize IL. This review discussed different AOPs for wastewater treatment reflecting their shortcomings, with a special focus on the operating conditions and effectiveness of US-based hybrid AOPs for IL degradation. The synergistic effects of US over other AOPs are investigated. Hybid-sonolysis has proven to significantly enhance IL mineralization in shorter reaction time by generating more reactive-free radicals in an aqueous medium at experimentally optimized conditions. Finally, this review identifies research gap and proposes future directions of IL degradation. It will serve as a valuable resource for future studies of IL degradation using US techniques.
离子液体（ILs）是第三代材料，具有广泛的工业用途。然而，其毒性、不可生物降解性和水溶性使其成为持久性水污染物。因此，从水中降解离子液体是当今一个新兴的研究课题。声解是基于超声波（US）的高级氧化工艺（AOPs）之一。在声解过程中，声空化作用会将水分解成活性羟基（-OH）和氢（-H）自由基，进而氧化 IL。本综述讨论了用于废水处理的不同 AOP，反映了它们的不足之处，并特别关注了基于 US 的混合 AOP 在降解 IL 方面的操作条件和有效性。研究了 US 与其他 AOPs 的协同效应。事实证明，在实验优化的条件下， Hybid-sonolysis 能在水介质中产生更多活性自由基，从而在更短的反应时间内显著提高 IL 矿化度。最后，本综述指出了IL降解方面的研究空白，并提出了未来的研究方向。它将成为今后利用 US 技术研究 IL 降解的宝贵资料。
{"title":"Acoustic cavitation oxidation of ionic liquids: A brief review","authors":"Santosh D. Ashtaputrey, Pratibha S. Agrawal","doi":"10.1111/wej.12924","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/wej.12924","url":null,"abstract":"Ionic liquids (ILs) are third-generation materials with broad industrial applications. However, their toxicity, non-biodegradability and water solubility render them persistent water pollutants. Consequently, IL degradation from water is an emerging topic of research interest nowadays. Sonolysis is one of the advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) based on ultrasound (US). During sonolysis, acoustic cavitation decomposes water into reactive hydroxyl (•OH) and hydrogen (•H) radicals, which then oxidize IL. This review discussed different AOPs for wastewater treatment reflecting their shortcomings, with a special focus on the operating conditions and effectiveness of US-based hybrid AOPs for IL degradation. The synergistic effects of US over other AOPs are investigated. Hybid-sonolysis has proven to significantly enhance IL mineralization in shorter reaction time by generating more reactive-free radicals in an aqueous medium at experimentally optimized conditions. Finally, this review identifies research gap and proposes future directions of IL degradation. It will serve as a valuable resource for future studies of IL degradation using US techniques.","PeriodicalId":23753,"journal":{"name":"Water and Environment Journal","volume":"15 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140324461","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Jun Qiu, Cang Ma, Hong‐Ru Wang, Hou‐Jun Li, Fang‐Fang Li
The construction and operation of large‐scale reservoirs alter the natural river flow regimes and destroy the original suitable reproduction and living conditions of aquatic organisms. Especially during the spawning season, the fluctuating water flow process is particularly important for fish reproduction. A bi‐objective optimization model considering both the environmental flow demand for fish spawning and the stability of hydropower output is established in this study and solved by one of the most widely used algorithms for multi‐objective problems, the Non‐Dominated Sorted Genetic Algorithm‐II. The derived Pareto Front can be used to guide reservoir operation during fish spawning seasons. The model proposed in this paper is applied to the Yangqu Reservoir, currently under construction on the upper Yellow River in China. The results show that the stability of hydropower output can still be improved by 4.80% to 10.56%, even if the environmental flow demand is taken into account. Even for the scheme preferring ecological recovery, the stability of hydropower output can be increased by more than 0.85%.
大型水库的建设和运行改变了河流的自然流态，破坏了水生生物原有的适宜繁殖和生存条件。特别是在鱼类产卵季节，波动的水流过程对鱼类繁殖尤为重要。本研究建立了一个既考虑鱼类产卵的环境流量需求，又考虑水电输出稳定性的双目标优化模型，并采用多目标问题最广泛应用的算法之一--非支配排序遗传算法 II 进行求解。得出的帕累托前沿可用于指导鱼类产卵季节的水库运行。本文提出的模型适用于中国黄河上游正在建设的阳曲水库。结果表明，即使考虑环境流量需求，水电输出的稳定性仍可提高 4.80% 至 10.56%。即使是优先考虑生态恢复的方案，水电出力的稳定性也可提高 0.85% 以上。
{"title":"Optimizing reservoir operation incorporating ecological demand and stability requirement","authors":"Jun Qiu, Cang Ma, Hong‐Ru Wang, Hou‐Jun Li, Fang‐Fang Li","doi":"10.1111/wej.12923","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/wej.12923","url":null,"abstract":"The construction and operation of large‐scale reservoirs alter the natural river flow regimes and destroy the original suitable reproduction and living conditions of aquatic organisms. Especially during the spawning season, the fluctuating water flow process is particularly important for fish reproduction. A bi‐objective optimization model considering both the environmental flow demand for fish spawning and the stability of hydropower output is established in this study and solved by one of the most widely used algorithms for multi‐objective problems, the Non‐Dominated Sorted Genetic Algorithm‐II. The derived Pareto Front can be used to guide reservoir operation during fish spawning seasons. The model proposed in this paper is applied to the Yangqu Reservoir, currently under construction on the upper Yellow River in China. The results show that the stability of hydropower output can still be improved by 4.80% to 10.56%, even if the environmental flow demand is taken into account. Even for the scheme preferring ecological recovery, the stability of hydropower output can be increased by more than 0.85%.","PeriodicalId":23753,"journal":{"name":"Water and Environment Journal","volume":"276 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140205333","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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