Veterinary ophthalmology最新文献

Purpose: To describe five cases of orbital lipoma in which surgery was successful and no long-term recurrence was observed.

Methods: A review of the medical records of dogs presenting with signs of orbital or periorbital disease and diagnosed with orbital lipoma in different practices in Spain and France was performed.

Results: Five cases with a mean (±SD) age of 9.32 (±1.95) years and different breeds were included. Three cases were referred for periocular mass, one for conjunctival mass, and one for exophthalmos. Computed tomography (CT) was performed in all cases and showed a well-defined hypoattenuating mass, not continuous with the orbital fat, compatible with orbital lipoma. Surgical management was based on the size and location of the lipomas. In all cases, the mass could be removed by blunt dissection. Histopathology confirmed fibrolipoma in two cases (one case with associated bone metaplasia), one simple lipoma, one infiltrating lipoma, and one chondrolipoma. Postoperative follow-up was uneventful, with no recurrence over 2 years after surgery in all cases.

Conclusion: Orbital and periorbital lipomas and their variants, although rare, may occur in dogs with clinical signs of orbital neoplasia. CT scan can predict the nature of the lesion as a lipoma. Surgical treatment is successful, with no recurrence more than 2 years after surgery. Histopathology is essential to determine the type of lipoma variant.

Objective: To map the disease locus for familial ocular melanosis (OM) in the Cairn Terrier.

Animals studied: Cairn Terriers with OM and normal control dogs.

Procedure: A genome-wide association study (GWAS) was performed using 63 OM-affected and 31 control Cairn Terriers, followed by haplotype analysis. A significantly associated single-nucleotide polymorphism was genotyped in a larger group of OM-affected and control Cairn Terriers. The coding and splice-site regions of genes mapping within the confidence interval were sequenced.

Results: A ~9.2 Mb region of chromosome 11 was significantly associated with OM. Haplotype analysis narrowed the region to 1.49 Mb. Genotyping of a SNP within the region showed 86% of OM-affected dogs were homozygous or heterozygous for the risk allele, whereas 78% of unaffected dogs were homozygous for the nonrisk allele. Sequencing of the coding regions and splice sites of four genes (c9orf72, IFNK, the 5' end of MOB3B, and the 3' end of LINGO2) and of a microRNA (MIR876) did not detect any genetic variants unique to OM-affected dogs.

Conclusion: OM in Cairn Terriers maps to a 1.49 Mb region of chromosome 11. This accounts for 86% of OM cases in our DNA bank. A second locus may account for the OM phenotype in the remaining 14% of cases. Sequencing of coding regions and splice sites of positional candidate genes and a microRNA did not reveal any genetic variants unique to affected dogs. Further studies are required to elucidate the DNA variant causal for OM in Cairn Terriers and to understand the disease mechanism.

Objective: To describe the case of a 12-year-old male African lion (Panthera leo) presented with ocular discharge, corneal edema, and buphthalmos of the right eye.

Procedures: Ocular ultrasonography showed an intraocular mass involving the iris and ciliary body. Enucleation was performed.

Results: Subsequent histopathological analysis revealed a pleomorphic pigmented neoplastic cell population infiltrating, expanding and effacing the iris and ciliary body and occupying the ciliary cleft. The histopathological and immunohistochemical features were consistent with a diffuse iris melanoma (DIM).

Conclusion: DIM is the most common primary intraocular neoplasm of domestic cats, but rarely reported in large felids. The prognosis in large felids is unknown and warrants identifying additional cases and careful monitoring of affected individuals.

Objective: To describe the ocular findings in dogs and cats after chemical injury by the Bronze Orange Bug (Musgraveia sulciventris), which is endemic to eastern Australia in Queensland and New South Wales.

Animals studied: Medical records were reviewed for the keywords "stink bug" between February 2013 and January 2023. Signalment, clinical signs, month at presentation, and affected eye(s) were recorded. Cases were divided into confirmed and suspected cases.

Results: Twenty-four confirmed and nine suspected cases were identified, consisting of 26 dogs and seven cats. There were 19 females (57.6%) and 14 males (42.4%). Median age at presentation was 1.9 (range 0.16-12.5) years, with a median weight of 6.1 (range 1.3-25) kilograms. All cases presented between August and May, with the majority (75.7%) presenting in summer. This correlates with the breeding life cycle of the Bronze Orange Bug. Unilateral presentation was more common (97%; n = 32) than bilateral (3%; n = 1) with an increased incidence of left eyes (60.6%; n = 20) compared to right eyes (36.4%; n = 12). Presenting signs included acute onset blepharospasm (100%), superficial corneal ulceration (90.9%), conjunctival hyperemia (87.8%), chemosis (60.6%), periocular swelling (51.5%), conjunctival ulceration (39.4%), third eyelid protrusion (39.4%), miosis (36.4%), corneal edema (36.4%), and aqueous flare (24.2%). The median time to resolution of clinical signs was 13 days.

Conclusions: The Bronze Orange Bug's defensive secretion causes acute onset ocular irritation consistent with acidic chemical burns in dogs and cats. Bronze Orange Bug exposure should be considered as a differential diagnosis in endemic areas, particularly during the summer months.

Purpose: This study describes the ocular findings in dogs and cats diagnosed with Florida spot keratopathy (FSK) at a single institution.

Methods: Affected animals underwent a single comprehensive ophthalmic examination, with no follow-ups conducted. Data on patient demographics and clinical findings were collected and analyzed.

Results: Based on the presence of round, white, fluorescein negative anterior stromal lesions, FSK was diagnosed in 84 dogs and 16 cats, with mean ± SD ages of 6.5 ± 3.7 and 5.9 ± 4.6 years, respectively. FSK was the presenting complaint in 18% of dogs and 12.5% of cats. Most patients had unilateral lesions, with 57% of dog eyes and 55% of cat eyes having more than three lesions per eye. Lesions varied in size (0.5-7.6 mm in dogs, pinpoint to 5 mm in cats) and were predominantly located in the central cornea of dogs, while scattered throughout the cornea of cats. Progression was reported in just 4% of dogs and 6% of cats, while transient irritation was reported in 18% of dogs and 12.5% of cats. Owners reported the presence of little fire ants (LFA) in the vicinity of 21% of dogs and 38% of cats.

Conclusions: FSK should be considered a differential diagnosis for transient ocular irritation in dogs and cats, with most lesions being non-progressive. While an association with LFA has been suggested in both animals and humans, this link remains speculative and has not been confirmed by rigorous academic research.

Objective: Determine the effect of oral macrocyclic lactone heartworm-preventative medications on retinal function and chromatic pupillary light reflex (cPLR) in healthy dogs.

Animals studied: Cross-sectional retrospective: 60 dogs (n = 33 females) with heartworm medication administration status and electroretinogram (ERG) data available. Prospective clinical study: 25 dogs (n = 10 females) had ERG performed, 18 of which had cPLR performed.

Procedures: Retrospective: ERG amplitudes/peak times were compared between dogs that had or had not received oral heartworm preventatives. Bivariate and multiple variable linear regression models were used to evaluate relationships between ERG testing and heartworm preventive administration status, age, and sex.

Prospective: ERG and cPLR testing were performed at a baseline visit (minimum 14 days since last preventative administration), and a second visit where ERG/cPLR testing was performed 4 h after oral preventative administration. Mixed effects models and Mann-Whitney U statistics were performed.

Results: Retrospective: There was no association between heartworm preventive administration status and ERG amplitudes or peak times (all p-values > 0.12).

Prospective: Heartworm preventative had no effect on light- and dark-adapted ERG amplitudes or peak times (all p-values > 0.56). Similarly, there was no effect on baseline pupil size (p = 0.83), nor on cPLR (p = 0.32).

Conclusion: No significant effects of oral macrocyclic lactones on retinal/cPLR function at preventative doses were identified. While small effects on retinal/cPLR function cannot be completely ruled out, it remains unlikely that these medications cause clinically significant visual deficits at prescribed doses, and proven antiparasitic benefits likely far outweigh small potential ophthalmic risks of administration.

Objective: To evaluate the effect of intravenous mannitol and hypertonic saline (HS) on intraocular pressure (IOP) and biometry parameters of horses with elevated intracranial pressure (ICP).

Procedures: Seven horses with normal ophthalmic exams were anesthetized and placed in lateral recumbency. A subarachnoid transducer was placed, and the head was lowered until ICP measured 40 mmHg +/- 2 mmHg. Five intravenous boluses of mannitol 20% (0.4 g/kg) or HS 7.2% (1 mL/kg) were administered, each 15 min apart. A 2-day washout period ensued, and the procedure was repeated with the other hyperosmotic agent. IOP via a TonoVet, axial length and vitreous chamber depth via biometry, and ICP via the subarachnoid transducer were monitored.

Results: No significant correlation between ICP and IOP was identified. Estimated marginal mean (EMM) reduction in IOP (comparing values 5 min post bolus to values at bolus administration) following mannitol and HS was 2.4 mmHg and 0.4 mmHg, respectively. Mean axial length EMM decreased by and increased by 0.1 mm following mannitol and HS, respectively. Mean vitreous chamber depth EMM was unchanged and increased by 0.1 mm following mannitol and HS, respectively. The EMM of the second HS bolus demonstrated an increase of 0.8 mm (95% confidence interval 0.01-1.5 mm) in axial length (p < 0.048), though the remaining individual bolus assessments were not statistically significant.

Conclusions: Intravenous mannitol and HS did not cause a significant change in IOP, axial length, or vitreous chamber depth in healthy, anesthetized, laterally recumbent horses in this experimental model of increased ICP.

Over 25% of people in the United States are affected by physical disabilities, leading to regular interactions between the disabled community and veterinary ophthalmology. However, various barriers hinder individuals with disabilities from accessing care for their pets, working in veterinary clinics, pursuing training as veterinarians and veterinary ophthalmologists, and continuing their careers as disabilities develop. This article explores strategies for the veterinary ophthalmology community to implement positive changes that enhance access and inclusivity within clinics and the profession at practical, institutional, and cultural levels.

Objective: To investigate the effects of a 0.02 mg/kg dose of intravenous buprenorphine on various ocular parameters in healthy dogs.

Animals: 25 healthy, client-owned dogs.

Methods: Objective parameters (intraocular pressure [IOP], pupil size [PS]) and subjective parameters (menace response, dazzle reflex, corneal reflex, globe position, and third eyelid position) were measured prior to and following administration of buprenorphine. Baseline data was first established by measuring ocular parameters 20 min prior to (T_-20) and immediately before (T₀) intravenous administration of a 0.02 mg/kg dose of buprenorphine. Data was then collected again at 10, 20, 30, and 45 min post-administration (T₁₀, T₂₀, T₃₀, and T₄₅ respectively).

Results: There was no significant change in any parameter measured in the baseline data, between T_-20 and T₀. No significant change was observed in the subjective parameters at any of the time points measured in the post-drug administration period. There was a significant decrease in PS between T₀ and T₁₀ (p < .05) which continued to decrease significantly across timepoints. Both eyes showed a significant, but transient increase in IOP. This increase was followed by a significant decrease in IOP OD and an approaching significant decrease in IOP OS. All variations in IOP remained within the normal canine range.

Conclusions: A 0.02 mg/kg dose of intravenous buprenorphine impacts both PS and IOP and, therefore, should be used with caution in select diseases where effects on pupil size and intraocular pressure may cause additional harm.

Objective: To describe a medial orbital reconstruction using titanium mesh after surgical excision of a multilobular osteochondrosarcoma (MLO) in a dog.

Study design: Case report.

Methods: A 9-year-old, castrated, male Siberian Husky was treated for left orbital MLO causing left enophthalmia and lateral displacement of the left globe. A surgical excision was completed, with preservation of the globe. The medial orbit was reconstructed with titanium mesh.

Results: The patient recovered uneventfully. Histopathology confirmed MLO, grade II with complete excision. At the 2-week follow-up, there was persistent mild enophthalmia, but the patient was asymptomatic. No thoracic metastasis, local recurrence or enophthalmia was noted at the 6 months recheck.

Conclusion: The use of titanium mesh restored the medial orbit and provided excellent functional and cosmetic outcomes. No major complications were noted up to 6 months postoperatively.

Clinical significance: Titanium mesh can be used to reconstruct the medial aspect of the orbit in dogs.