Veterinary ophthalmology最新文献

Objective: To describe the diagnosis and treatment of a Mycobacterium avium (M. avium) infection in a cat following subdermal hyaluronic acid (HA) filler injection.

Animal studied: A five-year-old spayed female domestic shorthair cat with chronic inferior lateral entropion and chronic feline atopic skin syndrome (FASS).

Procedures: Left inferior eyelid swelling and ipsilateral mandibular lymphadenomegaly developed approximately 2 weeks following subdermal HA injection OU. Culture of a fine needle aspirate (FNA) from the affected lymph node confirmed a Mycobacterium avium subsp. hominissuis infection resistant to most conventional antibiotics including fluoroquinolones and rifampin. Clinical response to sustained clarithromycin was poor and antitubercular isoniazid was poorly tolerated. As adjunctive therapy, two sequential intralesional injections with amikacin (12.5 mg/kg total dose per treatment) were performed into the affected eyelid and lymph node. Clinical reductions in eyelid swelling and lymphadenomegaly were observed thereafter. Approximately 4 months after diagnosis, mycobacterial PCR from an FNA of the affected lymph node was negative. Antibiotic therapy was completed approximately 6 months following diagnosis. No clinical signs of infection recurrence were present at the time of writing approximately 18 months following completion of antibiotic therapy.

Conclusions: Non-tuberculous mycobacterial (NTM) infections are a known and documented complication of subdermal filler injections in human patients. This is the first described case of NTM infection associated with HA injection in a cat. Treatment success with conventional oral antibiotics may be limited, necessitating extended therapeutic courses and alternative drug delivery routes like intralesional injection.

Objective: To evaluate the accuracy and clinical applicability of the handheld autorefractor Retinomax K+ Screen in comparison to manual streak retinoscopy in non-cyclopleged dogs.

Methods: Thirty-four dogs (68 eyes) of 15 different breeds underwent comprehensive ophthalmic examination and refractive assessment using streak retinoscopy and handheld autorefraction. Statistical analyses included the Wilcoxon signed-rank test, Bland-Altman analysis, and Spearman's rank correlation (α = 0.05).

Results: Autorefraction was successfully performed in 57 of 68 eyes; 11 eyes were excluded due to insufficient measurement quality. Retinoscopy yielded a mean spherical equivalent of 0.13 ± 1.04 diopters (D), while autorefraction produced significantly more hyperopic values (mean 0.98 ± 1.66 D; p < 0.001). Bland-Altman analysis demonstrated wide limits of agreement (-2.52 to +4.10 D), indicating substantial variability. A moderate positive correlation was found between methods (ρ = 0.49; p < 0.001).

Conclusions: The Retinomax K+ Screen provides rapid, non-invasive refractive measurements but systematically overestimates hyperopia and exhibits considerable variability compared to retinoscopy. Despite fast acquisition, inconsistent results and reduced reliability under suboptimal conditions limit the clinical precision of the autorefractor and its use as a screening tool appears questionable under clinical conditions.

This study aimed to characterize the ocular biometry of the Trichechus manatus manatus applying B-mode ultrasonography across different age groups. Twenty-two animals were assessed employing a portable ultrasound device equipped with a linear transducer. Five ocular parameters were assessed: corneal thickness (CT), anterior chamber depth (ACD), axial lens length (ALL), vitreous chamber depth (VCD), and axial globe length (AGL). Data were statistically analyzed at a 5% significance level based on normality and variance. The mean values (cm) for the right eye of calves, juveniles, and adults were, respectively, CT (0.082 ± 0.012; 0.088 ± 0.011; 0.091 ± 0.010), ACD (0.040 ± 0.005; 0.051 ± 0.008; 0.052 ± 0.007), ALL (0.345 ± 0.028; 0.367 ± 0.016; 0.414 ± 0.020), VCD (1.137 ± 0.076; 1.155 ± 0.062; 1.161 ± 0.089), and AGL (1.606 ± 0.098; 1.663 ± 0.071; 1.720 ± 0.094). Values for the left eye were CT (0.082 ± 0.012; 0.088 ± 0.012; 0.087 ± 0.011), ACD (0.041 ± 0.008; 0.048 ± 0.006; 0.052 ± 0.007), ALL (0.345 ± 0.028; 0.381 ± 0.027; 0.411 ± 0.025), VCD (1.147 ± 0.076; 1.174 ± 0.045; 1.166 ± 0.086), and AGL (1.617 ± 0.086; 1.693 ± 0.062; 1.717 ± 0.095). CT, VCD, and AGL were similar across age groups, while ACD and ALL increased with age. Positive correlations between body length and ocular parameters were significant only in calves. Ocular ultrasonography is, thus, an effective, safe, and reproducible tool for ophthalmic evaluations in T. m. manatus.

This report describes the clinical, gross, histopathological, immunohistochemical, and therapeutic aspects of a spontaneous melanocytic iris melanoma in a rabbit, representing the first documented case of this condition in the species in the semiarid region of the state of Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil. A 2-year-old, mixed-breed female rabbit was referred to the Wildlife Department presenting an inadequate diet based on food intended for human consumption. According to the anamnesis, the patient had previously received ocular treatment but later developed bleeding in the right eye. On ophthalmic clinical examination, there was active hemorrhage and ocular rupture, leading to an indication for surgical enucleation. A transpalpebral enucleation was performed, and the eyeball was fixed in 10% buffered formalin and submitted for histopathological evaluation. Histopathological analysis revealed a moderately cellular, unencapsulated, and poorly demarcated neoplasm of the iris and ciliary body, composed of spindloid and anaplastic melanocytic cells containing brown granular pigment, with 12 mitotic figures observed in 2.37 mm². For immunohistochemical evaluation, melanin bleaching was performed, and a melanoma cocktail (HMB-45, Melan-A/MART-1, and Tyrosinase) along with the proliferation marker Ki-67 was used. The neoplastic cells showed diffuse cytoplasmic immunoreactivity for all melanocytic markers and nuclear labeling for Ki-67, with a nuclear proliferation index of 38%, confirming the diagnosis of melanocytic iris melanoma. Excision of the eyeball using the transpalpebral technique was effective in the treatment of this neoplasm, providing a favorable prognosis. This case highlights the importance of considering iris melanoma as a differential diagnosis for ocular lesions in rabbits.

Background: Osseous metaplasia is a rare condition characterized by abnormal bone growth in soft tissues. Although documented in mammals, intraocular osseous metaplasia is uncommon in avian species and has been poorly characterized in turkeys (Meleagris gallopavo).

Case presentation: An adult Norfolk Black turkey presented with progressive buphthalmos, caseous ocular discharge, and complete vision loss confined to the left eye. Owing to the poor prognosis, enucleation was performed. Gross examination revealed a friable, caseous, yellow-white intraocular mass with retinal and vitreous involvement. Histopathological examination revealed abundant osteoid matrix and osseous trabeculae, intense neovascularization, heterophilic infiltration, and areas resembling the medullary bone.

Discussion: Histopathological findings support the diagnosis of intraocular osseous metaplasia, which is distinct from normal scleral ossicles in birds. Chronic inflammation and longstanding retinal detachment may trigger differentiation of retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) into osteoblast-like cells, contributing to osseous metaplasia in the ciliary body. Intraocular bone formation in birds remains poorly understood, and further investigation of its pathogenesis is warranted.

Conclusion: This report describes a well-characterized case of intraocular osseous metaplasia in a turkey. Recognition of this uncommon condition is essential when considering the differential diagnoses of intraocular masses in avian species, emphasizing the diagnostic value of histopathological evaluation. Further studies are warranted to explore the possible systemic involvement and to elucidate the underlying etiologies, including chronic inflammation and trauma.

Diversity, equity, and inclusion (DEI) have become defining priorities within veterinary ophthalmology, as reflected in editorial leadership, association-level initiatives, and professional development programs. To translate these professional commitments into daily practice requires more than isolated efforts by individual practitioners. This paper proposes disclosure-responsivity cycles as a practical framework to empower leaders to embed DEI concepts into their daily operations. Disclosure is an individual's decision to share personal or professional information (e.g., acknowledge medical errors or reveal identity characteristics). Responsivity describes the degree to which individuals feel supported after disclosure, both interpersonally and organizationally. Research shows that when organizations are consistently responsive, disclosure reduces psychological strain, builds trust, and enhances inclusivity. The key challenge, therefore, is to cocreate organizations that support disclosure with fair and reliable responsivity. Drawing on organizational theory, change management, and veterinary literature, this paper identifies four domains where disclosure-responsivity cycles can be institutionalized: shared vision, communication channels, competency development, and policy transparency. Together, these domains create interdependent systems that embed DEI into daily practice. For veterinary ophthalmologists, this framework offers a path to cultivate organizations that are adaptive, inclusive, and resilient.

Purpose: To characterize the clinical features of idiopathic unilateral transient miosis in dogs.

Methods: Owner- and veterinarian-completed questionnaires were analyzed to identify and characterize dogs with idiopathic unilateral transient miosis.

Results: Seventy-eight dogs met the inclusion criteria, showing no additional ocular or systemic abnormalities. Australian Shepherds (ASH), ASH mixes (n = 41), and Miniature Australian Shepherds (MASH) (n = 15) were markedly overrepresented, while other breeds were only sporadically affected. The merle phenotype was documented in 70% of cases, and 61% of affected dogs were female. The mean age at onset of the first episode was 6.5 months. Miosis was reported after sleep in 74% of cases and following physical activity in 22%. Blue eyes were affected in 76% of dogs, light-colored irises in 6%, heterochromatic eyes in 8%, and brown eyes in 13%. The median episode duration was 30 min. Recurrent episodes were reported in 71% of dogs (median: 2 episodes), with side alternation occurring in 62% of these cases. No significant interbreed differences were observed.

Conclusions: Idiopathic unilateral transient miosis, in the absence of other ocular or systemic disease, occurs predominantly in young dogs and is seen across various breeds and eye colors. Australian Shepherds, Miniature Australian Shepherds, the merle phenotype, blue eyes, and females were disproportionately represented in this cohort. Episodes were most commonly observed after sleep, typically lasted around 30 min, and recurred in more than half of affected dogs. To the authors' knowledge, this is the first report of idiopathic unilateral transient miosis in dogs.

Socioeconomic privilege significantly impacts access to the veterinary profession by creating barriers related to educational resources, exposure, mentorship, and financial challenges. Individuals from low socioeconomic backgrounds face systemic inequities that result in disparities in demographic representation, professional opportunities, and overall wellbeing within the profession. Addressing these challenges can bridge gaps in care, enhance recruitment, and cultivate a workforce that better reflects the communities it serves. These findings underscore the urgent need for innovative strategies to foster a more diverse and inclusive veterinary profession.

Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the use of a topical antiseptic eye drop after corneal debridement in dogs with spontaneous chronic corneal epithelial defects (SCCEDs).

Methods: This prospective, randomized, blinded study included 99 dogs presenting with SCCEDs. Each dog was treated with diamond burr debridement (DBD) and then randomized into one of two groups. One group was treated with topical antiseptic (Septostil, SG) four times daily (QID), and the other group was treated with topical cefazolin QID (CG). Follow-up was performed at 1 (T1), 2 (T2), and 4 (T3) weeks after DBD, and success was considered when re-epithelialization occurred after DBD.

Results: In total, 104 eyes were included. Fifty eyes were treated with cefazolin and 54 with antiseptic. The success rates were 94.4% (51/54) in the SG (95% confidence interval [CI], 84.9%-98.1%) and 92% (46/50) in the CG (95% CI, 81.2%-96.8%), with no statistical difference (p = 0.708). The median healing times were 14 days (95% CI, 7-14) for the CG and 14 days (95% CI, 14-14) for the SG, without statistical difference (p = 0.873). Skull conformation and previous antibiotics or anti-inflammatory drugs before DBD did not influence epithelial healing time, whereas female participants showed faster healing times than male participants.

Conclusions: Septostil did not show significant differences in terms of re-epithelialization or healing time compared with antibiotics. The application of antiseptic eye drops could represent a promising approach for topical prophylactic treatment following SCCEDs in dogs; however, these findings are preliminary, and larger studies are needed to draw definitive conclusions.

Objective: To determine the effect of clinic versus home environments on intraocular pressure (IOP) measurements in normotensive dogs.

Animals: Forty client-owned normotensive dogs.

Methods: In a prospective crossover study, 40 normotensive dogs were included following a complete ophthalmic examination. IOPs were measured in both eyes for each dog using a TonoVet rebound tonometer by a single observer. IOPs were measured in the clinic after the ophthalmic examination, and in the home upon initial entry by the observer (t = 0) and 10 min later (t = 10). Paired t-tests were performed to compare IOP in the clinic versus home and adjusted p < 0.05 followed by the Holm-Šídák correction were considered significant.

Results: Mean IOP in the clinic (15.7 mmHg ±2.7) was significantly higher than mean IOP in the home at both t = 0 (14.2 mmHg ±2.2; p < 0.0001) and t = 10 (12.9 mmHg ±1.9; p < 0.0001). Mean IOP in the home at t = 0 (14.2 mmHg ±2.2) was significantly higher than mean IOP in the home at t = 10 (12.9 mmHg ±1.9; p = 0.0001). There was no significant effect of testing site sequence on IOP.

Conclusion: IOPs measured by tonometry in the clinic are elevated relative to IOPs obtained in the home, by up to 10 mmHg in one eye in this study. Changes in IOP may be rapid, as seen with the significant reduction in IOP over 10 min of acclimation in the home setting. Veterinarians should consider these findings when interpreting IOP values, especially in dogs that are stressed by the clinic environment.