Veterinary ophthalmology最新文献

Objective: To determine factors that may affect the onset of glaucoma in the unaffected, contralateral eye of dogs with primary angle-closure glaucoma (PACG).

Animal studied: One hundred and seventeen dogs unilaterally affected by PACG.

Procedures: Multicenter retrospective study. Patient factors, examination findings, prophylactic treatments, and treatment failure dates were recorded. Treatment failure was defined as glaucoma onset in the contralateral eye (IOP > 25 mmHg); death prior to a second diagnosis was treated as a competing risk. Cumulative incidence plots and Cox proportional hazard models were used to visualize and test for associations between baseline characteristics and time to treatment failure.

Results: Mean age at first diagnosis was 8.3 years and 69.2% were female. Within 5 years, 70.9% of dogs with unilateral PACG developed glaucoma in the contralateral eye. Median time to treatment failure was 2.15 years. The most common purebred dogs were the Cocker Spaniel, Basset Hound, and Shih Tzu. Dogs with an initial diagnosis in the left eye had a 1.8-fold increased risk of treatment failure of the right eye. Time to treatment failure was not different between dogs receiving prophylactic topical carbonic anhydrase inhibitors versus beta-blockers, nor in dogs receiving versus not receiving topical corticosteroids.

Conclusions: No treatment regimen was found to be superior to another for PACG prophylaxis. Future prospective studies are warranted to investigate complementary glaucoma management strategies.

Objective: To describe a novel minimally invasive surgical approach to treatment of a nasolacrimal duct cyst in a dog and outcome.

Animal studied: A 10-year-old, male entire, Springer Spaniel with a chronic right-sided maxillary swelling and associated right eye epiphora and sneezing.

Procedure: Computed tomography with dacryocystography confirmed a cystic structure and destruction of the right maxilla and zygomatic bone with invasion of the nasal cavity. Obstruction of the nasolacrimal duct was confirmed. Rhinoscopy was performed allowing visualization of the ventromedial wall of the cyst. Under direct visualization, dacryocystorhinostomy was performed and the wall of the cyst was ablated with the aid of a thulium laser fiber.

Results: No intraoperative complications occurred during the procedure. Full resolution of clinical signs was noted within 2 weeks of treatment. No recurrence had occurred on long-term follow-up at 32 months.

Conclusions: Laser-assisted dacrocystorhinostomy under direct visualization was successful in the treatment and resolution of a nasolacrimal duct cyst (dacryops) in this case.

Objective: To evaluate the levels of trace elements in the tear film of healthy dogs.

Animals studied: Twenty-five healthy Labrador retrievers.

Procedures: Tear samples were collected from the ventral conjunctival fornix of each dog using a Schirmer tear test strip. Elemental analysis was conducted using the particle-induced X-ray emission (PIXE) method with a 1.7 MV Pelletron accelerator. Trace element levels were compared across all dogs using the Kruskal-Wallis test with post hoc Tukey analysis and between male and female dogs using the Mann-Whitney test.

Results: The study included 14 neutered males and 11 spayed females, with a mean (±SD) age of 19.8 ± 3.1 months (range 14.3-26.5, median 18.8 months). Elemental analysis of tear samples revealed the presence of calcium (Ca), chloride (Cl), iron (Fe), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), sodium (Na), and sulfur (S). The median ± SEM peak area levels were highest for Cl (69 530 ± 1432) and K (5782 ± 514), followed by S (3545 ± 772), Na (3387 ± 159), P (1408 ± 160), Ca (593 ± 85), and Fe (276 ± 206). Compared to males, female dogs had significantly higher peak areas for S (2272 ± 549 vs. 4389 ± 1484, p = 0.037) and Ca (536 ± 76 vs. 800 ± 148, p = 0.029).

Conclusions: This study provides a detailed assessment of the trace element composition in the tear film of healthy dogs. These findings enhance our understanding of canine ocular surface physiology and may have potential implications for the diagnosis and management of ocular surface diseases in dogs.

A 15-year-old Swiss Warmblood gelding was presented to the ophthalmology service of Zurich University due to severe visual impairment. Ophthalmic and neurologic examinations were performed, raising suspicion of post-retinal blindness. Standing contrast computed tomography (CT) of the head revealed a partially calcified, soft tissue attenuating mass in the sphenopalatine sinus with concurrent compression of the optic nerves and chiasm. Differential diagnosis included neoplasia and granulomatous disease. The horse was euthanized, and the head was subsequently examined by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) followed by gross and histopathology. MRI showed compression of the optic nerves and chiasm. Histopathology revealed the formation of fibrous granulation tissue, osseous metaplasia, and pyogranulomatous inflammation in the sphenopalatine sinus. Periodic acid-Schiff reaction and Grocott silver staining demonstrated branching septated filament hyphae and fungal spores. The optic nerves and chiasm were evident of mild neuronal atrophy, showing mild gliosis, vacuolation, and mild lympho-plasmacytic inflammation. Mycotic sphenopalatine sinusitis should be considered as a more specific diagnosis for post-retinal blindness in horses due to the compression of the optic nerve(s) and chiasm.

Purpose: To determine whether the differences in intraocular pressure (IOP) change after the topical application of 0.5% tropicamide and 0.5% phenylephrine (TP) are due to anatomical variations in the anterior chamber using ultrasound biomicroscopy (UBM).

Methods: Prospective clinical data from 27 eyes of 14 dogs with normal eye conditions were analyzed. IOP and UBM measurements were taken before and 30 min after administering a topical TP. Dogs were categorized into two groups based on an IOP increase criterion of 4 mmHg: the high group and the stable group. Parameters measured included the iridocorneal angle (ICA), angle-opening distance (AOD), ciliary cleft width (CCW), length (CCL), area (CCA), ciliary body axial length (CBAXL), and ciliary process-sclera angle (CPSA).

Results: Both groups showed a statistically significant decrease in ICA and an increase in AOD. However, in the stable group, CPSA increased, CBAXL decreased, and CCA increased, whereas in the high group, CPSA and CBAXL did not change significantly, and CCA decreased.

Conclusion: In the stable group, although the pupil dilated, the ciliary body relaxed, leading to an increase in the CCA. Conversely, in the high group, the pupil dilated, and the ciliary body remained unrelaxed, resulting in a reduction in the CCA. These iridociliary changes with pupil dilation increase the risk of elevated IOP. Therefore, an increase in IOP following TP administration may serve as a prognostic indicator for possible glaucoma risk.

Objective: To assess the challenges faced by specialists and current residents with neurodevelopmental differences (neurominorities) throughout their careers, including the solutions and accommodations that have worked for them.

Subjects studied: 162 specialty veterinarians, 53 current residents.

Procedures: An online survey was distributed to neurominority specialists and residents through gatekeeper organizations (specialty colleges). The survey asked respondents to identify challenges they experienced during their veterinary training career and rank how much of an impact their neurominority status had on those challenges. Chi-square tests compared the distribution of challenges between respondents with specific neurotypes. Open-ended questions gathered qualitative information on solutions and accommodations.

Results: The most responses came from Emergency and Critical Care (19.07%) and Laboratory Animal Medicine (18.14%). Attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) was the most common neurotype (73.02%). ADHD was consistently associated with challenges around executive functioning, while autism spectrum conditions (ASC) were more likely to describe challenges with social interactions and masking. Respondents with ADHD were more likely to report an increase in the impact of their neurotype over time. Respondents described that not knowing about their diagnoses earlier presented challenges. Solutions included therapy, medication, self-acceptance, and personalized accommodations. Neurominorities highlighted positive strengths such as empathy, creativity, and attention to detail. Veterinarians in this survey expressed a need for more awareness and acceptance of neurodiversity within the profession.

Conclusions: The results of this survey support the need for increased awareness and acceptance of neurominorities in veterinary medicine and an understanding of the unique challenges they face during their careers.

Objective: To compare two large language models (ChatGPT-5, Gemini 2.5 Pro) with experienced and novice veterinarians on canine and feline fundus cases, and to assess the relationship between perceived case difficulty and diagnostic performance.

Animals studied: Forty-three client-owned cases were sampled from 200 ophthalmology records.

Procedure(s): Each case included signalment, history, and fundus photographs. Two experienced veterinarians, two novice veterinarians, and two LLMs independently selected findings and provided diagnosis from options. Participants rated difficulty (Very Easy-Hard). Group differences were tested with Kruskal-Wallis and Dunn-Bonferroni procedures; associations with difficulty used Spearman's ρ; paired proportions used Cochran's Q with Holm-adjusted McNemar tests.

Results: Experts achieved the highest accuracies (findings: 73.3% and 61.6%; diagnosis: 86.0% and 66.3%), significantly outperforming LLMs and novices (all adjusted p < 0.05). LLM finding accuracies were 52.0% (ChatGPT-5) and 49.3% (Gemini 2.5 Pro), both above novices (28.3% and 26.9%). LLM diagnosis accuracies were lower (ChatGPT-5: 37.2%, Gemini 2.5 Pro: 37.2%) but still numerically higher than novices (23.1% and 22.5%). Expert accuracy declined with increasing case difficulty, whereas LLM performance was comparatively stable (ChatGPT-5 range 2.37-3.86; Gemini 2.5 Pro 2.00-2.95). Difficulty correlated negatively with Expert 2 totals (ρ = -0.70, p < 0.0001) but not with LLMs (|ρ| ≤ 0.17, p ≥ 0.28).

Conclusions: Experienced veterinarians are most accurate in fundus interpretation, but their performance declines with increasing difficulty. LLMs, though less accurate, remain stable across cases and outperform novices, indicating value as training or decision-support tools. Future studies should assess whether expert-LLM collaboration enhances accuracy and efficiency.

Objective: To evaluate the postoperative effect of transzonular intravitreal triamcinolone-moxifloxacin compared to subconjunctival triamcinolone administered during phacoemulsification in dogs.

Animals studied: Forty-eight dogs (96 eyes) undergoing bilateral phacoemulsification and intraocular lens implantation.

Procedures: All dogs undergoing phacoemulsification and intraocular lens implantation received transzonular intravitreal triamcinolone-moxifloxacin (TITM) in one eye and subconjunctival triamcinolone (SCT) in the contralateral eye. Aqueous flare (AF), anterior chamber fibrin formation (FF), pigment precipitates (PP) on the intraocular lens, posterior capsular opacification (PCO), corneal edema (CE), and intraocular pressure (IOP) were assessed 1 day, 1 week, 2-3 weeks, 4-6 weeks, 8-12 weeks, and ≥ 3 months postoperatively.

Results: There was no difference in AF over time (p > 0.05); however, at 2-3 weeks postoperatively, the average AF was statistically greater (p = 0.01) in the TITM group compared to the SCT group. At three postoperative time points, IOP was significantly different (p < 0.05) between TITM and SCT eyes, but remained within a normal reference range. In both groups, IOP significantly decreased (p < 0.05) over time.

Conclusions: In the parameters evaluated, including overall visual outcome and surgical success, no clinically relevant differences between groups were appreciable. TITM and SCT, used adjunctively to postoperative topical ophthalmic and oral anti-inflammatories, appear to be acceptable techniques for administering a local ocular corticosteroid during canine phacoemulsification, but whether they provide any synergistic or additive effect remains unclear.

Objective: To evaluate the in vitro efficacy of photodynamic antimicrobial chemotherapy (PACT) using TONS504, a newly developed hydrophilic and cationic photosensitizer, under a blue light emitting diode (LED) against antimicrobial-resistant bacteria isolated from dogs with keratitis.

Methods: Three bacterial strains (i.e., methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus pseudintermedius, extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa), isolated from two dogs with keratitis, were used in this study after antimicrobial susceptibility tests. PACT using TONS504 (0.1-100 mg/L) was performed under a 405-nm LED at 30 J/cm² (20 mW/cm², 25 min) against bacterial suspensions (1.0 × 10^7-8 CFU). Bacterial strains that were unexposed, exposed to TONS504 only, or exposed to blue light only served as controls. Antimicrobial effects were assessed by calculating the survival fraction based on the assessment of colony-forming units (CFU) on agar plates.

Results: Exposure to TONS504 or blue light only did not decrease the bacterial survival fraction against any of the strains. After TONS504-PACT under blue light against S. pseudintermedius, no colonies were observed at any TONS504 concentration, resulting in an approximate reduction of 2.3 × 10⁸ in the survival fraction. TONS504-PACT under blue light against E. coli and P. aeruginosa at 10 mg/L of TONS504 showed the greatest reduction in survival fraction, and the reduction was substantially lower than those of the respective controls.

Conclusions: TONS504-PACT under blue light exhibited satisfactory activity against antimicrobial-resistant bacteria in vitro. Further research on the safety and clinical efficacy of TONS504-PACT under blue light is required; however, it is a potential treatment for antimicrobial-resistant bacterial keratitis in veterinary ophthalmology.