Veterinary ophthalmology最新文献

Purpose: This study describes the ocular findings in dogs and cats diagnosed with Florida spot keratopathy (FSK) at a single institution.

Methods: Affected animals underwent a single comprehensive ophthalmic examination, with no follow-ups conducted. Data on patient demographics and clinical findings were collected and analyzed.

Results: Based on the presence of round, white, fluorescein negative anterior stromal lesions, FSK was diagnosed in 84 dogs and 16 cats, with mean ± SD ages of 6.5 ± 3.7 and 5.9 ± 4.6 years, respectively. FSK was the presenting complaint in 18% of dogs and 12.5% of cats. Most patients had unilateral lesions, with 57% of dog eyes and 55% of cat eyes having more than three lesions per eye. Lesions varied in size (0.5-7.6 mm in dogs, pinpoint to 5 mm in cats) and were predominantly located in the central cornea of dogs, while scattered throughout the cornea of cats. Progression was reported in just 4% of dogs and 6% of cats, while transient irritation was reported in 18% of dogs and 12.5% of cats. Owners reported the presence of little fire ants (LFA) in the vicinity of 21% of dogs and 38% of cats.

Conclusions: FSK should be considered a differential diagnosis for transient ocular irritation in dogs and cats, with most lesions being non-progressive. While an association with LFA has been suggested in both animals and humans, this link remains speculative and has not been confirmed by rigorous academic research.

Objective: To describe the procedure and outcome of electrochemotherapy (ECT) with bleomycin as a first-line treatment for bilateral ocular surface squamous neoplasia (OSSN) in the eye of a horse.

Animal studied: A client-owned 5-year-old Haflinger gelding with limbal-conjunctival squamous cell carcinoma.

Procedures: During general and local anesthesia, injection of bleomycin in the ocular tumor was followed by electroporation, applied with a 15 mm needle electrode, needles held parallel to the ocular surface.

Results: Treatment with ECT resulted in therapeutic electric pulses and complete tumor response with no recurrence during follow-up. Tumor toxicity as a result of treatment was mild, with no adverse effect to normal tissue.

Conclusions: In this case of bilateral ocular tumors, staged ECT with bleomycin was shown to be a safe and effective treatment with complete tumor remission and no recurrence during the observation period. The result suggests ECT as a possible treatment in ocular tumors, with further research recommended.

Objective: To describe the ocular findings in dogs and cats after chemical injury by the Bronze Orange Bug (Musgraveia sulciventris), which is endemic to eastern Australia in Queensland and New South Wales.

Animals studied: Medical records were reviewed for the keywords "stink bug" between February 2013 and January 2023. Signalment, clinical signs, month at presentation, and affected eye(s) were recorded. Cases were divided into confirmed and suspected cases.

Results: Twenty-four confirmed and nine suspected cases were identified, consisting of 26 dogs and seven cats. There were 19 females (57.6%) and 14 males (42.4%). Median age at presentation was 1.9 (range 0.16-12.5) years, with a median weight of 6.1 (range 1.3-25) kilograms. All cases presented between August and May, with the majority (75.7%) presenting in summer. This correlates with the breeding life cycle of the Bronze Orange Bug. Unilateral presentation was more common (97%; n = 32) than bilateral (3%; n = 1) with an increased incidence of left eyes (60.6%; n = 20) compared to right eyes (36.4%; n = 12). Presenting signs included acute onset blepharospasm (100%), superficial corneal ulceration (90.9%), conjunctival hyperemia (87.8%), chemosis (60.6%), periocular swelling (51.5%), conjunctival ulceration (39.4%), third eyelid protrusion (39.4%), miosis (36.4%), corneal edema (36.4%), and aqueous flare (24.2%). The median time to resolution of clinical signs was 13 days.

Conclusions: The Bronze Orange Bug's defensive secretion causes acute onset ocular irritation consistent with acidic chemical burns in dogs and cats. Bronze Orange Bug exposure should be considered as a differential diagnosis in endemic areas, particularly during the summer months.

Objectives: Keratoconjunctivitis sicca (KCS) is characterized by decreased aqueous tear film components, leading to ocular surface damage. Diagnosis involves clinical examination, Schirmer Tear Test (STT1), and Tear Film Break-Up Time (TFBUT) measurement. This retrospective study aimed to assess dry eye syndrome in intact, purebred, Aksaray Malakli breed dogs, and investigate potential associations with hereditary ocular diseases due to inbreeding for phenotype preservation.

Animals: Fifty healthy, purebred, intact Aksaray Malakli dogs of varying ages and sexes, all exhibiting conjunctival hyperemia and mucoid ocular discharge. Dogs with chronic diseases, systemic medication, or ongoing ophthalmic treatment were excluded.

Procedures: Demographic data, ophthalmic examination results, and ocular anomalies were recorded. STT1 and TFBUT assessments were performed to measure tear production and film stability. STT1 values were scored from 1 (normal) to 4 (severe dry eye), and TFBUT ≥20 s was considered normal. Statistical analyses were used to evaluate correlations and differences.

Results: The correlation between age and STT1 values (r = -.182, p = .206) was not statistically significant. Mean STT1 was higher in females than males, though not significantly (p = .849). Dogs without third eyelid gland prolapse had significantly higher STT1 and TFBUT measurements compared to those with prolapse (p = .027). No significant sex difference was found in the frequency of third eyelid prolapse (p = .289). A significant positive correlation was observed between STT1 and TFBUT (r = .924; p < .001).

Conclusions: Aksaray Malakli dogs, particularly those with third eyelid gland prolapse, are predisposed to mild to moderate KCS. These findings suggest the need for further clinical and genetic investigations to better understand and manage dry eye syndrome in this breed.

Objective: This retrospective study evaluates the efficacy of povidone-iodine (PI) and polyhexamethylene biguanide (PHMB) as preoperative antiseptics in equine ophthalmic procedures.

Animals studied: Horses that underwent routine ophthalmic surgery and procedures.

Procedures: Data were collected retrospectively from the medical records of equine patients undergoing ophthalmic procedures. Inclusion criteria were sampling for aerobic microbial culture at three different time points (T0: pre-irrigation, T1: post-irrigation, and T2: postoperatively) and T0 showing bacterial growth. Microbiological outcomes were assessed semi-quantitatively by creating a scoring system to describe the bacterial load. Furthermore, the species detected were evaluated. Poisson regression analysis was performed to evaluate the efficacy of the disinfectants.

Results: Eighty eyes (75 horses) met the inclusion criteria, with 36 cases being aseptically prepared with PI and 44 with PHMB. Both antiseptics significantly reduced the bacterial load and number of bacterial species (p < .001) between time points T0 and T1, and T0 and T2. PHMB showed a reduction in the bacterial load by 64% (CI: 51%-73%) whereas PI reduced it by 48% (CI: 36%-58%) between time points T0 and T1. The reduction in the number of bacterial species between time points T0 to T1 was significantly greater in the PHMB group (85%, CI: 70%-93%), compared to PI (47%, CI: 26%-62%).

Conclusion: Both PHMB and PI reduced the bacterial load and number of species on the ocular surface and eyelids significantly, with 0.1% PHMB being superior to 0.2% PI. Therefore, PHMB can be considered as a good alternative in preoperative antisepsis in equine ophthalmic procedures.

Objectives: This study aimed to explore anatomical differences in the aqueous humor (AH) outflow pathway between male and female dogs using ultrasound biomicroscopy (UBM).

Animals studied: Clinical data were collected from 30 eyes of 30 dogs (15 males: 10 right eyes, 5 left eyes; and 15 females: 7 right eyes, 8 left eyes) treated at the Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital of Chungbuk National University, South Korea, between August 2018 and February 2024.

Procedure: The study conducted an in-depth UBM examination, specifically observing peripheral anterior chamber depth (ACD), geometric iridocorneal angle (ICA), and angle-opening distance (AOD) alongside measurements of ciliary cleft width (CCW), length (CCL), and area (CCA), and assessed the longitudinal fibers of ciliary muscle thickness (Lf-CMT) and the longitudinal and radial fibers of ciliary muscle thickness (LRf-CMT) for gender-based differences.

Results: The study identified a significant sex difference in peripheral ACD, with females displaying shallower depths compared to males, potentially clarifying the higher incidence of glaucoma in female dogs. No significant gender differences were found in ICA, AOD, CC parameters, or ciliary muscle parameters measurements.

Conclusion: This research uncovered that peripheral ACD is significantly shallower in females than in males, potentially indicating a risk factor that could contribute to the development of primary angle-closure glaucoma.

Objective: To describe the case of a 12-year-old male African lion (Panthera leo) presented with ocular discharge, corneal edema, and buphthalmos of the right eye.

Procedures: Ocular ultrasonography showed an intraocular mass involving the iris and ciliary body. Enucleation was performed.

Results: Subsequent histopathological analysis revealed a pleomorphic pigmented neoplastic cell population infiltrating, expanding and effacing the iris and ciliary body and occupying the ciliary cleft. The histopathological and immunohistochemical features were consistent with a diffuse iris melanoma (DIM).

Conclusion: DIM is the most common primary intraocular neoplasm of domestic cats, but rarely reported in large felids. The prognosis in large felids is unknown and warrants identifying additional cases and careful monitoring of affected individuals.

Purpose: This study aims to inform about the clinical image, diagnostic possibilities, and treatment options for cats and dogs diagnosed with ocular encephalitozoonosis.

Materials and methods: Medical records of 7 dogs and 75 cats with ocular encephalitozoonosis presented at the Clinical Unit of Ophthalmology of the University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna between 08/2006 and 02/2022 have been compiled. Diagnosis was based on the presence of cataracts and positive antibody titer against Encephalitozoon cuniculi. Patient history, details on the characteristics of the cataracts, level of antibody titers, and the treatment regimen were summarized, as are the results of histological stainings of surgical samples to determine the presence of Encephalitozoon cuniculi, as well as PCR analyses to identify its sub-strains.

Results: Our analysis of the clinical data shows that focal cortical anterior cataracts often associated with anterior uveitis and lesions in the fundus are the most prevalent manifestation of ocular encephalitozoonosis in cats and dogs.

Conclusion: Serological testing and PCR analysis of lens material are the most important diagnostic tools. Timely phacoemulsification with adjuvant anti-inflammatory and antiparasitic medication is the most promising therapy for Encephalitozoon cuniculi-induced cataracts.

Objective: To evaluate the effects of latanoprostene bunod on intraocular pressure (IOP) and pupil diameter (PD) in normal cats and cats with feline congenital glaucoma (FCG).

Animals studied: Five normal and 5 FCG cats.

Procedures: This masked, controlled crossover study comprised a 1-day Pre-treatment phase followed by two 10-day Treatment phases, each followed by a 10-day Recovery phase. During treatment, all cats received twice daily 0.005% latanoprost (LAT) or 0.024% latanoprostene bunod (LBN) in a randomized eye. Following Recovery, the same eye was treated with the opposite drug. Contralateral eyes served as saline-treated controls. Intraocular pressure and PD measurements were performed three times daily during all study phases. Data were analyzed via constrained longitudinal data analysis models.

Results: Neither drug significantly reduced IOP in normal cats. In FCG cats, statistically significant reductions in mean (95% CI) IOP were observed relative to controls 4 h after LAT and LBN treatment (-5.5 mmHg [-8.4, -2.5], p < .001, -7.2 mmHg [-10.2, -4.3], p < .001, respectively). These differences represented 28.4% and 37.9% IOP reductions, respectively. Mean IOP reduction after 4 h was significantly greater with LBN treatment compared to LAT (-1.8 mmHg [-3.2, -0.4], p = .012). However, these IOP reductions were not considered clinically significant. Both drugs similarly reduced PD in normal and FCG cats.

Conclusions: Transient IOP reduction was observed after topical administration of LAT and LBN in FCG cats; and mean IOP difference was statistically significantly greater in LBN-treated eyes. However, the apparent enhanced hypotensive effect of LBN is not clinically significant.

Background: Corneal fibrosis is a leading cause of blindness in mammalian species and may result in compromised performance in sports and daily functions. This study evaluated the safety and anti-fibrotic effects of the FDA-approved drugs, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor (ACE-I) lisinopril and rho-kinase inhibitor (ROCK-I) fasudil, alone and in combination, on the canine cornea using an established in vitro model.

Methods: To test the safety and efficacy of lisinopril and fasudil, primary canine corneal fibroblasts (CCFs) generated from donor corneas of healthy dogs (n = 20) were used. A series of dose-dependent and time-dependent assays with lisinopril (1-50 μM) and fasudil (1-10 nM) were performed. qRT-PCR, immunofluorescence (IF) staining, cell viability assay, cell proliferation assay, LIVE/DEAD viability/cytotoxicity assay, TUNEL assay, and total cell count were performed.

Results: A 25-μM lisinopril and 3-nM fasudil dose were safe, nontoxic, and optimal for therapeutic evaluations in vitro. Treatments of lisinopril or fasudil, alone or in-combination, to CCFs grown in the presence of TGF-β1 (5 ng/mL) showed inhibition of myofibroblast formation based on phase-contrast microscopy. The qRT-PCR and IF studies showed a significant decrease in expression of profibrotic markers, including α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA; p < .0001), fibronectin (FN; p = .0002), tenascin C (TNC; p < .0001), Collagen I (Col-I; p < .0001), Collagen IIIA1 (Co-IIIA1; p < .0001), and Collagen IV (Co-lV; p < .0001).

Conclusion: An ophthalmic formulation consisting of lisinopril and fasudil may offer a safe and effective method to treat canine corneal fibrosis. Additional studies evaluating safety and efficacy of this formulation in vivo are warranted.