Veterinary ophthalmology最新文献

Objective: To describe the clinical and pathological characteristics of an unusual presentation of extranodal lymphoma in a dog.

Animal studied: An eleven-year-old female spayed mixed breed dog presented to the UGA Ophthalmology Service for evaluation of a large, rapidly growing, right upper eyelid and medial canthal mass. The mass measured 2.2 cm in diameter and compressed the anterior chamber. The remainder of the right eye and the left eyelids and eye were normal. Approximately 1 month prior, the patient underwent radiation therapy for treatment of a brain mass in the piriform lobe, suspected to be a glioma.

Treatment and progression: Biopsy of the adnexal mass revealed large B-cell lymphoma. A repeat brain MRI revealed resolution of the previously diagnosed mass. Enucleation (with wide upper eyelid margins) for comfort and definitive diagnosis was originally planned. However, a new left lower eyelid mass developed, and the right eyelid mass continued to grow. Treatment assuming large B-cell nonepitheliotropic adnexal lymphoma with potential intracranial involvement was initiated via a modified CHOP-15 chemotherapy protocol. The eyelid masses decreased in size within the first week and resolved within 3 weeks of treatment. Despite an initial positive response to chemotherapy, new cutaneous masses developed 3 months after initial diagnosis; the patient's quality of life declined, and euthanasia without necropsy was elected.

Conclusion: Diagnosis of adnexal lymphoma in this patient prompted reevaluation of previously diagnosed intracranial disease and directed alternative systemic treatment.

Objective: To evaluate the clinical efficacy of the Omidenepag isopropyl 0.002% ophthalmic solution (OMDI) (Eybelis, topical selective EP2 receptor agonist) for feline glaucoma.

Animal studied: Eleven client-owned cats.

Procedures: The medical records of cats prescribed OMDI between August 2021 and February 2024 were reviewed. These eye drops were administered to feline eyes that were unresponsive to conventional anti-glaucoma medications. Eyes responding to OMDI for ≥ 6, 1-6, and < 1 months were classified as long-term responders, short-term responders, and non-responders, respectively.

Results: OMDI was administered BID-QID to 12 eyes of 11 cats diagnosed with various glaucoma etiologies: primary glaucoma and secondary glaucoma (lens-induced uveitis from Morgagnian cataract, aqueous misdirection syndrome, idiopathic anterior uveitis, anterior uveitis from systemic hypertension). The mean intraocular pressure immediately before OMDI administration was 53.6 mmHg (range, 32-86 mmHg). Five eyes retained vision, whereas seven were non-visual. The patients were followed for an average duration of 337.4 days (range, 28-1281 days) after treatment initiation. Four, two, and six eyes were classified as long-term responders, short-term responders, and non-responders, respectively. Four of the five eyes with vision before OMDI administration were classified as long-term responders. Contrastingly, none of the blind eyes without vision before drug administration were classified as long-term responders.

Conclusion: OMDI could be an additional therapeutic option for feline glaucoma that is unresponsive to conventional therapies. Administration of OMDI following the early diagnosis of glaucoma is recommended to maximize therapeutic efficacy.

Background: Corneal fibrosis is a leading cause of blindness in mammalian species and may result in compromised performance in sports and daily functions. This study evaluated the safety and anti-fibrotic effects of the FDA-approved drugs, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor (ACE-I) lisinopril and rho-kinase inhibitor (ROCK-I) fasudil, alone and in combination, on the canine cornea using an established in vitro model.

Methods: To test the safety and efficacy of lisinopril and fasudil, primary canine corneal fibroblasts (CCFs) generated from donor corneas of healthy dogs (n = 20) were used. A series of dose-dependent and time-dependent assays with lisinopril (1-50 μM) and fasudil (1-10 nM) were performed. qRT-PCR, immunofluorescence (IF) staining, cell viability assay, cell proliferation assay, LIVE/DEAD viability/cytotoxicity assay, TUNEL assay, and total cell count were performed.

Results: A 25-μM lisinopril and 3-nM fasudil dose were safe, nontoxic, and optimal for therapeutic evaluations in vitro. Treatments of lisinopril or fasudil, alone or in-combination, to CCFs grown in the presence of TGF-β1 (5 ng/mL) showed inhibition of myofibroblast formation based on phase-contrast microscopy. The qRT-PCR and IF studies showed a significant decrease in expression of profibrotic markers, including α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA; p < .0001), fibronectin (FN; p = .0002), tenascin C (TNC; p < .0001), Collagen I (Col-I; p < .0001), Collagen IIIA1 (Co-IIIA1; p < .0001), and Collagen IV (Co-lV; p < .0001).

Conclusion: An ophthalmic formulation consisting of lisinopril and fasudil may offer a safe and effective method to treat canine corneal fibrosis. Additional studies evaluating safety and efficacy of this formulation in vivo are warranted.

The European Society of Veterinary Pathology (ESVP) and the European College of Veterinary Pathologists (ECVP) DEI Task Force (DEITF) was established to assess and advance diversity, equity, and inclusion (DEI) initiatives within the European veterinary pathology community. To gain a baseline understanding of DEI challenges and perceptions, an online survey was conducted in March 2024. 208 responses were collected and analyzed alongside feedback from interactive DEI sessions at the annual congress (2024, San Lorenzo de El Escorial, Spain). The results indicated a predominantly female respondent group (66%), an overrepresentation of experienced pathologists (58.7%), and limited ethnic diversity, with 85.6% identifying as White/Caucasian. Key DEI challenges included workplace discrimination, financial disparities in residency programs, language barriers for non-native English speakers, limited neurodiversity accommodations, and a lack of LGBTQIA+ inclusivity. In response, the DEITF has developed a comprehensive set of recommendations outlining actionable strategies for ESVP/ECVP, training centers, and event organizers. These efforts focus on gender identity recognition, neurodiversity and accessibility, and residency experience improvements. Additionally, the DEITF is committed to implementing regular DEI-focused education, workshops, and policy recommendations. Future goals include the development of mentorship programs, the implementation of recommendations for equitable accessibility to professional opportunities, the establishment of DEI-focused scholarships, the integration of inclusive curricula, and advocacy for structural changes within training centers and professional societies to promote standardized policies supporting underrepresented groups. The DEITF actively welcomes collaboration and input from other DEI-focused groups within the field, emphasizing the importance of proactive engagement in fostering a more inclusive, diverse, and supportive veterinary pathology profession.

Objective: To describe the use and outcome of a tarsal gold weight implant as a surgical treatment for facial paralysis in two patients.

Animals studied: Case 1: a four-year-old female neutered French Bulldog was referred for a perforated corneal ulcer of the right eye and a history of ipsilateral recurrent otitis. Case 2: a seven-year-old male neutered domestic short hair was referred for a deep corneal ulcer of the left eye and a four-year history of facial paralysis.

Procedures: Complete ophthalmic examination revealed facial paralysis in both patients; associated with a perforated corneal ulcer in case 1 and with a descemetocele in case 2. Surgical treatment was required in both patients for corneal repair. Tarsal gold weight implantation was performed in both patients. An eyelid gold weight was implanted and anchored to the tarsal plate with 5-0 Nylon suture; the subcutaneous and skin layers were sutured with 5-0 Polyglactin910 in a simple interrupted pattern. Eyelid motion was achieved after surgery. Post-operative re-examination at 3 years for case 1 and 18 months for case 2 revealed persistence of facial nerve paralysis in both patients. Passive closure and active opening of the affected eyelid were noted in both patients. No signs of active exposure keratitis were noted.

Conclusion: These two cases represent a novel surgical treatment to support passive blink for facial paralysis in a dog and cat using a human tarsal gold eyelid weight.

Objective: To determine whether serial evaluation of pectinate ligament morphology could aid in predicting the onset of elevated intraocular pressure (IOP) in eyes predisposed to primary angle closure glaucoma (PACG).

Animals studied: The second eye of dogs affected with PACG (20) that had already developed elevated IOP in the first eye and normal dogs (12) with no history of glaucoma.

Procedures: Serial goniophotographs of all quadrants of the iridocorneal angle were obtained every 9 months over approximately 18 months in normal dogs. Images were obtained every 3 months in dogs with PACG until that eye developed elevated IOP. A modified ZibWest score was calculated for each image. The earliest ZibWest score was then compared with the last ZibWest score for each eye. Additionally, matched images from the same quadrant from the first and last time point were presented to masked experienced evaluators to see whether the progression of abnormalities could be detected.

Results: A difference in ZibWest scores between the first and the last time point for each eye was not detected across all dogs (p = 0.3673), within dogs affected with PACG (p = 0.2665), or normal dogs (p = 0.3953). Experienced evaluators were unable to detect significant progression of pectinate ligament abnormalities.

Conclusions: Serial gonioscopic evaluation of pectinate ligament morphology does not appear to be useful in the prediction of the time of onset of elevated IOP in dogs with PACG.

Objective: To determine the frequency and clinical characteristics of local ocular adverse reactions to topical ophthalmic cidofovir administration in cats with presumptive feline herpesvirus-1 (FHV-1) keratoconjunctivitis.

Animal studied: In total, 140 cats treated with cidofovir.

Procedures: A retrospective search of electronic medical records was performed for cats treated with topical ophthalmic cidofovir and examined by the Cornell University Ophthalmology Service between 2021 and 2023. Signalment, clinical findings, and diagnostic assay results were recorded for cats that developed local ocular adverse reactions attributed to cidofovir administration.

Results: During the 3-year study period, 140 cats were treated with topical ophthalmic 0.5% cidofovir solution, and 6 cats (4.3%) were suspected to have developed a local ocular toxic reaction to the medication. A distinct ocular toxicity clinical syndrome was observed that included persistent blepharospasm, ocular discharge, conjunctival hyperemia, chemosis, and rapidly progressive conjunctival melanosis. Repeat diagnostic evaluations for FHV-1 were negative in the cats, and conjunctival cytology revealed mixed eosinophilic and neutrophilic inflammation with epithelial cells heavily laden with pigment granules. Cats developing ocular toxicity were treated with cidofovir for a median of 32 (range: 23-62) days. Clinical ocular lesions resolved within approximately 3 weeks after discontinuing cidofovir in all cats.

Conclusions and clinical relevance: Although uncommon, local ocular toxicity associated with cidofovir administration can develop in cats and may clinically mimic persistent FHV-1 infection. Progressive conjunctival melanosis is a suspected clinical marker of local ocular cidofovir toxicity in cats. When possible, restricting the duration of cidofovir administration to ≤ 3 weeks may be advisable.

Objective: To determine if superficial corneal ulcers related to corneal endothelial degeneration (CED) or other concurrent ophthalmic disease (COD) had significantly different healing outcomes and incidences of complications post-diamond burr debridement (DBD) compared to spontaneous chronic corneal epithelial defects (SCCEDs) undergoing DBD.

Procedures: Retrospective review of 151 dogs (155 eyes) with non-healing, superficial corneal ulcers that underwent a DBD. Variables evaluated included age, sex, breed, concurrent diseases, days to healing, complications, and vision status. Group 1 included dogs with true SCCEDs. Group 2 was subdivided into Group 2A and 2B, dogs with CED and COD-related ulcers, respectively.

Results: A single DBD was effective in 88% of SCCEDs, 55% of CED-associated ulcers, and 72% of COD-associated ulcers at the first recheck exam at 2 weeks. There was no difference in keratomalacia following the procedure between group 1 and 2A (p = 0.34) and no cases of keratomalacia occurred in group 2B. Additional procedures were required in 12% of SCCEDs, 44% of CED-associated ulcers, and 28% of COD-associated ulceration to facilitate healing.

Conclusion: A single DBD is an effective treatment for SCCEDs and can be effective for CED and COD associated ulcers; however, CED and COD associated ulcers are more likely to require repeated DBD or additional procedures to facilitate healing.

Objective: To assess the efficacy and safety of Rose Bengal and green light corneal cross-linking (RGX) as an adjunctive treatment for complicated corneal ulcers and stromal abscesses in horses.

Materials and methods: A retrospective analysis included 81 horses (82 eyes) treated with RGX between 2018 and 2024. Cases involved complicated corneal diseases such as melting keratitis, fungal keratitis, deep stromal defects, and stromal abscesses. Treatment consisted of topical or iontophoretic administration of 1% Rose Bengal followed by green light irradiation (550 nm; 150 J/cm²) for 10 min. Most procedures (76.8%) were carried out under standing sedation. RGX was combined with adjunctive surgical procedures in 74 eyes (90.2%). Clinical evolution, epithelialization time, and complications were recorded.

Results: Ocular comfort markedly improved within 1 week in all horses. Keratomalacia resolved within 24 h post-RGX in 80% of affected eyes. Fluorescein-negative corneal epithelialization was achieved in 86.6% of cases during hospitalization, with a mean healing time of 18.6 ± 7.3 days. Complications were observed in 9.7% of eyes, predominantly associated with fungal keratitis. Rescue therapies, including repeat RGX and/or surgical procedures, were successful in all but one case, which ultimately required enucleation. The overall success rate, defined as globe preservation and ulcer resolution, was 98.8%.

Conclusion: RGX represents a safe and effective adjunctive treatment modality for complicated corneal ulcers and stromal abscesses in horses. The procedure is well tolerated, can be performed under standing sedation, and may significantly reduce the frequency and intensity of postoperative topical therapy.

Objective: Cone-rod dystrophy (cord1) is a form of progressive retinal atrophy. It is linked to an RPGRIP1 genetic variant which is the third most common canine disease variant thus far. While the variant affects various breeds, it is highly prevalent in English Springer Spaniels (ESSs). Yet its clinical and pathological implications remain equivocal. Herein, we study the retinal phenotype in ESSs genetically affected with the RPGRIP1 variant.

Animal studied: Over 4 years, 494 ESSs (123 affected) were enrolled.

Procedure(s): Owner-perceived vision was collected via a questionnaire. Ophthalmic examination included fundus photography. In selected ESSs, retinal function and structure were assessed using electroretinography (ERG, 148 dogs) and optical coherence tomography (OCT, 4 dogs).

Results: Ophthalmoscopic changes included peripheral hypo-reflective lesions often with distinct borders progressing centripetally culminating in generalized retinal atrophy. Cross-sectional study revealed declining photopic ERG amplitudes with age in the affected group but not in controls. OCT indicated progressive photoreceptor loss. Despite ophthalmoscopic, ERG, or OCT abnormalities, most affected dogs were not visually impaired per their owners. In a fraction of afflicted ESSs, vision/globe-threatening complications were documented including cataracts, lens luxation, and glaucoma.

Conclusions: In ESSs, the RPGRIP1 variant is associated with insidious pathology with delayed-onset visual defects. The subtle phenotype without apparent visual deficit until the final years of life, if at all, may have caused underdiagnosis of cord1. Still, DNA testing remains informative, and ERG and OCT indicate progressive pathology. Peripheral fundus examination and photopic ERG are particularly useful for early detection and monitoring of cord1.