Veterinary ophthalmology最新文献

Objective: To describe the in vivo confocal microscopy (IVCM) findings in dogs with primary corneal squamous cell carcinoma (SCC).

Animals: Eight dogs with primary corneal SCC.

Procedures: Dogs diagnosed with primary corneal SCC by histopathology were examined with a modified Heidelberg Retina tomograph and Rostock Cornea Module prior to surgical intervention. The findings from the IVCM examination were correlated with clinical details from ophthalmic examinations and diagnostic test results.

Results: Eight eyes from eight dogs with unilateral primary corneal SCC were examined. Corneal lesions were characterized with IVCM by abnormal epithelial cells that were polygonal and enlarged with marked morphological variability and anisocytosis within individual corneas. The abnormal cells displayed variable reflectivity, but most had highly reflective cellular borders and moderately reflective cytoplasm. Cells that were markedly and diffusely hyperreflective were also occasionally observed possibly representing keratinization and dyskeratosis. On IVCM, neoplastic cells were grouped into cords, clusters, and sheets, and nests of neoplastic cells often invaded the underlying corneal stroma. Keratin pearls were a frequent finding and appeared as circular whirls of neoplastic epithelial cells arranged around concentric layers of hyperreflective amorphous material within a dark cyst-like space. Abundant blood vessels and scattered leukocytes were present in all tumors. There was a high degree of morphologic agreement between IVCM analysis and histopathological findings in all cases.

Conclusions: The distinguishing features of primary corneal SCC during IVCM examine were similar to those seen in histopathologic examination of tumor sections, including enlarged and pleomorphic squamous epithelial cells, anisocytosis, keratin pearl formation, and dense vascularization.

Objective: The aim of this pilot study was to establish a satisfactory, scientific approach to effectively compare quantitative measurements of various ocular surface parameters before and after surgical treatment in dogs suffering from distichiasis.

Methods: An ophthalmic examination was conducted on 12 dogs (23 eyes) before and after surgical treatments for distichiasis, at four different time points, (t₀ = before surgery, t₁ = 1-2 h after surgery, t₂ = 1 week after surgery, t₃ = 1 month after surgery, and t₄ = 6 months after surgery) between 2021 and 2022, and analyzed retrospectively. The examination included Schirmer tear test-1 (STT-1), interferometry, noninvasive tear film break-up time (NIBUT), tear meniscus size (TMS), and meibography.

Results: No statistically significant changes were found in STT-1 (t₀: 22.2 ± 6.5 mm, t₂: 22.5 ± 5.7 mm, t₃: 20.8 ± 5.1 mm, and t₄: 22.6 mm ± 4.8 mm) before and after surgery. Mean interferometry scores showed a slight, not statistically significant, decrease from t₀ to t₃ and t₄ (t₀: 2.1 ± 0.8, t₁: 2.1 ± 0.7, t₂: 2.1 ± 0.9, t₃: 1.8 ± 0.6, and t₄: 1.9 ± 1.1). Mean NIBUT did not change significantly between time points (t₀: 3.9 ± 1.3 s, t₁: 4.0 ± 1.3 s, t₂: 4.0 ± 1.4 s, t₃: 3.5 ± 0.7 s, and t₄: 3.5 ± 0.9 s). TMS showed a slight, not statistically significant increase (t₀: 0.5 ± 0.3 mm, t₁: 0.5 ± 0.3, t₂: 0.5 ± 0.3 mm, t₃: 0.6 ± 0.2 mm, and t₄: 0.7 ± 0.3 mm). There were no changes in the gross morphology of the meibomian glands (MG).

Conclusion: This pilot study could not detect a negative effect of different forms of treatment of distichiasis on the precorneal tear film parameters in dogs. However, due to the study's retrospective nature and small sample size, no definitive conclusion can be drawn regarding the changes at the different time points.

An approximately 26-year-old, suspected female, red-tailed hawk (Buteo jamaicensis) was presented with a history of chronic ocular changes of the left eye likely secondary to blunt trauma resulting in blindness and phthisis bulbi. Ophthalmic evaluation of OS revealed a large intraocular mass, 3+ aqueous flare indicating anterior uveitis, and severely decreased intraocular pressure measuring 5 mmHg. Ocular ultrasound revealed an abnormal, spherical shaped and hyperechoic lens, as well as hyperechoic material or a mass lesion in the posterior segment. An enucleation procedure was performed, and histopathology of the eye revealed no signs of neoplasia but instead intraocular osseous metaplasia with bone marrow and adipose tissue replacing the lens. Similar mass lesions were found in the retina and choroid. Multiple fractures in the scleral ossicle and cartilage correlated the intraocular lesions with a blunt traumatic event. A bioresorbable disk of porcine small intestine submucosa (BioSIS Vetrix®) was incorporated to relieve tension during closure. The graft sloughed during healing process, revealing a healed wound underneath. The BioSIS was not incorporated into the wound as designed but may have facilitated healing. This is the first report of intraocular osseous metaplasia in a raptor and the use of BioSIS Vetrix® with enucleation in an avian species.

Purpose: Prospective investigation to determine the prevalence of ocular melanosis in adult Cairn Terriers within the United Kingdom using a previously established staging scheme.

Methods: Ophthalmic assessment was performed on adult Cairn Terriers, recruited from various geographic locations within the United Kingdom. Examination included gonioscopy, rebound tonometry, slit lamp biomicroscopy, and indirect ophthalmoscopy, performed by one examiner (AM).

Results: A total of 93 dogs were examined, including 52 females and 41 males, aged between 15 months and 16 years 4 months. Sixty of 93 dogs (64.5%) were >7 years of age. Nine of 93 dogs (9.6%) demonstrated changes consistent with ocular melanosis. Four of 9 (44.4%) had Stage 1 disease and 5 of 9 (55.6%), Stage 2. Stages 3 or 4 were not identified in any dogs. Mean intraocular pressures in affected and unaffected dogs were 14.7 mmHg (range 12-17 mmHg) and 12.8 mmHg (range 5-21 mmHg), respectively. Incomplete pupil dilation was noted in affected dogs following pharmacologic mydriasis.

Conclusion: Ocular melanosis was identified in approximately 10% of examined dogs, over half were dogs of breeding age (<7 years of age). It is possible that Grade 1 disease could go undetected, prior to obvious scleral pigment accumulation (Grade 2 disease). It is therefore recommended that dogs undergoing pre-breeding screens have pre-dilation assessment of the anterior segment using slit lamp biomicroscopy with subsequent gonioscopy to clearly assess for circumferential thickening of the iris base that might otherwise go undetected. Additionally, regular reassessment of breeding dogs is advised as disease progression could be rapid.

Objective: To establish baseline ophthalmic parameters for an endangered, semi-wild population of healthy whooping cranes (Grus americana) (WHCR) and Mississippi sandhill cranes (Grus canadensis pulla) (SACR).

Animals studied: Eighteen WHCR and 16 SACR.

Procedures: Ophthalmic examination was performed by a single observer, followed by conjunctival swab collection for aerobic bacterial culture and measurement of tear production (phenol red thread test, PRTT) and corneal diameter (CD) as tolerated. Measurement of the axial globe (AG) length, anterior chamber (AC) depth, lens thickness, vitreous chamber (VC) depth, and pecten length was performed via ocular ultrasound (OUS) as tolerated.

Results: Eyelid cicatrization (n = 1 WHCR), keratitis (n = 2 WHCR), incipient cataracts (n = 1 WHCR, n = 4 SACR), and uveal cysts (n = 1 SACR) were identified. Twenty-one bacterial species were cultured from SACR, while 18 bacterial species were cultured from WHCR. SACR under 6 months old had increased PRTT values compared to older SACR (p = .0432). AG length and VC depth of male WHCR were greater than in female WHCR (p = .0045 and p = .0008, respectively). WHCR less than 6 months old had greater AC depth and lens thickness than WHCR over 6 months (p < .001 and p = .0013, respectively). SACR less than 6 months old had greater AC depth and lens thickness than WHCR over 6 months (p < .0001 and p < .0001, respectively).

Conclusions: WHCR and SACR are amenable to complete ophthalmic examination. Age-related differences in PRTT in SACR, sexual dimorphism in WHCR, and age-related differences in AC depth and lens thickness in WHCR and SACR were identified.

Purpose: To describe the clinical and histopathological features of a sterile granulomatous panuveitis syndrome in 33 dogs that underwent enucleation and ocular histopathology.

Methods: Retrospective review of the medical records and ocular histopathology reports of 33 cases. Inclusion criteria were enucleation in conjunction with characteristic clinical and histopathological features.

Results: Thirteen breeds were represented (including crossbreeds). Panuveitis was acute and fulminating, and secondary glaucoma was common (n = 27). Interval from initial presentation to enucleation was 99 days (median 33 days, range 5-605 days). The mean age at enucleation was 6.7 years. Ocular signs were initially unilateral (n = 18) or bilateral (n = 15). The disease became bilateral in 18/25 cases that initially underwent unilateral enucleation, resulting in enucleation or euthanasia in 9/18 (mean interval of 168 days). Seven out of 59 eyes had a good outcome following topical anti-inflammatory and systemic immunosuppressive therapy. None of the dogs had travel history nor relevant systemic signs from presentation to follow-up (mean 619 days, range 16-3012 days). Histopathology revealed histiocytic and lymphoplasmacytic panuveitis with pigment dispersion, and no infectious agents were identified on light microscopy.

Conclusion: To the authors' knowledge, this is the first report of a sterile granulomatous panuveitis syndrome in dogs in the UK. The clinical signs are severe, with rapid progression, and can result in bilateral enucleation or euthanasia in affected dogs. There does not appear to be an age or breed predisposition, however further research is necessary in this regard. Early and aggressive intervention, with both topical and systemic immunosuppressive therapy, is recommended to reduce the risk of blindness, enucleation, and euthanasia.