Veterinary ophthalmology最新文献

Objective: To carry out a descriptive investigation of the most relevant morphological features of the harpy eagle eye and to provide normative data for selected ophthalmic diagnostic tests.

Animals studied: Twenty-nine clinically normal harpy eagles (Harpia harpyja).

Procedures: Selected morphological ocular observations were made in live animals under physical restraint: Schirmer tear test (STT), culture of normal conjunctival flora, slit lamp biomicroscopic examination of adnexa and anterior segment, rebound tonometry, applanation tonometry, central corneal thickness (CCT), palpebral fissure length (PFL), B-mode ultrasound, and ocular biometry. Eyelid histology was evaluated from previously deceased individuals.

Results: STT type I 17.48 ± 5.476 mm/min; Rebound tonometry 14.00 IQR 4.00 mmHg; Applanation tonometry 15.00 IQR 6.00 mmHg; CCT 0.563 ± 0.041 mm; PFL 26.42 ± 2.13 mm; Axial globe length 29.43 IQR 0.42 mm; Anterior chamber depth 5.00 IQR 0.22 mm; Axial length of the lens 6.60 IQR 0.97 mm; Vitreous chamber depth 16.50 IQR 0.80 mm, and pecten length 8.80 IQR 1.47 mm. The conjunctiva of the lower eyelid has a distinct cartilaginous plate adjacent to the conjunctival epithelium. The most frequent conjunctival bacterial isolates were E. coli (32.76%) followed by Enterobacter spp. (15.52%) and Streptococcus spp. (10.34%).

Conclusion: Reference data and morphologic observations obtained in this investigation might aid in the understanding and diagnosis of eye diseases in harpy eagles and improve the clinical management of ocular disease.

Objective: To describe the morphological features of corneal dystrophy in Siberian Huskies using in vivo confocal microscopy (IVCM).

Animals studied: Twenty-one dogs.

Procedures: A prospective case-control study was performed. Siberian Huskies with (n = 13 dogs) and without (n = 8) corneal dystrophy were evaluated. Complete ophthalmic and IVCM examinations (Heidelberg Retina Tomograph and Rostock Cornea Module) were performed for each case.

Results: All dogs with corneal dystrophy demonstrated characteristic bilateral, round-to-oval, refractile, crystalline corneal opacities visible within the stroma by slit-lamp biomicroscopy. The median age of dogs with corneal dystrophy was 5.0 years (range: 2-13 years), with eight females and five males included. During IVCM, dense accumulations of fine, needle-like, tapered, hyperreflective structures were present within the axial corneal stroma of each dog. The length of the spindles varied from several μm to > 400 μm and the structures were commonly present in dense clumps. Amorphous, thicker, crystalline deposits with blunted ends were present less frequently and intermixed with the needle-like structures. Other corneal anatomic features were generally obscured by the deposits, but the surrounding regions appeared morphologically normal, including the epithelium, keratocytes, corneal nerves, and endothelium. Siberian Huskies without corneal dystrophy were presented for various other ophthalmic conditions, including cataracts and primary glaucoma. The median age of control dogs was 1.5 years (range: 1-9 years), with five females and three males included. Similar hyperreflective deposits were not detected by IVCM in any dogs from the control group.

Conclusions: Application of IVCM can aid in the characterization of corneal dystrophies in Siberian Huskies.

Writing this article feels challenging yet essential. Although it might be easier to remain silent, I believe that silence is not an option when it comes to Diversity, Equality, and Inclusion (DEI)-a topic I am deeply passionate about. In ophthalmology, a field that relies heavily on visual patterns, DEI encourages us to look beyond the familiar. As a British Persian woman, a mother, an immigrant, and a veterinary ophthalmologist, I feel a strong urge to start a conversation that challenges assumptions and fosters growth. By sharing my perspective, I hope to inspire you to approach DEI with enthusiasm, recognizing its value both personally and professionally. In writing this, I've had the privilege of collaborating with Akin Thomas, chief executive officer (CEO) and founder of AKD Solutions, an international learning and development consultancy with expertise in DEI. Akin's extensive experience across various industries has helped organizations move beyond viewing DEI as a mere checkbox, embracing it instead as a transformational approach that unlocks potential in individuals and organizations alike. Together, we aim to spark meaningful change, particularly in veterinary ophthalmology, where DEI has been underexplored but is urgently needed.

Objective: To utilize previously published tonometer correction formulae to investigate whether true intraocular pressure (IOP) is relatively conserved across a diverse range of vertebrate species.

Animals studied: Tonometer correction formulae for 21 species.

Procedures: A literature search was performed to identify prior studies containing correction formulae for non-invasive tonometers used in normal animal and human subjects. In all cases, direct manometry was compared to non-invasive tonometry values. Where necessary, multiple correction regression formulae were combined to generate a single representative formula using a meta-analysis generic inverse variance method. A subsequent literature search was then performed to collect uncorrected IOP values of normal animals and humans using a variety of non-invasive tonometers. These IOP values were then corrected using the relevant correction formula.

Results: Sixty-five tonometer correction formulae and 104 studies containing IOP values in normal animals and humans acquired using non-invasive tonometry met the inclusion criteria. Corrected IOP values were calculated for 21 species using 13 types of non-invasive tonometers. Overall corrected and uncorrected mean IOP values were typically within a range of 10 to 25 mmHg (corrected: 16/21 species, uncorrected: 14/21 species). Differences between overall mean corrected and uncorrected IOP values ranged from 0.2 to 15.3 mmHg with an average of 6.1 mmHg difference.

Conclusions: True normal IOP is relatively conserved across a diverse range of vertebrate species despite uncorrected values from individual tonometers suggesting otherwise. Maintaining true IOP between 10 and 25 mmHg appears to be important in ocular physiology in many vertebrates.

Objective: To analyze bacterial isolates associated with canine bacterial keratitis and their antibiotic susceptibility patterns in Korea, focusing on multidrug resistance (MDR) and identifying effective antibiotic combinations for clinical treatment.

Animal studied: A total of 146 dogs diagnosed with suspected bacterial keratitis between October 2022 and October 2023 in Korea, with 157 eye samples collected for analysis.

Procedure: Eye samples were cultured to isolate bacteria, and antibiotic susceptibility testing was performed using the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) method. Bacterial identification was conducted using Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization Time-of-Flight (MALDI-TOF). The study assessed the efficacy of individual antibiotics and combination therapies.

Results: Bacteria were isolated in 55.4% of the samples. The most common genera were Staphylococcus species (48.5%, 48/99), Streptococcus species (13.1%, 13/99), Pseudomonas species (9.1%, 9/99), and Escherichia coli (9.1%, 9/99). Amikacin (84.8%) showed the highest antibiotic susceptibility, while doxycycline exhibited the lowest (17.2%). The most effective antibiotic combinations were amikacin-moxifloxacin (93%). MDR isolates accounted for 52.5% (52/99) of the total bacterial samples.

Conclusions: Staphylococcus species were the most common isolates, with 52.5% showing MDR, underscoring the need to curb antibiotic misuse. While antibiotics like amikacin demonstrated high susceptibility rates, their use should be reserved for resistant infections to prevent further resistance development. Rather than focusing solely on finding effective combinations of antibiotics, it is crucial to consider alternative treatment strategies that offer more sustainable solutions. Rather than relying on antibiotic combinations, attention should shift to sustainable alternatives to treat bacterial keratitis and reduce antibiotic dependence in clinical practice.

Purpose: To determine normal ophthalmic test values and to describe the ocular morphology of ring-necked parakeets (Psittacula krameri).

Materials and methods: 33 captive birds were examined, although not all tests were conducted on each bird. The tests included endodontic absorbent paper point tear test (EAPPTT), intraocular pressure (IOP), corneal touch threshold (CTT), central corneal thickness (CCT), palpebral and corneal diameters, ocular ultrasonography, and corneoconjunctival microbiota. The iris coloration of seven young parakeets was evaluated, and two macerated skulls were described.

Results: Normal values obtained were: EAPPTT: 7.57 ± 1.95 mm/min; IOP: 12.47 ± 1.51 mmHg; CTT: 2.46 ± 0.5 mm; CCT: 0.12 ± 0.006 mm; palpebral diameter: 8.04 ± 0.49 mm,; corneal diameter: 6.41 ± 0.49 mm. In ocular ultrasonography, the dimensions in the sagittal plane were: axial globe length (AGL): 0.94 ± 0.02 cm; vitreous chamber depth (VCD): 0.47 ± 0.02 cm; lens axial length (LAL): 0.32 ± 0.01 cm; anterior chamber depth (ACD): 0.1 ± 0.01 cm; pecten width (PW): 0.12 ± 0.02 cm, and pecten length (PL): 0.42 ± 0.04 cm. In the dorsal plane: AGL: 0.93 ± 0.03 cm; VCD: 0.47 ± 0.02 cm; LAL: 0.32 ± 0.03 cm; ACD: 0.1 ± 0.01 cm; PW: 0.32 ± 0.04 cm, and PL: 0.35 ± 0.03 cm. Microbiota analysis identified predominantly gram-positive bacteria, with Staphylococcus sp. being the most common (47.5%). Anatomical evaluation of skulls revealed a large lacrimal process extending to the zygomatic process, and the margins of the processes intersect but do not fuse. Young parakeets exhibit a brownish iris that gradually turns blue by 60 days of age.

Conclusion: These findings may contribute to the diagnosis of ophthalmic conditions in this species and provide insight into normal anatomical features.

Objective: To describe the clinical and morphological features of a case of superficial nodular keratitis in a dog.

Case description: A German shepherd dog previously diagnosed with chronic superficial keratitis (CSK) presented with a nonpainful, unilateral corneal nodule. After a complete ophthalmic examination, topical treatment with dexamethasone (0.1% dexamethason, WZW) was prescribed. However, the patient did not respond to this treatment; thus, a superficial keratectomy was performed. The lesion was examined histologically and immunohistochemically.

Results: The ophthalmic examination revealed a round, pink, solid nodule, approximately 0.5 cm in diameter, located in the ventral, paracentral cornea. Results from the Schirmer tear test I, tonometry, and fluorescein staining were in the normal ranges. A small amount of mucous discharge and moderate hyperemia of the bulbar conjunctiva were present. The histological examination revealed a solid mass in the superficial corneal stroma under the corneal epithelium. Hematoxylin and eosin (HE) staining showed that the mass was supplied with blood vessels; HE and immunohistochemistry revealed it consisted of a mixture of plasma cells (MUM⁺ cells), B lymphocytes (CD79⁺, CD20⁺ cells), T lymphocytes (CD3⁺), and macrophages (Iba1⁺ cells). Mitotic figures were absent. Some nuclei in inflammatory infiltrates displayed a Ki76⁺ reaction. Inflammatory infiltrates were present in the superficial stroma and the corneal epithelium.

Conclusion: These novel results demonstrate that the features of nodular keratitis in a German shepherd dog previously diagnosed with CSK differ from the features of xanthogranulomas, nodular episcleritis, corneal granulomas, pyogranulomatous keratitis, corneal epithelial inclusion cysts, protozoal keratitis, and corneal squamous cell carcinoma.

The objective of this study is to present high-quality and up-to-date ocular ultrasonographic images and videos of a posterior lenticonus with concomitant mature cataract in a cat. Additionally, the clinical findings, surgical treatment, and outcome are reported for completeness and to confirm the diagnosis. An 8-year-old castrated male domestic shorthair cat presented due to unilateral cataract. Ophthalmological examination revealed a mature cataract without clinically detectable uveitis. Hematological and biochemical analyses were unremarkable, and tests for common infectious diseases associated with feline uveitis were negative. Electroretinography and ocular ultrasound were performed as part of the presurgical planning for phacoemulsification. Retinal function was normal. Ultrasonographic examination revealed a severely distorted shape of the posterior lens capsule (PLC) with hyperechoic material protruding into the vitreous body. Neither a PLC fibrovascular plaque nor a persistent hyaloid artery was identified. These findings were interpreted as a possible rupture of the posterior lens capsule with lens material extruding into the vitreous body. Posterior lenticonus was considered a less likely differential diagnosis. The owner elected to proceed with phacoemulsification surgery. Intraoperatively, the posterior lens capsule was found to be intact. An axial posterior lenticonus with cataractous lens material bulging together with the capsule into vitreous was identified. An intraocular lens was successfully implanted. Given the better surgical prognosis compared to capsule ruptures, posterior lenticonus, although rare, should be considered a differential diagnosis, particularly when a cone-shaped protrusion lacking Doppler signal is identified at the posterior lens capsule extending into the vitreous body.