Veterinary ophthalmology最新文献

Objective: To carry out a descriptive investigation of the most relevant morphological features of the harpy eagle eye and to provide normative data for selected ophthalmic diagnostic tests.

Animals studied: Twenty-nine clinically normal harpy eagles (Harpia harpyja).

Procedures: Selected morphological ocular observations were made in live animals under physical restraint: Schirmer tear test (STT), culture of normal conjunctival flora, slit lamp biomicroscopic examination of adnexa and anterior segment, rebound tonometry, applanation tonometry, central corneal thickness (CCT), palpebral fissure length (PFL), B-mode ultrasound, and ocular biometry. Eyelid histology was evaluated from previously deceased individuals.

Results: STT type I 17.48 ± 5.476 mm/min; Rebound tonometry 14.00 IQR 4.00 mmHg; Applanation tonometry 15.00 IQR 6.00 mmHg; CCT 0.563 ± 0.041 mm; PFL 26.42 ± 2.13 mm; Axial globe length 29.43 IQR 0.42 mm; Anterior chamber depth 5.00 IQR 0.22 mm; Axial length of the lens 6.60 IQR 0.97 mm; Vitreous chamber depth 16.50 IQR 0.80 mm, and pecten length 8.80 IQR 1.47 mm. The conjunctiva of the lower eyelid has a distinct cartilaginous plate adjacent to the conjunctival epithelium. The most frequent conjunctival bacterial isolates were E. coli (32.76%) followed by Enterobacter spp. (15.52%) and Streptococcus spp. (10.34%).

Conclusion: Reference data and morphologic observations obtained in this investigation might aid in the understanding and diagnosis of eye diseases in harpy eagles and improve the clinical management of ocular disease.

Objective: To describe the morphological features of corneal dystrophy in Siberian Huskies using in vivo confocal microscopy (IVCM).

Animals studied: Twenty-one dogs.

Procedures: A prospective case-control study was performed. Siberian Huskies with (n = 13 dogs) and without (n = 8) corneal dystrophy were evaluated. Complete ophthalmic and IVCM examinations (Heidelberg Retina Tomograph and Rostock Cornea Module) were performed for each case.

Results: All dogs with corneal dystrophy demonstrated characteristic bilateral, round-to-oval, refractile, crystalline corneal opacities visible within the stroma by slit-lamp biomicroscopy. The median age of dogs with corneal dystrophy was 5.0 years (range: 2-13 years), with eight females and five males included. During IVCM, dense accumulations of fine, needle-like, tapered, hyperreflective structures were present within the axial corneal stroma of each dog. The length of the spindles varied from several μm to > 400 μm and the structures were commonly present in dense clumps. Amorphous, thicker, crystalline deposits with blunted ends were present less frequently and intermixed with the needle-like structures. Other corneal anatomic features were generally obscured by the deposits, but the surrounding regions appeared morphologically normal, including the epithelium, keratocytes, corneal nerves, and endothelium. Siberian Huskies without corneal dystrophy were presented for various other ophthalmic conditions, including cataracts and primary glaucoma. The median age of control dogs was 1.5 years (range: 1-9 years), with five females and three males included. Similar hyperreflective deposits were not detected by IVCM in any dogs from the control group.

Conclusions: Application of IVCM can aid in the characterization of corneal dystrophies in Siberian Huskies.

Writing this article feels challenging yet essential. Although it might be easier to remain silent, I believe that silence is not an option when it comes to Diversity, Equality, and Inclusion (DEI)-a topic I am deeply passionate about. In ophthalmology, a field that relies heavily on visual patterns, DEI encourages us to look beyond the familiar. As a British Persian woman, a mother, an immigrant, and a veterinary ophthalmologist, I feel a strong urge to start a conversation that challenges assumptions and fosters growth. By sharing my perspective, I hope to inspire you to approach DEI with enthusiasm, recognizing its value both personally and professionally. In writing this, I've had the privilege of collaborating with Akin Thomas, chief executive officer (CEO) and founder of AKD Solutions, an international learning and development consultancy with expertise in DEI. Akin's extensive experience across various industries has helped organizations move beyond viewing DEI as a mere checkbox, embracing it instead as a transformational approach that unlocks potential in individuals and organizations alike. Together, we aim to spark meaningful change, particularly in veterinary ophthalmology, where DEI has been underexplored but is urgently needed.

Objective: To utilize previously published tonometer correction formulae to investigate whether true intraocular pressure (IOP) is relatively conserved across a diverse range of vertebrate species.

Animals studied: Tonometer correction formulae for 21 species.

Procedures: A literature search was performed to identify prior studies containing correction formulae for non-invasive tonometers used in normal animal and human subjects. In all cases, direct manometry was compared to non-invasive tonometry values. Where necessary, multiple correction regression formulae were combined to generate a single representative formula using a meta-analysis generic inverse variance method. A subsequent literature search was then performed to collect uncorrected IOP values of normal animals and humans using a variety of non-invasive tonometers. These IOP values were then corrected using the relevant correction formula.

Results: Sixty-five tonometer correction formulae and 104 studies containing IOP values in normal animals and humans acquired using non-invasive tonometry met the inclusion criteria. Corrected IOP values were calculated for 21 species using 13 types of non-invasive tonometers. Overall corrected and uncorrected mean IOP values were typically within a range of 10 to 25 mmHg (corrected: 16/21 species, uncorrected: 14/21 species). Differences between overall mean corrected and uncorrected IOP values ranged from 0.2 to 15.3 mmHg with an average of 6.1 mmHg difference.

Conclusions: True normal IOP is relatively conserved across a diverse range of vertebrate species despite uncorrected values from individual tonometers suggesting otherwise. Maintaining true IOP between 10 and 25 mmHg appears to be important in ocular physiology in many vertebrates.

Objective: To describe the clinical and morphological features of a case of superficial nodular keratitis in a dog.

Case description: A German shepherd dog previously diagnosed with chronic superficial keratitis (CSK) presented with a nonpainful, unilateral corneal nodule. After a complete ophthalmic examination, topical treatment with dexamethasone (0.1% dexamethason, WZW) was prescribed. However, the patient did not respond to this treatment; thus, a superficial keratectomy was performed. The lesion was examined histologically and immunohistochemically.

Results: The ophthalmic examination revealed a round, pink, solid nodule, approximately 0.5 cm in diameter, located in the ventral, paracentral cornea. Results from the Schirmer tear test I, tonometry, and fluorescein staining were in the normal ranges. A small amount of mucous discharge and moderate hyperemia of the bulbar conjunctiva were present. The histological examination revealed a solid mass in the superficial corneal stroma under the corneal epithelium. Hematoxylin and eosin (HE) staining showed that the mass was supplied with blood vessels; HE and immunohistochemistry revealed it consisted of a mixture of plasma cells (MUM⁺ cells), B lymphocytes (CD79⁺, CD20⁺ cells), T lymphocytes (CD3⁺), and macrophages (Iba1⁺ cells). Mitotic figures were absent. Some nuclei in inflammatory infiltrates displayed a Ki76⁺ reaction. Inflammatory infiltrates were present in the superficial stroma and the corneal epithelium.

Conclusion: These novel results demonstrate that the features of nodular keratitis in a German shepherd dog previously diagnosed with CSK differ from the features of xanthogranulomas, nodular episcleritis, corneal granulomas, pyogranulomatous keratitis, corneal epithelial inclusion cysts, protozoal keratitis, and corneal squamous cell carcinoma.

The objective of this study is to present high-quality and up-to-date ocular ultrasonographic images and videos of a posterior lenticonus with concomitant mature cataract in a cat. Additionally, the clinical findings, surgical treatment, and outcome are reported for completeness and to confirm the diagnosis. An 8-year-old castrated male domestic shorthair cat presented due to unilateral cataract. Ophthalmological examination revealed a mature cataract without clinically detectable uveitis. Hematological and biochemical analyses were unremarkable, and tests for common infectious diseases associated with feline uveitis were negative. Electroretinography and ocular ultrasound were performed as part of the presurgical planning for phacoemulsification. Retinal function was normal. Ultrasonographic examination revealed a severely distorted shape of the posterior lens capsule (PLC) with hyperechoic material protruding into the vitreous body. Neither a PLC fibrovascular plaque nor a persistent hyaloid artery was identified. These findings were interpreted as a possible rupture of the posterior lens capsule with lens material extruding into the vitreous body. Posterior lenticonus was considered a less likely differential diagnosis. The owner elected to proceed with phacoemulsification surgery. Intraoperatively, the posterior lens capsule was found to be intact. An axial posterior lenticonus with cataractous lens material bulging together with the capsule into vitreous was identified. An intraocular lens was successfully implanted. Given the better surgical prognosis compared to capsule ruptures, posterior lenticonus, although rare, should be considered a differential diagnosis, particularly when a cone-shaped protrusion lacking Doppler signal is identified at the posterior lens capsule extending into the vitreous body.

Objective: To retrospectively investigate the outcome of a modified Morgan pocket technique that included temporary ventral scleral gland fixation to treat prolapse of the nictitans gland.

Animal studied: The files of 101 client-owned dogs (126 eyes) between 2015 and 2024 were retrospectively analyzed.

Results: All the surgeries were completed in under 10 min. Follow-up was between 180 to 3285 days (mean 1190 days) in 119/126 (94%) eyes and three years in 81/126 (64.3%) eyes. The technique achieved successful surgical repositioning in 125/126 (99.2%) eyes after one surgery, with only one eye (1/126 (0.8%)) having a recurring prolapse that was successfully managed by repeating the technique. Seven other immediate postoperative complications (7/126, 5.6% of the eyes) were recorded, including lacrimal cysts in 5/126 (4%) eyes and corneal ulceration in 2/126 (1.6%) eyes. All cysts were treated with local drainage, two under general anesthesia and three under sedation and topical anesthesia. Additional complications occurred in 14/101 (13.9%) of the animals, including keratoconjunctivitis sicca and ulcerative keratoconjunctivitis of different degrees of severity. Given the long follow-up and low number of cases affected, it was not known if these problems might have been associated with some aspects of the surgical treatment.

Conclusions: The technique described included a temporary fixation of the gland before closure of the pocket with successful long-term repositioning of the gland in 99.2% of eyes after the first attempt. Cysts and recurrence were infrequent complications. Further studies could investigate if the technique might be adapted to minimize complications.

This review aims to summarize and broadly evaluate the use of bite/apprehension dogs in law enforcement in the United States of America, focusing specifically on how this elective culture practice pertains to veterinary medicine and the responsibility of the veterinarian. Sections include the history of using dogs as tools of human control and policing, current training techniques used by handlers and officers, the negative physical and medical impacts experienced by working dogs, and the ultimate effect that the use of apprehension dogs in policing has on society and public health.