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Striving for coherency to mitigate the complexity of system design 力求一致性以降低系统设计的复杂性
D. Mulcare
Software system complexity needs to be viewed from the perspectives of both the design product and the design process. In typical practice, design products appear quite overly complex relative to the capabilities provided. Frequently, system designs seem to exhibit a large degree of unwarranted complexity. On the other hand, system-level design methods are usually lacking in complexity relative to the challenge of essential design tasks. In consequence, too many design commitments are made without adequate bases, out of proper order, or by default. The result of such design commitments is a combination of unwarranted complexity and compromised system capabilities. Two other distinctions that also need to be acknowledged are the differences between: functional architecture and architectural design; and system requirements and system specifications. Distinctions are usually not observed in development processes that are dismissive of the nature and ramifications of proper system-level design. Here, the dilution of the system design effort tends to compromise the design product, because many of the major design commitments are made in the absence of a precisely defined architectural design. Whether soundly based or not, these early-on commitments continue to profoundly affect product construction and complexity throughout development. Accordingly, it is vital to invest in rigorous system-level design methods and practices. They can engender coherence, and hence mitigate complexity in design products and disorder in later stages of development.
软件系统的复杂性需要从设计产品和设计过程两个角度来看待。在典型的实践中,相对于所提供的功能,设计产品显得过于复杂。通常,系统设计似乎表现出很大程度的不必要的复杂性。另一方面,相对于基本设计任务的挑战,系统级设计方法通常缺乏复杂性。结果,太多的设计承诺是在没有充分基础的情况下做出的,没有适当的顺序,或者是默认的。这种设计承诺的结果是不必要的复杂性和系统功能的折衷组合。另外两个需要承认的区别是:功能架构和架构设计之间的区别;以及系统需求和系统规格。在忽视适当的系统级设计的本质和分支的开发过程中,通常不会观察到区别。在这里,系统设计工作的稀释往往会损害设计产品,因为许多主要的设计承诺是在缺乏精确定义的架构设计的情况下做出的。无论是否合理,这些早期的承诺在整个开发过程中都会继续深刻地影响产品的构建和复杂性。因此,投资于严格的系统级设计方法和实践是至关重要的。它们可以产生一致性,从而减轻设计产品的复杂性和后期开发阶段的混乱。
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引用次数: 4
Decisions not requirements: decision-centered engineering of computer-based systems 决策而非需求:基于计算机系统的以决策为中心的工程
R. Evans, S. Park, H. Alberts
Recognizing the stated aims of the engineering of computer-based systems (ECBS) discipline namely the design, development deployment, and analysis of complex systems whose behavior is, to a substantial degree, determined or controlled by computers, the proposal is that the term [and the associated process] of "requirements" be replaced with "decisions" and a decision process. Requirements, by definition, mandate a flow that originates with the senior and are directed unilaterally to the junior: "I require this of you." The decision process is exactly the opposite in both flow and participation. Rather than unilateral direction to the junior that is originated by the senior, decisions are choices by the senior resulting from united consideration with the junior of the latter's nominated set of alternatives. "I select the following as a result of our mutual consideration of the options and associated assessments and recommendations you have provided.".
认识到基于计算机的系统工程(ECBS)学科的既定目标,即复杂系统的设计、开发、部署和分析,这些系统的行为在很大程度上是由计算机决定或控制的,建议用“决策”和决策过程取代“需求”这一术语[和相关过程]。需求,从定义上来说,就是授权一个从上级开始,并单方面地指向下级的流程:“我要求你这样做。”在心流和参与中,决策过程是完全相反的。决策不是由上级发起的对下级的单方面指示,而是上级与下级共同考虑后提出的一系列选择。“经过我们对你们提供的备选方案和相关评估及建议的共同考虑,我选择以下方案。”
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引用次数: 29
Concepts for computer assisted engineering process management 计算机辅助工程过程管理的概念
J. Rozenblit, Christine Kocourek
This paper presents concepts for computer aided support of engineering processes. We briefly discuss the basic tenets of the engineering enterprise and fundamental design and analysis techniques. Then, process modeling definitions are given and extended to encompass engineering process capture. An architecture is introduced that comprises executive, coordination, and execution layers, intended to provide an information system infrastructure for computer assisted support of engineering activities.
本文提出了工程过程计算机辅助支持的概念。我们简要地讨论了工程企业的基本原则和基本的设计和分析技术。然后,给出了过程建模定义,并对其进行了扩展,以包含工程过程捕获。引入了包含执行层、协调层和执行层的体系结构,旨在为工程活动的计算机辅助支持提供信息系统基础结构。
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引用次数: 4
A model-integrated information system for increasing throughput in discrete manufacturing 离散制造中提高生产能力的模型集成信息系统
A. Misra, G. Karsai, J. Sztipanovits, Á. Lédeczi, M. Moore, E. Long
The use of information systems (IS) has been increasingly playing a critical role towards enhancing productivity and throughput in manufacturing enterprises. The primary drivers are efficiency and quality increase through automation, facilitation of better business processes and improved decision making. Many problems and issues relating to the design, development, integration, evolution and maintenance of ISs in large-scale and complex plants have become apparent which are not adequately addressed by the traditional Process Monitoring and Control (PM&C) systems. Model-Integrated Computing (MIC) offers a feasible approach towards providing cost-effective development, integration, evolution and maintenance of ISs through the extensive use of plant models. This paper describes an application of MIC in providing a problem-solving environment and decision support tool in the context of discrete manufacturing operations at Saturn. The Saturn Site Production Flow (SSPF) system is a client-server application, designed to provide consistent and pertinent information, analysis and decision support services that are needed for informed decision making.
信息系统(IS)的使用在提高制造企业的生产率和吞吐量方面发挥着越来越重要的作用。主要驱动力是通过自动化、促进更好的业务流程和改进决策来提高效率和质量。在大型和复杂的工厂中,与ISs的设计、开发、集成、演变和维护相关的许多问题和问题已经变得明显,而传统的过程监测和控制(PM&C)系统无法充分解决这些问题。模型集成计算(MIC)通过广泛使用植物模型,为具有成本效益的ISs开发、集成、进化和维护提供了可行的方法。本文描述了MIC在提供问题解决环境和决策支持工具方面的应用。土星现场生产流程(SSPF)系统是一个客户端-服务器应用程序,旨在为知情决策提供一致和相关的信息、分析和决策支持服务。
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引用次数: 20
CHaRy: the C-LAB hard real-time system to support mechatronical design CHaRy: C-LAB硬实时系统,支持机电设计
P. Altenbernd
CHaRy is a software system to support the synthesis of periodic controller applications, where hard real-time conditions must be guaranteed for software tasks. Due to complexity reasons, CHaRy decomposes the overall problem of implementing periodic controllers on parallel embedded computers to sub-problem partitioning, timing analysis, allocation and schedulability analysis. This rigorous decomposition is relatively new for hard real-time software. Since CHaRy takes into account both the embedded controller applications as well as the encompassing system, the engineering of computer based systems (ECBS) is supported. Since all these sub-problems are still of huge complexity, CHaRy provides efficient heuristics for all these subjects. Hence CHaRy supports the mapping of controller models (implemented by C code) to a number of tasks (partitioning), the extraction of their computation times (timing analysis), and their assignment to a processor network (allocation), so that all hard real-time conditions are guaranteed (schedulability analysis). The paper provides an overview of the system, supported by many examples.
CHaRy是一个软件系统,用于支持周期控制器应用程序的合成,其中必须保证软件任务的硬实时条件。由于复杂性的原因,CHaRy将在并行嵌入式计算机上实现周期控制器的整体问题分解为子问题分区、时序分析、分配和可调度性分析。这种严格的分解对于硬实时软件来说是相对较新的。由于CHaRy考虑了嵌入式控制器应用程序以及包含系统,因此支持基于计算机的系统(ECBS)的工程。由于所有这些子问题仍然非常复杂,CHaRy为所有这些主题提供了有效的启发式。因此,CHaRy支持将控制器模型(由C代码实现)映射到许多任务(分区),提取它们的计算时间(计时分析),并将它们分配给处理器网络(分配),以便保证所有硬实时条件(可调度性分析)。本文概述了该系统,并提供了许多实例支持。
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引用次数: 20
A survey of system design methodologies 系统设计方法综述
D. Yoon
Computers have been employed as the controllers of various systems. Designing and implementing control software for complex systems requires the precise definition of a system and the methods of specifying how the system is to be designed and implemented. In this paper four system design approaches, functional, process-based, object-oriented, and net-based, are reviewed concentrating on their views of a system, design languages, and graphical design tools. Each methodology introduces its own notion of a system, a system design language, and a graphical design tool. Generalizing the four views of a system, an open system is defined as a net of objects interacting with its own environment. Then system design languages and graphical design tools are considered in the category theoretical context. As an application, an interactive system design tool called OBJ-NET is introduced at the end.
计算机已被用作各种系统的控制器。设计和实现复杂系统的控制软件需要系统的精确定义和指定如何设计和实现系统的方法。在本文中,四种系统设计方法,功能的,基于过程的,面向对象的,和基于网络的,集中在他们的系统,设计语言和图形设计工具的观点进行了审查。每种方法都介绍了自己的系统概念、系统设计语言和图形设计工具。概括系统的四种视图,开放系统被定义为与自身环境相互作用的对象网络。然后,系统设计语言和图形设计工具在范畴理论背景下进行了研究。最后介绍了交互式系统设计工具OBJ-NET作为应用。
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引用次数: 5
A digital protective relay as a real-time microprocessor system 作为实时微处理器系统的数字保护继电器
B. Kasztenny, E. Rosolowski
The paper presents a digital protective relay as a complex real-time microprocessor system. From this point of view the basic hardware and software structures and functions of a digital relay have been described and classified.
本文提出了一种数字保护继电器作为一种复杂的实时微处理器系统。从这个角度出发,对数字继电器的基本硬件和软件结构及功能进行了描述和分类。
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引用次数: 5
Process and systems complexity 过程和系统的复杂性
J. Rozenblit
This statement introduces the ECBS Complexity panel. It provides a framework for a debate on the complexity of the ECBS (engineering of computer based systems) process and its products. We attempt to address the questions of what constitutes complexity, how to measure it, and how to provide engineering techniques that can handle its effects.
该语句介绍了ECBS复杂性面板。它为讨论ECBS(基于计算机系统的工程)过程及其产品的复杂性提供了一个框架。我们试图解决的问题是什么构成了复杂性,如何衡量它,以及如何提供工程技术,可以处理它的影响。
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引用次数: 0
System design with models 带模型的系统设计
B. Purves
Design of very large complex systems is in trouble. Of course, that's the way it should be. A system would not deserve to be called very large and complex if it were not right at the edge of the humanly possible. In order to move on to the next level of human engineering achievement we must diagnose our present sticking points and find new ways to do things better.
非常大的复杂系统的设计陷入困境。当然,应该是这样的。如果一个系统不是处在人类可能的边缘,它就不配被称为非常庞大和复杂。为了进入人类工程学成就的下一个阶段,我们必须诊断出目前的症结所在,并找到把事情做得更好的新方法。
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引用次数: 0
Engineering of computer-based systems-a proposed curriculum for a degree program at Master level 计算机系统工程——硕士学位课程的建议课程
J. Z. Lavi, B. Melhart, I. Pyle
The paper describes characteristics of Engineering of Computer-Based Systems (ECBS), a newly recognized discipline, and the need for formal undergraduate and graduate level education of engineers in this discipline. The tasks to be undertaken by ECBS engineers are outlined. They form the requirements for the preparation of the ECBS Master program. The paper describes in detail the suggested courses required in such a program and some of the problems encountered in their development. The suggested courses, in a tailored version can be incorporated in undergraduate ECBS programs and industrial training programs. The proposed ECBS master program is being developed by the Education and Training Working Group of the IEEE Computer Society ECBS Technical Committee.
本文介绍了计算机系统工程(ECBS)这一新兴学科的特点,以及该学科对工程师进行正规本科和研究生教育的必要性。概述了ECBS工程师将要承担的任务。它们构成了准备欧洲商学院硕士课程的要求。本文详细介绍了该项目建议的必修课程以及在开发过程中遇到的一些问题。建议的课程,在量身定制的版本中,可以纳入本科ECBS课程和工业培训课程。拟议的ECBS硕士课程是由IEEE计算机协会ECBS技术委员会的教育和培训工作组开发的。
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引用次数: 7
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Proceedings International Conference and Workshop on Engineering of Computer-Based Systems
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