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The European Cenozoic Polyplacophora has been reviewed, with a focus on the Oligocene to Pleistocene paleontological record. Based upon literature records and institution and private collections, we have critically revised 171 taxa, 152 of which are considered taxonomically valid. Among these, 35 are extant species with a fossil record, and 19 are of unclear taxonomic position. Nineteen species are described as new: Lepidopleurus pseudocajetanus sp. nov. (Miocene/Pleistocene), Lepidopleurus reitanoi sp. nov. (Pleistocene), Leptochiton corticellii sp. nov. (Pleistocene), L. prudenzae sp. nov. (Pliocene), L. rumani sp. nov. (Miocene), Hanleya fratrum sp. nov. (Pleistocene), H. sirenkoi sp. nov. (Pleistocene), Ischnochiton cluzaudi sp. nov. (Miocene), I. krohi sp. nov. (Miocene), I. lesporti sp. nov. (Miocene), I. sigwartae sp. nov. (Pleistocene), Stenosemus juliuspisai sp. nov. (Pliocene-Pleistocene, Recent?), S. praedolii sp. nov. (Miocene/Pleistocene), S. rossoae sp. nov. (Pleistocene), S. vendrascoi sp. nov. (Miocene), Rhyssoplax garillii sp. nov. (Pliocene/Pleistocene), Lepidochitona kieli sp. nov. (Miocene), Lepidochitona saitoi sp. nov. (Pleistocene), and Acanthochitona mathiasi sp. nov. (Miocene). The stratigraphic distribution of the genus Lucilina Dall, 1882 is extended to the Lower Oligocene. One of the species introduced herein (Stenosemus juliuspisai sp. nov.) is likely still living in the Mediterranean Sea. This revision serves as a necessary step in establishing a foundational baseline for understanding the evolutionary and biogeographic patterns of Polyplacophora in European seas through time up to the present.

In Part 1 of this diagnostic review on the tribe Sphaeropthalmini in North America (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae: Sphaeropthalminae), we treat the minor nocturnal genera: Acanthophotopsis Schuster, 1958 (six species); Acrophotopsis Schuster, 1958 (six species); Dilophotopsis Schuster, 1958 (three species); Laminatilla Pitts, 2007 (three species); and Schusterphotopsis Pitts, 2003 (one species). The previously unrecognized females are described for three genera (Acanthophotopsis, Laminatilla, and Schusterphotopsis) and nine species (Acanthophotopsis bequaertii Schuster, 1958; Acanthophotopsis dorophora Schuster, 1958; Acanthophotopsis falciformis Schuster, 1958; Acrophotopsis bergi Casal, 1967; Acrophotopsis mickeli Pitts, 2002; Dilophotopsis paron (Cameron, 1896); Laminatilla bicornigera (Schuster, 1958), Laminatilla lamellifera (Schuster, 1958) and Schusterphotopsis barghesti Pitts, 2003). Two new species are described: Acrophotopsis paratropicalis Williams, sp. nov. and Acrophotopsis pumasunam Williams, sp. nov. One new combination is presented: Acanthophotopsis virguncula (Blake, 1886), comb. nov. (transfered from Sphaerophthalma Blake, 1871). Two new synonymies are presented: Stethophotopsis cremauranti Pitts & Manley, 2002, syn. nov. underAcanthophotopsis bequaertii Schuster, 1958) and Acanthophotopsis bifurca Schuster, 1958, syn. nov. under=Sphaerophthalma [sic] virguncula Blake, 1886). Additional comments are also presented regarding the distribution, behavior, and relations of Stethophotopsis maculata Pitts, 2000. New keys to the North American genera of Sphaeropthalmini and keys to species in each of the treated genera are provided.

This study provides a comprehensive taxonomic revision of the carpenter moth family Cossidae (Lepidoptera: Cossoidea) in Georgia, located within the South Caucasus region. Integrating historical records, museum collections, and recent field surveys, we present an updated fauna comprising 22 species across 13 genera. Five species are described here as new to science: Dyspessa confusa Japaridze, Makharadze, Seropian, sp. nov. (), Dyspessa parvana Japaridze, Makharadze, Seropian, sp. nov. (), Stygioides jarii Japaridze, Makharadze, Seropian, sp. nov. (), Stygioides mirifica Japaridze, Makharadze, Bulbulashvili, Seropian, sp. nov. (), and Phragmataecia ignota Japaridze, Makharadze, Seropian, sp. nov. () The genus Stygioides Braund, 1853 is recorded from Georgia for the first time. Additionally, Deserticossus volgensis (Christoph, 1893), Dyspessa cerberus Daniel, 1939, and D. tsvetaevi Yakovlev, 2008 are newly recorded from the South Caucasus. Based on re-examination of material, Dyspessa alpherakyi Christoph, 1885, D. pallidata Staudinger, 1892, and Isoceras bipunctatum Staudinger, 1887 are excluded from the Georgian fauna. The name Holcocerus didmanidzae Yakovlev, 2006 is corrected to Holcocerus didmanidzeae Yakovlev, 2006 in accordance with the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature (ICZN). Detailed collection data, diagnostic images, and COI barcode sequences of eight species are provided to support future ecological and biogeographical studies.

Sulcosticta fliedneri sp. nov. (holotype , 15.25326 N, 121.39115 E, 65 m a.s.l., Dingalan, Aurora, Luzon, deposited at Cavite State University, Philippines) is described from Luzon Island based on specimens of both sexes. The new species is diagnosed by the distinctive morphology of the males anal appendages: cerci robust with a small distal tubercle and paraprocts black, acutely curved at the tip.

A new species of Megacampsomeris Betrem, 1928 (Hymenoptera, Scoliidae, Campsomerini) from Mindanao in the Philippines, Megacampsomeris funesta Castagnet & Cabon, sp. nov., is described and illustrated on the basis of both sexes. This new species, entirely melanistic with brown pilosity, is similar in habitus to M. habrocoma (Smith, 1855), M. laevivertex Betrem, 1928, and M. malaccensis Betrem, 1928 from Indonesia but differs mainly in its finer, denser and often coalescent punctation. In addition, the examination of multiple Laevicampsomeris luzonensis (Rohwer, 1921) specimens, including male genitalia, supports its reallocation to the genus Megacampsomeris. Thus the new combination is proposed: Megacampsomeris luzonensis (Rohwer, 1921), comb. nov. Finally, M. asiatica (de Saussure, 1858) and M. prismatica (Smith, 1855) are removed from the Philippines fauna. A determination key and an updated list of Megacampsomeris species from the Philippines are given.

In this paper, the previously unknown female of Exaeretia terskeella Lvovsky, 2016 is described from Kungey Ala-Too Range, part of northern Tien Shan in Kyrgyzstan. The female has reduced wings, making it the first documented case of brachyptery in the genus. Exaeretia terskeella is closely related to E. lvovskyi Buchner, Junnilainen & Nupponen, 2019, in which sexual dimorphism is not present. Externally, E. terskeella is most similar to E. nebulosella (Caradja, 1920), the female of which is unknown. Photographs of adults and genitalia of both sexes of E. terskeella are provided. Exaeretia lvovskyi is recorded for the first time from Kyrgyzstan.

Until the early 2000s, only seven species were recognized within the cyprinid genus Pseudobarbus, based solely on morphology. However, the integration of molecular data, expanded sampling, and reexamination of ichthyological collections revealed eighteen lineages, most of which have since been taxonomically resolved through revalidations or new species descriptions. The application of three core criteria, (i) moderate to deep genetic divergence, (ii) presence of diagnostic morphological differences, and (iii) occurrence in discrete river systems or catchments, has guided these species delimitations and resulted in an increase from seven to 15 valid species over the past decade. Applying these criteria, this study evaluates the taxonomic status of the Doring River lineage of P. phlegethon in comparison with the topotypic Olifants River lineage. The two lineages show low genetic divergence (1.3%), the lowest recorded in the genus, and complete overlap in all morphological characters examined, precluding a morphological diagnosis. Of the three criteria, only the third, i.e., distinct geographic distributions, is met by the Doring and Olifants lineages of P. phlegethon; therefore, we adopt a conservative approach, treating them as allopatric populations of the same species.

The new pipefish Festucalex rosa sp. nov. is described from a single specimen collected from D'Arros Island, Seychelles, representing only the second species of Festucalex recorded from the western Indian Ocean. The new species is similar to other members of the genus, including F. armillatus Prokofiev 2016, F. gibbsi Dawson 1977, F. prolixus Dawson 1984, and F. wassi Dawson 1977 in possessing two ridges on the pectoral-fin base, but is distinguished from its congeners by the following combination of characters: 17 trunk rings; 34 tail rings; 21 dorsal-fin rays; 14 or 15 pectoral-fin rays; snout length 46.3% of head length; and lateral trunk ridge terminating at the anal ring. A possible conspecific record from Kosi Bay, South Africa, is noted.

A new species of Orchestia Leach, 1814 is described based on two specimens sampled at the Banc dArguin National Park in Mauritania. The new species belongs to the group of Orchestia species with an irregular carpus on the seventh pereopod that includes also O. aestuarensis Wildish, 1987 and O. mediterranea Costa, 1853. Orchestia mauritanica sp. nov. can be distinguished from other group members by lacking a concavity on the posterior margin on the basis of the seventh pereopod and by having the posterior margin on the male second gnathopod with a straight distal margin followed by a proximal shelf. The species description is based on detailed illustrations and micro-CT imaging. An identification key to the Orchestia species of the world is provided.