Yee Mun Lee, R. Madigan, Jorge Garcia, A. Tomlinson, Albert Solernou, R. Romano, G. Markkula, N. Merat, J. Uttley
Efficient and safe interactions between automated vehicles and other road users can be supported through external Human-Machine Interfaces (eHMI). The success of these interactions relies on the eHMI signals being adequately understood by other road users. A paired-comparison forced choice task (Task 1), and a 6-point rating task (Task 2) were used to assess the extent to which ten different eHMI signals conveyed three separate messages, 'I am giving way', 'I am in automated mode' and 'I will start moving'. The different eHMI options consisted of variations of a 360° lightband, a single lamp, and an auditory signal. Results demonstrated that the same eHMI format could convey different messages equally well, suggesting a need to be cautious when designing eHMI, to avoid presenting misleading, potentially unsafe, information. Future research should investigate whether the use of an eHMI signal indicating a change in the AV's behaviour is sufficient for conveying intention.
{"title":"Understanding the Messages Conveyed by Automated Vehicles","authors":"Yee Mun Lee, R. Madigan, Jorge Garcia, A. Tomlinson, Albert Solernou, R. Romano, G. Markkula, N. Merat, J. Uttley","doi":"10.1145/3342197.3344546","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3342197.3344546","url":null,"abstract":"Efficient and safe interactions between automated vehicles and other road users can be supported through external Human-Machine Interfaces (eHMI). The success of these interactions relies on the eHMI signals being adequately understood by other road users. A paired-comparison forced choice task (Task 1), and a 6-point rating task (Task 2) were used to assess the extent to which ten different eHMI signals conveyed three separate messages, 'I am giving way', 'I am in automated mode' and 'I will start moving'. The different eHMI options consisted of variations of a 360° lightband, a single lamp, and an auditory signal. Results demonstrated that the same eHMI format could convey different messages equally well, suggesting a need to be cautious when designing eHMI, to avoid presenting misleading, potentially unsafe, information. Future research should investigate whether the use of an eHMI signal indicating a change in the AV's behaviour is sufficient for conveying intention.","PeriodicalId":244325,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Automotive User Interfaces and Interactive Vehicular Applications","volume":"3 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-09-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115545661","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Debargha Dey, F. Walker, Brady Michael Kuhl, J. Terken
In road-crossing situations involving negotiation with approaching vehicles, pedestrians need to take into account the behavior of the car before making a decision. To investigate the kind of information about the car that pedestrians seek, and the places where do they look for it, we conducted an eye-tracking study with 26 participants and analyzed the fixation behavior when interacting with a manually-driven vehicle that approached while slowing and displaying a yielding behavior. Results show that a clear pattern of gaze behavior exists for pedestrians in looking at a vehicle during road-crossing situations as a function of the vehicle's distance. When the car is far away, pedestrians look at the environment or the road space ahead of the car. With the approach, the gaze gradually shifts to the windshield of the car. We conclude by discussing the implications of this insight in the user-centered-design of optimal external Human-Machine-Interfaces for automated vehicles.
{"title":"Gaze Patterns in Pedestrian Interaction with Vehicles: Towards Effective Design of External Human-Machine Interfaces for Automated Vehicles","authors":"Debargha Dey, F. Walker, Brady Michael Kuhl, J. Terken","doi":"10.1145/3342197.3344523","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3342197.3344523","url":null,"abstract":"In road-crossing situations involving negotiation with approaching vehicles, pedestrians need to take into account the behavior of the car before making a decision. To investigate the kind of information about the car that pedestrians seek, and the places where do they look for it, we conducted an eye-tracking study with 26 participants and analyzed the fixation behavior when interacting with a manually-driven vehicle that approached while slowing and displaying a yielding behavior. Results show that a clear pattern of gaze behavior exists for pedestrians in looking at a vehicle during road-crossing situations as a function of the vehicle's distance. When the car is far away, pedestrians look at the environment or the road space ahead of the car. With the approach, the gaze gradually shifts to the windshield of the car. We conclude by discussing the implications of this insight in the user-centered-design of optimal external Human-Machine-Interfaces for automated vehicles.","PeriodicalId":244325,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Automotive User Interfaces and Interactive Vehicular Applications","volume":"6 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-09-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124561560","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Marine Capallera, Quentin Meteier, Emmanuel de Salis, Leonardo Angelini, S. Carrino, Omar Abou Khaled, E. Mugellini
In the context of highly automated driving, the driver has to be aware of driving risks and to take over control of the car in hazardous situations. The goal of this paper is to categorize and analyze the factors that lead to such critical scenarios. To this purpose, we analyzed limitations of Advanced Driver-Assistance Systems (ADAS) extracted from owner manuals of 12 partially automated cars available on the market. A taxonomy with 6 macro-categories and 26 micro-categories is proposed to classify and better understand the limitations of these vehicles. We also investigated if these limitations are conveyed to the driver through Human-Machine Interaction (HMI) in the car. Some suggestions are made to better communicate these limitations to the driver in order to raise his/her situation awareness.
{"title":"Owner Manuals Review and Taxonomy of ADAS Limitations in Partially Automated Vehicles","authors":"Marine Capallera, Quentin Meteier, Emmanuel de Salis, Leonardo Angelini, S. Carrino, Omar Abou Khaled, E. Mugellini","doi":"10.1145/3342197.3344530","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3342197.3344530","url":null,"abstract":"In the context of highly automated driving, the driver has to be aware of driving risks and to take over control of the car in hazardous situations. The goal of this paper is to categorize and analyze the factors that lead to such critical scenarios. To this purpose, we analyzed limitations of Advanced Driver-Assistance Systems (ADAS) extracted from owner manuals of 12 partially automated cars available on the market. A taxonomy with 6 macro-categories and 26 micro-categories is proposed to classify and better understand the limitations of these vehicles. We also investigated if these limitations are conveyed to the driver through Human-Machine Interaction (HMI) in the car. Some suggestions are made to better communicate these limitations to the driver in order to raise his/her situation awareness.","PeriodicalId":244325,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Automotive User Interfaces and Interactive Vehicular Applications","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-09-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126024547","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Mengyao Li, Brittany E. Holthausen, Rachel E. Stuck, B. Walker
When evaluating drivers' trust in automated systems, perceived risk is an inevitable, yet underestimated component, especially during initial interaction. We designed two experimental studies focusing on how people assess risk in different driving environments and how introductory information about automation reliability influences trust and risk perception. First, we designed nine driving scenarios to determine which factors influence Perceived Situational Risk (PSR) and Perceived Relational Risk (PRR). Results showed that participants identified levels of risk based on traffic type and vehicles' abnormal behaviors. We then evaluated how introductory information and situational risk influence trust and PRR. Results showed that participants reported the highest level of trust, perceived automation reliability, and the lowest level of PRR when presented with information about a highly reliable system, and when driving in a low-risk situation. These results highlight the importance of incorporating perceived risk and introductory information to support the trust calibration in automated vehicles.
{"title":"No Risk No Trust: Investigating Perceived Risk in Highly Automated Driving","authors":"Mengyao Li, Brittany E. Holthausen, Rachel E. Stuck, B. Walker","doi":"10.1145/3342197.3344525","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3342197.3344525","url":null,"abstract":"When evaluating drivers' trust in automated systems, perceived risk is an inevitable, yet underestimated component, especially during initial interaction. We designed two experimental studies focusing on how people assess risk in different driving environments and how introductory information about automation reliability influences trust and risk perception. First, we designed nine driving scenarios to determine which factors influence Perceived Situational Risk (PSR) and Perceived Relational Risk (PRR). Results showed that participants identified levels of risk based on traffic type and vehicles' abnormal behaviors. We then evaluated how introductory information and situational risk influence trust and PRR. Results showed that participants reported the highest level of trust, perceived automation reliability, and the lowest level of PRR when presented with information about a highly reliable system, and when driving in a low-risk situation. These results highlight the importance of incorporating perceived risk and introductory information to support the trust calibration in automated vehicles.","PeriodicalId":244325,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Automotive User Interfaces and Interactive Vehicular Applications","volume":"4 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-09-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132200648","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The intentions of an automated vehicle are hard to spot in the absence of eye contact with a driver or other established means of communication. External car displays have been proposed as a solution, but what if they malfunction or display misleading information? How will this influence pedestrians' trust in the vehicle? To investigate these questions, we conducted a between-subjects study in Virtual Reality (N = 18) in which one group was exposed to erroneous displays. Our results show that participants already started with a very high degree of trust. Incorrectly communicated information led to a strong decline in trust and perceived safety, but both recovered very quickly. This was also reflected in participants' road crossing behavior. We found that malfunctions of an external car display motivate users to ignore it and thereby aggravate the effects of overtrust. Therefore, we argue that the design of external communication should avoid misleading information and at the same time prevent the development of overtrust by design.
{"title":"Overtrust in External Cues of Automated Vehicles: An Experimental Investigation","authors":"K. Holländer, Philipp Wintersberger, A. Butz","doi":"10.1145/3342197.3344528","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3342197.3344528","url":null,"abstract":"The intentions of an automated vehicle are hard to spot in the absence of eye contact with a driver or other established means of communication. External car displays have been proposed as a solution, but what if they malfunction or display misleading information? How will this influence pedestrians' trust in the vehicle? To investigate these questions, we conducted a between-subjects study in Virtual Reality (N = 18) in which one group was exposed to erroneous displays. Our results show that participants already started with a very high degree of trust. Incorrectly communicated information led to a strong decline in trust and perceived safety, but both recovered very quickly. This was also reflected in participants' road crossing behavior. We found that malfunctions of an external car display motivate users to ignore it and thereby aggravate the effects of overtrust. Therefore, we argue that the design of external communication should avoid misleading information and at the same time prevent the development of overtrust by design.","PeriodicalId":244325,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Automotive User Interfaces and Interactive Vehicular Applications","volume":"38 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-09-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114667405","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Clemens Schartmüller, Klemens Weigl, Philipp Wintersberger, A. Riener, M. Steinhauser
With increasing automation, vehicles could soon become "mobile offices" but traditional user interfaces (UIs) for office work are not optimized for this domain. We hypothesize that productive work will only be feasible in SAE level 3 automated vehicles if UIs are adapted to (A) the operational design domain, and (B) driver-workers' capabilities. Consequently, we studied adapted interfaces for a typical office task (text-comprehension) by varying display modality (heads-up reading vs. auditory listening), as well as UI behavior in conjunction with take-over situations (attention-awareness vs. no attention-awareness). Self-ratings, physiological indicators, and objective performance measures in a driving simulator study (N = 32) allowed to derive implications for a mobile workspace automated vehicle. Results highlight that heads-up displays promote sequential multi-tasking and thereby reduce workload and improve productivity in comparison to auditory displays, which were still more attractive to users. Attention-awareness led to reduced stress but later driving reactions, consequently requiring further investigations.
{"title":"Text Comprehension: Heads-Up vs. Auditory Displays: Implications for a Productive Work Environment in SAE Level 3 Automated Vehicles","authors":"Clemens Schartmüller, Klemens Weigl, Philipp Wintersberger, A. Riener, M. Steinhauser","doi":"10.1145/3342197.3344547","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3342197.3344547","url":null,"abstract":"With increasing automation, vehicles could soon become \"mobile offices\" but traditional user interfaces (UIs) for office work are not optimized for this domain. We hypothesize that productive work will only be feasible in SAE level 3 automated vehicles if UIs are adapted to (A) the operational design domain, and (B) driver-workers' capabilities. Consequently, we studied adapted interfaces for a typical office task (text-comprehension) by varying display modality (heads-up reading vs. auditory listening), as well as UI behavior in conjunction with take-over situations (attention-awareness vs. no attention-awareness). Self-ratings, physiological indicators, and objective performance measures in a driving simulator study (N = 32) allowed to derive implications for a mobile workspace automated vehicle. Results highlight that heads-up displays promote sequential multi-tasking and thereby reduce workload and improve productivity in comparison to auditory displays, which were still more attractive to users. Attention-awareness led to reduced stress but later driving reactions, consequently requiring further investigations.","PeriodicalId":244325,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Automotive User Interfaces and Interactive Vehicular Applications","volume":"15 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-09-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128611101","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
An exploratory literature review method was applied to publications from several sources on Human-Computer Interaction (HCI) for In-Vehicle Information Systems (IVIS). The novel approach for bibliographic classification uses a graph database to investigate connections between authors, papers, used methods, and investigated interface types. This allows the application of algorithms to find similarities between different publications and overlaps between different usability evaluation methods. Through community detection algorithms, the publications can be clustered based on similarity relationships. For the proposed approach several thousand papers were systematically filtered, classified, and stored in a graph database. The survey shows a trend for usability assessment methods with direct involvement of users, especially the observation of users and performance-related measurements, as well as questionnaires and interviews. However, especially methods usually applied in early stages of development based on the assessment through models or experts, as well as collaborative and creativity methods do not seem very popular in automotive HCI research.
{"title":"Exploratory Analysis of the Research Literature on Evaluation of In-Vehicle Systems","authors":"Lukas Lamm, Christian Wolff","doi":"10.1145/3342197.3344527","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3342197.3344527","url":null,"abstract":"An exploratory literature review method was applied to publications from several sources on Human-Computer Interaction (HCI) for In-Vehicle Information Systems (IVIS). The novel approach for bibliographic classification uses a graph database to investigate connections between authors, papers, used methods, and investigated interface types. This allows the application of algorithms to find similarities between different publications and overlaps between different usability evaluation methods. Through community detection algorithms, the publications can be clustered based on similarity relationships. For the proposed approach several thousand papers were systematically filtered, classified, and stored in a graph database. The survey shows a trend for usability assessment methods with direct involvement of users, especially the observation of users and performance-related measurements, as well as questionnaires and interviews. However, especially methods usually applied in early stages of development based on the assessment through models or experts, as well as collaborative and creativity methods do not seem very popular in automotive HCI research.","PeriodicalId":244325,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Automotive User Interfaces and Interactive Vehicular Applications","volume":"49 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-09-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115067379","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Sanna M. Pampel, G. Burnett, Chrisminder Hare, Harpreet Singh, A. Shabani, L. Skrypchuk, Alex Mouzakitis
The visual demand of finger-touch based interactions with touch screens has been increasingly modelled using Fitts' Law. With respect to driving, these models facilitate the prediction of mean glance duration and total glance time with an index of difficulty based on target size and location. Strong relationships between measures have been found in the controlled conditions of driving simulators. The present study aimed to validate such models in naturalistic conditions. Nineteen experienced drivers carried out a range of touchscreen button-press tasks in an instrumented car on a UK motorway. In contrast with previous simulator-based work, our on-road data produced much weaker relationships between the index of difficulty and glance times. The model improved by focusing on tasks that required one glance only. Limitations of Fitts' Law in the more complex and dynamic real-world driving environment are discussed, as are the potential drawbacks of driving simulators for conducting visual demand research.
{"title":"Fitts Goes Autobahn: Assessing the Visual Demand of Finger-Touch Pointing Tasks in an On-Road Study","authors":"Sanna M. Pampel, G. Burnett, Chrisminder Hare, Harpreet Singh, A. Shabani, L. Skrypchuk, Alex Mouzakitis","doi":"10.1145/3342197.3344538","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3342197.3344538","url":null,"abstract":"The visual demand of finger-touch based interactions with touch screens has been increasingly modelled using Fitts' Law. With respect to driving, these models facilitate the prediction of mean glance duration and total glance time with an index of difficulty based on target size and location. Strong relationships between measures have been found in the controlled conditions of driving simulators. The present study aimed to validate such models in naturalistic conditions. Nineteen experienced drivers carried out a range of touchscreen button-press tasks in an instrumented car on a UK motorway. In contrast with previous simulator-based work, our on-road data produced much weaker relationships between the index of difficulty and glance times. The model improved by focusing on tasks that required one glance only. Limitations of Fitts' Law in the more complex and dynamic real-world driving environment are discussed, as are the potential drawbacks of driving simulators for conducting visual demand research.","PeriodicalId":244325,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Automotive User Interfaces and Interactive Vehicular Applications","volume":"34 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-09-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115536655","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Robin Neuhaus, Eva Lenz, Shadan Sadeghian Borojeni, Marc Hassenzahl
While the general debate about the potential of automated vehicles is pervasive, less is known about how people experience those vehicles in everyday life. To this end, we studied the experiential consequences of a speculative automated "valet parking" service. We designed three variants and confronted participants "in the wild." The automation replaced practical worries about how to navigate a parking garage with unease about the safety of the car, which clearly limited potential gains in positive experiences. The unease could be counteracted by providing feedback about the car itself and the process. This created the impression that the car is properly cared for. In addition, while parking in garages in itself was not especially enjoyable, it played an important role in a number of related positive practices (e.g., shopping routines). To ensure acceptance, automated systems need to carefully address the question of how those systems become embedded in everyday life.
{"title":"Exploring the Future Experience of Automated \"Valet Parking\" - a User Enactment","authors":"Robin Neuhaus, Eva Lenz, Shadan Sadeghian Borojeni, Marc Hassenzahl","doi":"10.1145/3342197.3344518","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3342197.3344518","url":null,"abstract":"While the general debate about the potential of automated vehicles is pervasive, less is known about how people experience those vehicles in everyday life. To this end, we studied the experiential consequences of a speculative automated \"valet parking\" service. We designed three variants and confronted participants \"in the wild.\" The automation replaced practical worries about how to navigate a parking garage with unease about the safety of the car, which clearly limited potential gains in positive experiences. The unease could be counteracted by providing feedback about the car itself and the process. This created the impression that the car is properly cared for. In addition, while parking in garages in itself was not especially enjoyable, it played an important role in a number of related positive practices (e.g., shopping routines). To ensure acceptance, automated systems need to carefully address the question of how those systems become embedded in everyday life.","PeriodicalId":244325,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Automotive User Interfaces and Interactive Vehicular Applications","volume":"22 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-09-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126151054","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper presents a systematic review of the literature on the effectiveness of engineering countermeasures at reducing unintentional Red-Light Running (RLR) violations and improving safety at traffic intersections. 26 relevant studies on countdown timers, pavement markings, signal operations, advance warning systems, and in-vehicle warning systems are discussed and their results are summarized. While all countermeasures demonstrated varying levels of effectiveness, in-vehicle warning systems that provided audio and/or visual feedback to drivers were found to be the most promising in lowering RLR rates, with studies showing RLR reduction by 84.3%, collision rate reduction by 37%, lower RLR probability and lower risks of crashes. Limitations of each countermeasure are discussed and research shortcomings are indicated. Further areas of potential advancements are highlighted and refinement of countermeasures are proposed in light of improving their effectiveness in reducing RLR violations and improving intersection safety.
{"title":"Effectiveness of Red-Light Running Countermeasures: A Systematic Review","authors":"Sardar Elias, M. Ghafurian, S. Samuel","doi":"10.1145/3342197.3344542","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3342197.3344542","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents a systematic review of the literature on the effectiveness of engineering countermeasures at reducing unintentional Red-Light Running (RLR) violations and improving safety at traffic intersections. 26 relevant studies on countdown timers, pavement markings, signal operations, advance warning systems, and in-vehicle warning systems are discussed and their results are summarized. While all countermeasures demonstrated varying levels of effectiveness, in-vehicle warning systems that provided audio and/or visual feedback to drivers were found to be the most promising in lowering RLR rates, with studies showing RLR reduction by 84.3%, collision rate reduction by 37%, lower RLR probability and lower risks of crashes. Limitations of each countermeasure are discussed and research shortcomings are indicated. Further areas of potential advancements are highlighted and refinement of countermeasures are proposed in light of improving their effectiveness in reducing RLR violations and improving intersection safety.","PeriodicalId":244325,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Automotive User Interfaces and Interactive Vehicular Applications","volume":"28 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-09-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126030992","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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