Philipp Hock, Franziska Babel, J. Kraus, E. Rukzio, M. Baumann
Automated driving has the potential to reduce road fatalities. However, the public opinion to use automated driving can be described as skeptical. To increase the use of automated driving features, we investigate the persuasion principle of opt-out permission policies for enabling the automation, meaning automatically enabling the automation if users do not veto. In a driving simulator study (n = 19), participants drove on three different tracks (city, highway, rural). Three different interface concepts (opt-out, opt-in, control) were examined regarding their effects on automation use, trust, and acceptance. We found that an opt-out activation policy may increase automation usage for some participants. However, opt-out was perceived as more persuasive and more patronizing than the other conditions. Most importantly, opt-out can lead to mode confusion and therefore to dangerous situations. When such an opt-out policy is used in an automated vehicle, mode confusion must be addressed.
{"title":"Towards Opt-Out Permission Policies to Maximize the Use of Automated Driving","authors":"Philipp Hock, Franziska Babel, J. Kraus, E. Rukzio, M. Baumann","doi":"10.1145/3342197.3344521","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3342197.3344521","url":null,"abstract":"Automated driving has the potential to reduce road fatalities. However, the public opinion to use automated driving can be described as skeptical. To increase the use of automated driving features, we investigate the persuasion principle of opt-out permission policies for enabling the automation, meaning automatically enabling the automation if users do not veto. In a driving simulator study (n = 19), participants drove on three different tracks (city, highway, rural). Three different interface concepts (opt-out, opt-in, control) were examined regarding their effects on automation use, trust, and acceptance. We found that an opt-out activation policy may increase automation usage for some participants. However, opt-out was perceived as more persuasive and more patronizing than the other conditions. Most importantly, opt-out can lead to mode confusion and therefore to dangerous situations. When such an opt-out policy is used in an automated vehicle, mode confusion must be addressed.","PeriodicalId":244325,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Automotive User Interfaces and Interactive Vehicular Applications","volume":"20 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-09-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114752143","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Hanna Braun, Magdalena Gärtner, Sandra Trösterer, L. Akkermans, Marije Seinen, Alexander Meschtscherjakov, M. Tscheligi
Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS) aim to increase safety by supporting drivers in the driving task. Especially older drivers (65+ years), given the nature of aging, could benefit from these systems. However, little is known about older drivers' acceptance of ADAS in general and how particular acceptance aspects influence their intention to use such systems. To address this research gap, we present results from a large-scale online survey (n=1328) with aging drivers, which was conducted in three European countries in 2019. We identified several demographic and driving-related variables, which are significantly related to acceptance. Furthermore, we found that older drivers' intention to use ADAS is most strongly predicted by favorable acceptance aspects (i.e., usefulness, reassurance, and trust), while unfavorable aspects (i.e., annoyance, irritation, and stress) were found to have less to none predictive power. The findings are discussed considering future research directions in this area.
{"title":"Advanced Driver Assistance Systems for Aging Drivers: Insights on 65+ Drivers' Acceptance of and Intention to Use ADAS","authors":"Hanna Braun, Magdalena Gärtner, Sandra Trösterer, L. Akkermans, Marije Seinen, Alexander Meschtscherjakov, M. Tscheligi","doi":"10.1145/3342197.3344517","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3342197.3344517","url":null,"abstract":"Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS) aim to increase safety by supporting drivers in the driving task. Especially older drivers (65+ years), given the nature of aging, could benefit from these systems. However, little is known about older drivers' acceptance of ADAS in general and how particular acceptance aspects influence their intention to use such systems. To address this research gap, we present results from a large-scale online survey (n=1328) with aging drivers, which was conducted in three European countries in 2019. We identified several demographic and driving-related variables, which are significantly related to acceptance. Furthermore, we found that older drivers' intention to use ADAS is most strongly predicted by favorable acceptance aspects (i.e., usefulness, reassurance, and trust), while unfavorable aspects (i.e., annoyance, irritation, and stress) were found to have less to none predictive power. The findings are discussed considering future research directions in this area.","PeriodicalId":244325,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Automotive User Interfaces and Interactive Vehicular Applications","volume":"25 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-09-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132983111","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The design of effective energy interfaces for electric vehicles needs an integrated perspective on the technical and psychological factors that together establish real-world vehicle energy efficiency. The objective of the present research was to provide a transdisciplinary synthesis of key factors for the design of energy interfaces for battery electric vehicles (BEVs) that effectively support drivers in their eco-driving efforts. While previous research tends to concentrate on the (visual) representation of common energy efficiency measures, we focus on the design of action-integrated metrics and indicators for vehicle energy efficiency that account for the perceptual capacities and bounded rationality of drivers. Based on this rationale, we propose energy interface examples for the most basic driving maneuvers (acceleration, constant driving, deceleration) and discuss challenges and opportunities of these design solutions.
{"title":"The Energy Interface Challenge. Towards Designing Effective Energy Efficiency Interfaces for Electric Vehicles","authors":"T. Franke, D. Görges, Matthias G. Arend","doi":"10.1145/3342197.3344526","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3342197.3344526","url":null,"abstract":"The design of effective energy interfaces for electric vehicles needs an integrated perspective on the technical and psychological factors that together establish real-world vehicle energy efficiency. The objective of the present research was to provide a transdisciplinary synthesis of key factors for the design of energy interfaces for battery electric vehicles (BEVs) that effectively support drivers in their eco-driving efforts. While previous research tends to concentrate on the (visual) representation of common energy efficiency measures, we focus on the design of action-integrated metrics and indicators for vehicle energy efficiency that account for the perceptual capacities and bounded rationality of drivers. Based on this rationale, we propose energy interface examples for the most basic driving maneuvers (acceleration, constant driving, deceleration) and discuss challenges and opportunities of these design solutions.","PeriodicalId":244325,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Automotive User Interfaces and Interactive Vehicular Applications","volume":"21 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-09-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122429480","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Alexander G. Mirnig, Rod McCall, Alexander Meschtscherjakov, M. Tscheligi
In light of recent incidents, it has become increasingly relevant to determine who is responsible in case of accidents involving automated vehicles. In this paper, we investigate the question of liability in automated vehicles of SAE levels 3 and above. We claim that there is a mismatch between current liability practices, where a designated driver is usually held responsible, and future perspectives, where the human assumes more and more a passive passenger-like role. Our claims are supported by the results from an interview study with insurance companies from two European countries. We show that insurers lack sufficient data to make informed decisions on how to apportion liability in SAE level 3+ scenarios. We discuss how these considerations have to be reflected in interfaces for the driver in order to make the legal status transparent for the driver.
{"title":"The Insurer's Paradox: About Liability, the Need for Accident Data, and Legal Hurdles for Automated Driving","authors":"Alexander G. Mirnig, Rod McCall, Alexander Meschtscherjakov, M. Tscheligi","doi":"10.1145/3342197.3344540","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3342197.3344540","url":null,"abstract":"In light of recent incidents, it has become increasingly relevant to determine who is responsible in case of accidents involving automated vehicles. In this paper, we investigate the question of liability in automated vehicles of SAE levels 3 and above. We claim that there is a mismatch between current liability practices, where a designated driver is usually held responsible, and future perspectives, where the human assumes more and more a passive passenger-like role. Our claims are supported by the results from an interview study with insurance companies from two European countries. We show that insurers lack sufficient data to make informed decisions on how to apportion liability in SAE level 3+ scenarios. We discuss how these considerations have to be reflected in interfaces for the driver in order to make the legal status transparent for the driver.","PeriodicalId":244325,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Automotive User Interfaces and Interactive Vehicular Applications","volume":"34 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-09-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125252348","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
D. Moore, Rebecca M. Currano, G. Strack, D. Sirkin
Autonomous vehicles' (AVs) interactions with pedestrians remain an ongoing uncertainty. Several studies have claimed the need for explicit external human-machine interfaces (eHMI) such as lights or displays to replace the lack of eye contact with and explicit gestures from drivers, however this need is not thoroughly understood. We review literature on explicit and implicit eHMI, and discuss results from a field study with a Wizard-of-Oz driverless vehicle that tested pedestrians' reactions in everyday traffic without explicit eHMI. While some pedestrians were surprised by the vehicle, others did not notice its autonomous nature, and all crossed in front without explicit signaling, suggesting that pedestrians may not need explicit eHMI in routine interactions---the car's implicit eHMI (its motion) may suffice.
{"title":"The Case for Implicit External Human-Machine Interfaces for Autonomous Vehicles","authors":"D. Moore, Rebecca M. Currano, G. Strack, D. Sirkin","doi":"10.1145/3342197.3345320","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3342197.3345320","url":null,"abstract":"Autonomous vehicles' (AVs) interactions with pedestrians remain an ongoing uncertainty. Several studies have claimed the need for explicit external human-machine interfaces (eHMI) such as lights or displays to replace the lack of eye contact with and explicit gestures from drivers, however this need is not thoroughly understood. We review literature on explicit and implicit eHMI, and discuss results from a field study with a Wizard-of-Oz driverless vehicle that tested pedestrians' reactions in everyday traffic without explicit eHMI. While some pedestrians were surprised by the vehicle, others did not notice its autonomous nature, and all crossed in front without explicit signaling, suggesting that pedestrians may not need explicit eHMI in routine interactions---the car's implicit eHMI (its motion) may suffice.","PeriodicalId":244325,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Automotive User Interfaces and Interactive Vehicular Applications","volume":"40 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-09-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131371359","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
S. Neumeier, Philipp Wintersberger, Anna-Katharina Frison, Armin Becher, Christian Facchi, A. Riener
In the domain of automated driving, numerous (technological) problems were solved in recent years, but still many limitations are around that could eventually prevent the deployment of automated driving systems (ADS) beyond SAE level 3. A remote operating fallback authority might be a promising solution. In order for teleoperation to function reliably and universal, it will make use of existing infrastructure, such as cellular networks. Unfortunately, cellular networks might suffer from variable performance. In this work, we investigate the effects of latency on task performance and perceived workload for different driving scenarios. Results from a simulator study (N=28) suggest that latency has negative influence on driving performance and subjective factors and led to a decreased confidence in Teleoperated Driving during the study. A latency of about 300 ms already led to a deteriorated driving performance, whereas variable latency did not consequently deteriorate driving performance.
{"title":"Teleoperation: The Holy Grail to Solve Problems of Automated Driving? Sure, but Latency Matters","authors":"S. Neumeier, Philipp Wintersberger, Anna-Katharina Frison, Armin Becher, Christian Facchi, A. Riener","doi":"10.1145/3342197.3344534","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3342197.3344534","url":null,"abstract":"In the domain of automated driving, numerous (technological) problems were solved in recent years, but still many limitations are around that could eventually prevent the deployment of automated driving systems (ADS) beyond SAE level 3. A remote operating fallback authority might be a promising solution. In order for teleoperation to function reliably and universal, it will make use of existing infrastructure, such as cellular networks. Unfortunately, cellular networks might suffer from variable performance. In this work, we investigate the effects of latency on task performance and perceived workload for different driving scenarios. Results from a simulator study (N=28) suggest that latency has negative influence on driving performance and subjective factors and led to a decreased confidence in Teleoperated Driving during the study. A latency of about 300 ms already led to a deteriorated driving performance, whereas variable latency did not consequently deteriorate driving performance.","PeriodicalId":244325,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Automotive User Interfaces and Interactive Vehicular Applications","volume":"31 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-09-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115012771","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Katri Salminen, A. Farooq, Jussi Rantala, Veikko Surakka, R. Raisamo
Semiautonomous driving still requires the driver's control and attention in certain situations. Especially control transitions, i.e. take-over and hand-over situations, are important for safety. Our aim was to study control transitions supported by unimodal (i.e. visual, auditory, or haptic) or multimodal (i.e. visual, auditory and haptic) signals indicating change from manual to autonomous driving and vice versa. The signals were abstract visual blinks, auditory beeps, or haptic vibrations. The task was to take over driving while either looking through the windshield or playing a game. In addition, in half of the control transitions a feedback signal indicated successful control transition. The results showed that a secondary task slowed down the reaction times, but there was a great variation between individuals. In general, the response to auditory signal was slower than to visual, haptic, or multimodal signals. Moreover, users preferred feedback during control transitions but this slowed down the reaction time.
{"title":"Unimodal and Multimodal Signals to Support Control Transitions in Semiautonomous Vehicles","authors":"Katri Salminen, A. Farooq, Jussi Rantala, Veikko Surakka, R. Raisamo","doi":"10.1145/3342197.3344522","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3342197.3344522","url":null,"abstract":"Semiautonomous driving still requires the driver's control and attention in certain situations. Especially control transitions, i.e. take-over and hand-over situations, are important for safety. Our aim was to study control transitions supported by unimodal (i.e. visual, auditory, or haptic) or multimodal (i.e. visual, auditory and haptic) signals indicating change from manual to autonomous driving and vice versa. The signals were abstract visual blinks, auditory beeps, or haptic vibrations. The task was to take over driving while either looking through the windshield or playing a game. In addition, in half of the control transitions a feedback signal indicated successful control transition. The results showed that a secondary task slowed down the reaction times, but there was a great variation between individuals. In general, the response to auditory signal was slower than to visual, haptic, or multimodal signals. Moreover, users preferred feedback during control transitions but this slowed down the reaction time.","PeriodicalId":244325,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Automotive User Interfaces and Interactive Vehicular Applications","volume":"296 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-09-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131706369","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Haptic feedback has frequently been proposed as a means to support eco-driving behaviour. While force and vibrotactile feedback have proven to be effective and safe approaches, no studies were found that assessed the user experience of different feedback designs. We describe the design of six haptic effects which were implemented in a custom designed accelerator pedal. The user experience of three effects (linear force increase, bump and pulse) were assessed in a driving simulator and compared to a baseline with no feedback. Results show that the haptic pedal effects were rated positively on attractiveness, dependability, stimulation and novelty. The pulsating effect scored significantly lower on attractiveness and dependability but highest on the novelty. Qualitative results suggest that combining a bump and pulse could increase the positive experience of a haptic pedal. Consequently, we argue for more experiential approaches to haptic feedback design in accelerator pedals.
{"title":"Designing Haptic Effects on an Accelerator Pedal to Support a Positive Eco-Driving Experience","authors":"Alex de Ruiter, M. B. Alonso","doi":"10.1145/3342197.3344532","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3342197.3344532","url":null,"abstract":"Haptic feedback has frequently been proposed as a means to support eco-driving behaviour. While force and vibrotactile feedback have proven to be effective and safe approaches, no studies were found that assessed the user experience of different feedback designs. We describe the design of six haptic effects which were implemented in a custom designed accelerator pedal. The user experience of three effects (linear force increase, bump and pulse) were assessed in a driving simulator and compared to a baseline with no feedback. Results show that the haptic pedal effects were rated positively on attractiveness, dependability, stimulation and novelty. The pulsating effect scored significantly lower on attractiveness and dependability but highest on the novelty. Qualitative results suggest that combining a bump and pulse could increase the positive experience of a haptic pedal. Consequently, we argue for more experiential approaches to haptic feedback design in accelerator pedals.","PeriodicalId":244325,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Automotive User Interfaces and Interactive Vehicular Applications","volume":"35 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-09-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125444002","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Trung-Thanh Nguyen, K. Holländer, Marius Hoggenmüller, Callum Parker, M. Tomitsch
Recent studies have investigated new approaches for communicating an autonomous vehicle's (AV) intent and awareness to pedestrians. This paper adds to this body of work by presenting the design and evaluation of in-situ projections on the road. Our design combines common traffic light patterns with aesthetic visual elements. We describe the iterative design process and the prototyping methods used in each stage. The final design concept was represented as a virtual reality simulation and evaluated with 18 participants in four different street crossing scenarios, which included three scenarios that simulated various degrees of system errors. We found that different design elements were able to support participants' confidence in their decision even when the AV failed to correctly detect their presence. We also identified elements in our design that needed to be more clearly communicated. Based on these findings, the paper presents a series of design recommendations for projection-based communication between AVs and pedestrians.
{"title":"Designing for Projection-based Communication between Autonomous Vehicles and Pedestrians","authors":"Trung-Thanh Nguyen, K. Holländer, Marius Hoggenmüller, Callum Parker, M. Tomitsch","doi":"10.1145/3342197.3344543","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3342197.3344543","url":null,"abstract":"Recent studies have investigated new approaches for communicating an autonomous vehicle's (AV) intent and awareness to pedestrians. This paper adds to this body of work by presenting the design and evaluation of in-situ projections on the road. Our design combines common traffic light patterns with aesthetic visual elements. We describe the iterative design process and the prototyping methods used in each stage. The final design concept was represented as a virtual reality simulation and evaluated with 18 participants in four different street crossing scenarios, which included three scenarios that simulated various degrees of system errors. We found that different design elements were able to support participants' confidence in their decision even when the AV failed to correctly detect their presence. We also identified elements in our design that needed to be more clearly communicated. Based on these findings, the paper presents a series of design recommendations for projection-based communication between AVs and pedestrians.","PeriodicalId":244325,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Automotive User Interfaces and Interactive Vehicular Applications","volume":"2 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-09-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134057431","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
D. Large, G. Burnett, Davide Salanitri, A. Lawson, Elizabeth Box
In a longitudinal study, 49 drivers undertook a commute-style journey, with part of the route supporting level-3 automation, over five consecutive days. Bespoke HMIs were provided to keep drivers in-the-loop during automation, and help them regain situational-awareness (SA) during handovers, in a 2×2 between-subjects design. Drivers demonstrated high levels of trust from the outset, delegating control to the vehicle (when available) and directing attention to their own activities/devices. Ratings of trust and technology acceptance increased during the week -- even following an unexpected, emergency handover on day four -- with the highest ratings recorded on day five. High levels of lateral instability were observed immediately following takeovers, although improvements were noted during the week and following the provision of SA-enhancing hand-over advice. Results demonstrate benefits associated with novel HMI designs to keep drivers in-the-loop and improve takeover performance, as well as the necessity of multiple exposures during the evaluation of future, immersive technologies.
{"title":"A Longitudinal Simulator Study to Explore Drivers' Behaviour in Level 3 Automated Vehicles","authors":"D. Large, G. Burnett, Davide Salanitri, A. Lawson, Elizabeth Box","doi":"10.1145/3342197.3344519","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3342197.3344519","url":null,"abstract":"In a longitudinal study, 49 drivers undertook a commute-style journey, with part of the route supporting level-3 automation, over five consecutive days. Bespoke HMIs were provided to keep drivers in-the-loop during automation, and help them regain situational-awareness (SA) during handovers, in a 2×2 between-subjects design. Drivers demonstrated high levels of trust from the outset, delegating control to the vehicle (when available) and directing attention to their own activities/devices. Ratings of trust and technology acceptance increased during the week -- even following an unexpected, emergency handover on day four -- with the highest ratings recorded on day five. High levels of lateral instability were observed immediately following takeovers, although improvements were noted during the week and following the provision of SA-enhancing hand-over advice. Results demonstrate benefits associated with novel HMI designs to keep drivers in-the-loop and improve takeover performance, as well as the necessity of multiple exposures during the evaluation of future, immersive technologies.","PeriodicalId":244325,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Automotive User Interfaces and Interactive Vehicular Applications","volume":"13 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-09-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134116591","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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