J. J. Maki, T. Verbiest, M. Kauranen, S. Elshocht, A. Persoons
It was recently observed experimentally that second-harmonic generation (SHG) from chiral surfaces is sensitive to the handedness of the incoming fundamental light. This phenomena is called nonlinear optical activity1,2. We have subsequently developed a theory of SHG from chiral surfaces that includes contributions of electric- and magnetic-dipole transitions to the surface nonlinearity. The theory can be used to explain the experimental results very well3-5.
{"title":"Linearly and Circularly Polarized Probes of Second-Order Optical Activity of Chiral Surfaces","authors":"J. J. Maki, T. Verbiest, M. Kauranen, S. Elshocht, A. Persoons","doi":"10.1063/1.471886","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1063/1.471886","url":null,"abstract":"It was recently observed experimentally that second-harmonic generation (SHG) from chiral surfaces is sensitive to the handedness of the incoming fundamental light. This phenomena is called nonlinear optical activity1,2. We have subsequently developed a theory of SHG from chiral surfaces that includes contributions of electric- and magnetic-dipole transitions to the surface nonlinearity. The theory can be used to explain the experimental results very well3-5.","PeriodicalId":246676,"journal":{"name":"Organic Thin Films for Photonic Applications","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1996-07-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127198447","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
We report the first demonstration of an electro-optic sampling technique that allows for the coherent detection of freely propagating terahertz radiation.
我们报告了一种电光采样技术的首次演示，该技术允许对自由传播的太赫兹辐射进行相干检测。
{"title":"Coherent Detection of Freely Propagating Terahertz Radiation by Electro-optic Sampling in a Poled Polymer","authors":"A. Nahata, D. Auston, T. Heinz, Chengjiu Wu","doi":"10.1063/1.116130","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1063/1.116130","url":null,"abstract":"We report the first demonstration of an electro-optic sampling technique that allows for the coherent detection of freely propagating terahertz radiation.","PeriodicalId":246676,"journal":{"name":"Organic Thin Films for Photonic Applications","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1996-01-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131763045","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The optical alignment of liquid crystals provides spatial and angular control of the local liquid crystal director.1-3 This is achieved by properly designing photosensitive polymer alignment layers. These photosensitive alignment polymers are illuminated with polarized light which alters the bulk and surface properties of the polymer. The liquid crystal molecules adjacent to the alignment polymer interact with the altered polymer and align accordingly. The long range interaction of the liquid crystal molecules transfers the aligned state at the interface to the bulk of the liquid crystal layer. Since the alignment polymer itself is altered, the liquid crystal remains aligned after the illumination is terminated. With the proper design of the alignment material, the process is reversible allowing for the potential of real-time write/re-write control of the local liquid crystal director.
{"title":"Optical Alignment of Liquid Crystal Displays and Devices Via Polarized Light","authors":"W. Gibbons, P. J. Shannon, Shao-Tang Sun","doi":"10.1364/otfa.1995.tuc.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/otfa.1995.tuc.1","url":null,"abstract":"The optical alignment of liquid crystals provides spatial and angular control of the local liquid crystal director.1-3 This is achieved by properly designing photosensitive polymer alignment layers. These photosensitive alignment polymers are illuminated with polarized light which alters the bulk and surface properties of the polymer. The liquid crystal molecules adjacent to the alignment polymer interact with the altered polymer and align accordingly. The long range interaction of the liquid crystal molecules transfers the aligned state at the interface to the bulk of the liquid crystal layer. Since the alignment polymer itself is altered, the liquid crystal remains aligned after the illumination is terminated. With the proper design of the alignment material, the process is reversible allowing for the potential of real-time write/re-write control of the local liquid crystal director.","PeriodicalId":246676,"journal":{"name":"Organic Thin Films for Photonic Applications","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1995-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116455133","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Azo polymers are the subject of an impressive number of publications in the recent literature, due to a variety of possible applications. The main area of interest is in their nonlinear optical (NLO) properties, and azo-containing polymer films have been synthesized, poled and their second harmonic generation and waveguide properties have been investigated. The publication pace on this subject is considerable, and it would be impossible to summarize the most important trends. The general directions of the research are related to improved thermal stability and especially to methods to increased stability of orientation of the azo chromophores. Polyimides and/or crosslinked polymers are the preferred methods to achieve these goals.
{"title":"Photoinduced Birefringence, Holographic Surface Gratings and Photorefractive Properties of AZO Polymers","authors":"M. Ho, C. Barrett, P. Rochon, A. Natansohn","doi":"10.1364/otfa.1995.wgg.3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/otfa.1995.wgg.3","url":null,"abstract":"Azo polymers are the subject of an impressive number of publications in the recent literature, due to a variety of possible applications. The main area of interest is in their nonlinear optical (NLO) properties, and azo-containing polymer films have been synthesized, poled and their second harmonic generation and waveguide properties have been investigated. The publication pace on this subject is considerable, and it would be impossible to summarize the most important trends. The general directions of the research are related to improved thermal stability and especially to methods to increased stability of orientation of the azo chromophores. Polyimides and/or crosslinked polymers are the preferred methods to achieve these goals.","PeriodicalId":246676,"journal":{"name":"Organic Thin Films for Photonic Applications","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1995-07-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123592211","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1995-07-01DOI: 10.1021/bk-1995-0601.ch028
T. Kowalczyk, T. Kosc, K. Singer, A. Beuhler, D. A. Wargowski, P. Cahill, C. Seager, M. B. Meinhardt
We report on our approach to the development of device-quality electro-optic materials. We have sought to optimize the optical losses and processing properties first, and later to functionalize the materials having learned how to synthesize and process them for devices. [1,2] We started with perfluorinated, preimidized fully aromatic polyimides. Preimidization makes processing doped polymer systems more flexible, by making functionalizing easier (no harsh imidization process) while allowing spin coating of soluble fully-imidized polymers. Fluorination increases solubility while decreasing optical loss and refractive index. Fully aromatic polymers allow for the best high temperature properties. We found that by introducing alkylated crosslinking groups which can be photo- or thermally activated, optical losses were further reduced, so that high quality waveguides could be fabricated. [1] Another advantage of the crosslinking groups is that they open up new processing capabilities. [2] For example, cross-linking allows for simple multilayer formation, permits a liquid etch process to define waveguides, and provides a chemical hook to which chromophores may be covalently attached. We have uncovered a number of issues relating to functionalization, such as increased optical loss due to long absorption tails in the chromophore and enhanced mobility of small chromophores. We have also studied poling issues related to multilayer films. We believe that this approach, focused on the processing and operation of devices, has led to a flexible material system which shows exceptional promise for the development of electro-optic polymer devices.
{"title":"Guest-Host Crosslinked Polyimides for Integrated Optics","authors":"T. Kowalczyk, T. Kosc, K. Singer, A. Beuhler, D. A. Wargowski, P. Cahill, C. Seager, M. B. Meinhardt","doi":"10.1021/bk-1995-0601.ch028","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/bk-1995-0601.ch028","url":null,"abstract":"We report on our approach to the development of device-quality electro-optic materials. We have sought to optimize the optical losses and processing properties first, and later to functionalize the materials having learned how to synthesize and process them for devices. [1,2] We started with perfluorinated, preimidized fully aromatic polyimides. Preimidization makes processing doped polymer systems more flexible, by making functionalizing easier (no harsh imidization process) while allowing spin coating of soluble fully-imidized polymers. Fluorination increases solubility while decreasing optical loss and refractive index. Fully aromatic polymers allow for the best high temperature properties. We found that by introducing alkylated crosslinking groups which can be photo- or thermally activated, optical losses were further reduced, so that high quality waveguides could be fabricated. [1] Another advantage of the crosslinking groups is that they open up new processing capabilities. [2] For example, cross-linking allows for simple multilayer formation, permits a liquid etch process to define waveguides, and provides a chemical hook to which chromophores may be covalently attached. We have uncovered a number of issues relating to functionalization, such as increased optical loss due to long absorption tails in the chromophore and enhanced mobility of small chromophores. We have also studied poling issues related to multilayer films. We believe that this approach, focused on the processing and operation of devices, has led to a flexible material system which shows exceptional promise for the development of electro-optic polymer devices.","PeriodicalId":246676,"journal":{"name":"Organic Thin Films for Photonic Applications","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1995-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132468456","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
H. Radousky, A. D. Madden, K. Pakbaz, T. Hagler, Howard W. H. Lee, H. Lorenzana, G. A. Fox, P. R. Elliker
MEH-PPV is of interest due to its potential use as the active element in electroluminescent devices.1 The usefulness of these devices is limited at the present due to a variety of degradation mechanisms.2-3 We have studied one class of degradation in MEH-PPV using photoluminescence (PL).
{"title":"Accelerated Degradation Studies of MEH-PPV*","authors":"H. Radousky, A. D. Madden, K. Pakbaz, T. Hagler, Howard W. H. Lee, H. Lorenzana, G. A. Fox, P. R. Elliker","doi":"10.1364/otfa.1995.tuc.4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/otfa.1995.tuc.4","url":null,"abstract":"MEH-PPV is of interest due to its potential use as the active element in electroluminescent devices.1 The usefulness of these devices is limited at the present due to a variety of degradation mechanisms.2-3 We have studied one class of degradation in MEH-PPV using photoluminescence (PL).","PeriodicalId":246676,"journal":{"name":"Organic Thin Films for Photonic Applications","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1995-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132477012","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
We have shown [1] that asymmetric injection of electric charge into polymer-dye blends can induce second order nonlinear optical effects which are distinct from the more conventional mechanism of using electric fields to align the dye molecules. Using an “in-plane” geometry [1], charges can be injected into polymer-dye films causing symmetry breakage both parallel and perpendicular to the external field. The symmetry breakage perpendicular to the field results from the setting-up of a macroscopic charge gradient, while nonlinearity parallel to the field results from conventional dipolar alignment. Using high voltages but only moderate fields (2000 V across 2mm) charge injection effects can be stronger than dipolar alignment. It is believed that charged dimers and quadrupolar nonlinearities are responsible for the nonlinearity in a charge gradient [2].
{"title":"Optical Nonlinearity Of Co-Polymers Caused By Charge Injection","authors":"B. Lavi, G. Berkovic","doi":"10.1364/otfa.1995.md.21","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/otfa.1995.md.21","url":null,"abstract":"We have shown [1] that asymmetric injection of electric charge into polymer-dye blends can induce second order nonlinear optical effects which are distinct from the more conventional mechanism of using electric fields to align the dye molecules. Using an “in-plane” geometry [1], charges can be injected into polymer-dye films causing symmetry breakage both parallel and perpendicular to the external field. The symmetry breakage perpendicular to the field results from the setting-up of a macroscopic charge gradient, while nonlinearity parallel to the field results from conventional dipolar alignment. Using high voltages but only moderate fields (2000 V across 2mm) charge injection effects can be stronger than dipolar alignment. It is believed that charged dimers and quadrupolar nonlinearities are responsible for the nonlinearity in a charge gradient [2].","PeriodicalId":246676,"journal":{"name":"Organic Thin Films for Photonic Applications","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1995-05-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125823316","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Poling organic polymers containing hyperpolarizable dye species can produce high second-order nonlinearities. One limitation for application to second harmonic generation is the difficulty to achieve phase matching. A solution may be periodic spatial modulation of the nonlinearity to achieve quasi phase-matching [1].
{"title":"Light Induced Spatial Modulation of Second-Order Optical Nonlinearity Via a Photoconducting Layer","authors":"R. Cohen, G. Berkovic","doi":"10.1364/otfa.1995.wb.3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/otfa.1995.wb.3","url":null,"abstract":"Poling organic polymers containing hyperpolarizable dye species can produce high second-order nonlinearities. One limitation for application to second harmonic generation is the difficulty to achieve phase matching. A solution may be periodic spatial modulation of the nonlinearity to achieve quasi phase-matching [1].","PeriodicalId":246676,"journal":{"name":"Organic Thin Films for Photonic Applications","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1995-05-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124024401","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The pump-probe spectroscopy with a white-light continuum pulse has been playing major roles in femtosecond absorption spectroscopy because difference transmission spectra (DTS) can be obtained by using a multichannel spectrometer without scanning a probe wavelength. On the other hand, femtosecond phase spectroscopy, which is complementary to femtosecond absorption spectroscopy, is still in the primitive stage. This is mainly because there have been no methods by which difference phase spectra (DPS) can be obtained with a multichannel spectrometer as in the case of DTS.
{"title":"Femtosecond difference transmission and difference phase spectra measured by frequency domain interferometer","authors":"Takayoshi Kobayashi","doi":"10.1364/otfa.1993.tha.5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/otfa.1993.tha.5","url":null,"abstract":"The pump-probe spectroscopy with a white-light continuum pulse has been playing major roles in femtosecond absorption spectroscopy because difference transmission spectra (DTS) can be obtained by using a multichannel spectrometer without scanning a probe wavelength. On the other hand, femtosecond phase spectroscopy, which is complementary to femtosecond absorption spectroscopy, is still in the primitive stage. This is mainly because there have been no methods by which difference phase spectra (DPS) can be obtained with a multichannel spectrometer as in the case of DTS.","PeriodicalId":246676,"journal":{"name":"Organic Thin Films for Photonic Applications","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1994-05-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130291049","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Azoaromatic (azo) polymers have been shown to exhibit stable, reversible optically induced birefringence and dichroism.1
偶氮芳烃(偶氮)聚合物具有稳定、可逆的光诱导双折射和二色性
{"title":"Optically Induced Birefringence in Copolymers and Blends Containing Azobenzene Groups","authors":"D. Brown, A. Natansohn, P. Rochon, S. Xie","doi":"10.1364/otfa.1993.thd.3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/otfa.1993.thd.3","url":null,"abstract":"Azoaromatic (azo) polymers have been shown to exhibit stable, reversible optically induced birefringence and dichroism.1","PeriodicalId":246676,"journal":{"name":"Organic Thin Films for Photonic Applications","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1993-11-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115597117","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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