J. Sheats, Andrew D. Jones, Albert Lang, Felicia Bland, Elizabeth Hernandez
Previous investigators 1-4 have employed ferrocenyl derivatives as strong π-electron donors in the preparation of highly conjugated organic molecules such as Ia-c with high values of the second order hyperpolarizability, β.
{"title":"Organotransition Metal Complexes as π Acceptors in Non-linear Optical Materials","authors":"J. Sheats, Andrew D. Jones, Albert Lang, Felicia Bland, Elizabeth Hernandez","doi":"10.1364/otfa.1993.wd.22","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/otfa.1993.wd.22","url":null,"abstract":"Previous investigators 1-4 have employed ferrocenyl derivatives as strong π-electron donors in the preparation of highly conjugated organic molecules such as Ia-c with high values of the second order hyperpolarizability, β.","PeriodicalId":246676,"journal":{"name":"Organic Thin Films for Photonic Applications","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126033051","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
R. D. Miller, K. Betterton, D. Burland, V. Y. Lee, C. Moylan, R. Twieg, C. Walsh, W. Volksen
The demands on organic polymeric nonlinear optical materials include large and stable bulk nonlinearities which are not significantly degraded during the processing involved in semiconductor integration and subsequent use of the device. Poled polymer, electro-optical applications such as modulation or switching, may involve continuous operating temperatures of 80-100°C and processing excursions up to 250°C or more for brief periods.1 At elevated temperatures, any device must maintain polar order and the NLO chromophore must be stable or the bulk nonlinearity will degrade.
{"title":"High Temperature NLO Chromophores for Polymer Applications","authors":"R. D. Miller, K. Betterton, D. Burland, V. Y. Lee, C. Moylan, R. Twieg, C. Walsh, W. Volksen","doi":"10.1364/otfa.1993.wc.3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/otfa.1993.wc.3","url":null,"abstract":"The demands on organic polymeric nonlinear optical materials include large and stable bulk nonlinearities which are not significantly degraded during the processing involved in semiconductor integration and subsequent use of the device. Poled polymer, electro-optical applications such as modulation or switching, may involve continuous operating temperatures of 80-100°C and processing excursions up to 250°C or more for brief periods.1 At elevated temperatures, any device must maintain polar order and the NLO chromophore must be stable or the bulk nonlinearity will degrade.","PeriodicalId":246676,"journal":{"name":"Organic Thin Films for Photonic Applications","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114093167","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Still some 90% of all information is stored on paper. But, the storage and distribution of information in an "electronic" format is rapidly growing and will play an ever increasing important role in the way our society will cover its information needs.
{"title":"Liquid Crystalline Polymer Based Optical Data Storage","authors":"N. Maaskant","doi":"10.1364/otfa.1995.wtt.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/otfa.1995.wtt.1","url":null,"abstract":"Still some 90% of all information is stored on paper. But, the storage and distribution of information in an \"electronic\" format is rapidly growing and will play an ever increasing important role in the way our society will cover its information needs.","PeriodicalId":246676,"journal":{"name":"Organic Thin Films for Photonic Applications","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115953448","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
S. Flom, J. Shirk, R. Pong, F. J. Bartoli, A. Snow, Y. Chang, W. Ford
The phthalocyanines are a class of organic NLO materials that are of considerable interest both for their nonlinear optical1 and their electrical properties.2 The high nonlinearities, chemical stability, and the variety of molecular architectures that are possible make them promising materials for nonlinear optical applications. One application of these materials, optical limiters, already shows considerable promise.
{"title":"Design and Characterization of Phthalocyanine Thin Film Materials","authors":"S. Flom, J. Shirk, R. Pong, F. J. Bartoli, A. Snow, Y. Chang, W. Ford","doi":"10.1364/otfa.1995.md.24","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/otfa.1995.md.24","url":null,"abstract":"The phthalocyanines are a class of organic NLO materials that are of considerable interest both for their nonlinear optical1 and their electrical properties.2 The high nonlinearities, chemical stability, and the variety of molecular architectures that are possible make them promising materials for nonlinear optical applications. One application of these materials, optical limiters, already shows considerable promise.","PeriodicalId":246676,"journal":{"name":"Organic Thin Films for Photonic Applications","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124919183","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Computer Generated Holograms (CGHs) are attractive devices because of their capabilities to reconstruct a wavefront defined by mathematical relations. They are promising display, interconnects, multiplexing, fan-in and fan-out but the cost of producing one efficient element is again prohibitive. We are developing simple techniques of fabrication of CGHs on real-time recording materials. Cr(VI) and Fe(III) doped poly(vinyl alcohol) and poly(acrylic acid) systems have been used as real-time recording media for volume transmission and reflection holograms in our laboratory. For some years, we have worked on improving the performance of these materials by studying the reaction scheme of photo-crosslinking that is evolved in the formation of the grating and by systematically evaluating the holographic characteristics of each material under different experimental conditions such as different dyes, pH and concentrations[1,2,3]. These studies can show the way to change the chemical components of the layer to speed up the reaction in solid matrix.
{"title":"Fabrication of Computer Generated Holograms on Metal Ion Doped Polymer Systems by Contact Copying","authors":"G. Lemelin, G. Manivannan, R. Lessard","doi":"10.1364/otfa.1993.wd.24","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/otfa.1993.wd.24","url":null,"abstract":"Computer Generated Holograms (CGHs) are attractive devices because of their capabilities to reconstruct a wavefront defined by mathematical relations. They are promising display, interconnects, multiplexing, fan-in and fan-out but the cost of producing one efficient element is again prohibitive. We are developing simple techniques of fabrication of CGHs on real-time recording materials. Cr(VI) and Fe(III) doped poly(vinyl alcohol) and poly(acrylic acid) systems have been used as real-time recording media for volume transmission and reflection holograms in our laboratory. For some years, we have worked on improving the performance of these materials by studying the reaction scheme of photo-crosslinking that is evolved in the formation of the grating and by systematically evaluating the holographic characteristics of each material under different experimental conditions such as different dyes, pH and concentrations[1,2,3]. These studies can show the way to change the chemical components of the layer to speed up the reaction in solid matrix.","PeriodicalId":246676,"journal":{"name":"Organic Thin Films for Photonic Applications","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114278113","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Second order nonlinearities can be imposed in a disordered polymer film by poling. Electric field poling is the most common technique but poling can also be achieved optically. In optical poling, a sample is irradiated with linearly polarized light and the nonlinear molecules undergo successive isomerizations, contractions and relaxations and eventually become aligned perpendicular to the incident polarization.1 This photoisomerization can also increase the mobility of the nonlinear molecules within the polymer and permit improved alignment to an electric field.2 The previous reports of optically induced reorientation have used continuous-wave illumination and required long exposure times.3-11However, the trans-cis photoisomerization has been shown to be extremely fast.12 We are investigating the dynamics of the trans-cis isomerization and orientation of nonlinear stilbene molecules in the presence of an electric field by monitoring the changes in the second order nonlinearity. In our research we have used short optical pulses to initiate molecular reorientation by photoisomerization. The unstable cis-isomer of azobenzene is used to enable a transition between two states which both involve the stable trans-isomer. Because of the extreme speed with which the photoisomerization can be initiated, it could find an application in digital optical storage.
{"title":"Optically initiated orientation of nonlinear photoisomers","authors":"R. Hill, A. Knoesen, D. Yankelevich, R. Twieg","doi":"10.1364/otfa.1995.the.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/otfa.1995.the.1","url":null,"abstract":"Second order nonlinearities can be imposed in a disordered polymer film by poling. Electric field poling is the most common technique but poling can also be achieved optically. In optical poling, a sample is irradiated with linearly polarized light and the nonlinear molecules undergo successive isomerizations, contractions and relaxations and eventually become aligned perpendicular to the incident polarization.1 This photoisomerization can also increase the mobility of the nonlinear molecules within the polymer and permit improved alignment to an electric field.2 The previous reports of optically induced reorientation have used continuous-wave illumination and required long exposure times.3-11However, the trans-cis photoisomerization has been shown to be extremely fast.12 We are investigating the dynamics of the trans-cis isomerization and orientation of nonlinear stilbene molecules in the presence of an electric field by monitoring the changes in the second order nonlinearity. In our research we have used short optical pulses to initiate molecular reorientation by photoisomerization. The unstable cis-isomer of azobenzene is used to enable a transition between two states which both involve the stable trans-isomer. Because of the extreme speed with which the photoisomerization can be initiated, it could find an application in digital optical storage.","PeriodicalId":246676,"journal":{"name":"Organic Thin Films for Photonic Applications","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121794855","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Thin films of organic molecular crystals are promising optoelectronic materials. Some of these crystalline organic materials can have very high optical nonlinearities. Conventional optoelectronic devices are usually formed on crystalline semiconductor substrates such as GaAs, InP or silicon which have a good lattice match with the optoelectronic material. In contrast, by using the ultrahigh vacuum process of organic molecular-beam deposition (OMBD), the crystalline organic materials can be deposited on highly lattice-mismatched substrates without generating defects.1 Thus, devices can potentially be fabricated on a variety of substrates such as glasses, semiconductors, ceramics and polymers. This feature enables selection of the substrate to be based on considerations such as microwave or thermal properties, manufacturability or cost rather than being limited by the substrate’s lattice match. Furthermore, it opens the door to a variety of new applications that require conformally embedded optoelectronic modules or large-area sheets of optoelectronic devices.
{"title":"Arrays of Flip-Chip Mounted, Surface-Illuminated, Crystalline-Organic Optoelectronic Modulators on Glass Substrates","authors":"D. Yap, P. Burrows, S. Forrest","doi":"10.1364/otfa.1995.wb.2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/otfa.1995.wb.2","url":null,"abstract":"Thin films of organic molecular crystals are promising optoelectronic materials. Some of these crystalline organic materials can have very high optical nonlinearities. Conventional optoelectronic devices are usually formed on crystalline semiconductor substrates such as GaAs, InP or silicon which have a good lattice match with the optoelectronic material. In contrast, by using the ultrahigh vacuum process of organic molecular-beam deposition (OMBD), the crystalline organic materials can be deposited on highly lattice-mismatched substrates without generating defects.1 Thus, devices can potentially be fabricated on a variety of substrates such as glasses, semiconductors, ceramics and polymers. This feature enables selection of the substrate to be based on considerations such as microwave or thermal properties, manufacturability or cost rather than being limited by the substrate’s lattice match. Furthermore, it opens the door to a variety of new applications that require conformally embedded optoelectronic modules or large-area sheets of optoelectronic devices.","PeriodicalId":246676,"journal":{"name":"Organic Thin Films for Photonic Applications","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134371102","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Conventional diffractive elements, such as gratings and zone plates, may be regarded as surfaces which are transparent in some regions and opaque in others. Their usefulness stems from the constructive interference of the transmitted light in certain regions of space. Here we propose another way to produce such constructive interference, by allowing light to pass through the originally opaque regions of the diffractive surface but with its polarization rotated by 90°. An interference pattern similar to that of the original surface is obtained, since orthogonal polarizations do not interfere.
{"title":"Optically Aligned Liquid Crystal Cells as Diffractive Optical Elements","authors":"T. Kósa, P. Palffy-Muhoray","doi":"10.1364/otfa.1995.md.25","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/otfa.1995.md.25","url":null,"abstract":"Conventional diffractive elements, such as gratings and zone plates, may be regarded as surfaces which are transparent in some regions and opaque in others. Their usefulness stems from the constructive interference of the transmitted light in certain regions of space. Here we propose another way to produce such constructive interference, by allowing light to pass through the originally opaque regions of the diffractive surface but with its polarization rotated by 90°. An interference pattern similar to that of the original surface is obtained, since orthogonal polarizations do not interfere.","PeriodicalId":246676,"journal":{"name":"Organic Thin Films for Photonic Applications","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134579752","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
P. Prêtre, P. Kaatz, A. Bohren, P. Günter, B. Zysset, M. Ahlheim, F. Lehr
Novel amorphous nonlinear optical (NLO) polymers with modified polyimide backbones and functionalized azo chromophores have been synthesized for applications as electro-optic materials. The most attractive aspects of these polymers are the ease of modification of the NLO side-chain chromophores and the high thermal stability provided by glass transition temperatures in excess of 140 °C. The dispersion of the linear and nonlinear optical properties of these polymers has been determined. The time-temperature behaviour of the chromophore relaxation has been modeled to obtain estimates of the lifetimes of electro-optic devices using these polymers.
{"title":"Modified Polyimide Polymers for Electro-Optic Applications","authors":"P. Prêtre, P. Kaatz, A. Bohren, P. Günter, B. Zysset, M. Ahlheim, F. Lehr","doi":"10.1364/otfa.1993.wa.7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/otfa.1993.wa.7","url":null,"abstract":"Novel amorphous nonlinear optical (NLO) polymers with modified polyimide backbones and functionalized azo chromophores have been synthesized for applications as electro-optic materials. The most attractive aspects of these polymers are the ease of modification of the NLO side-chain chromophores and the high thermal stability provided by glass transition temperatures in excess of 140 °C. The dispersion of the linear and nonlinear optical properties of these polymers has been determined. The time-temperature behaviour of the chromophore relaxation has been modeled to obtain estimates of the lifetimes of electro-optic devices using these polymers.","PeriodicalId":246676,"journal":{"name":"Organic Thin Films for Photonic Applications","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115842804","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
G. Lindsay, J. Stenger-Smith, A. Chafin, R. Hollins, L. Merwin, R. Yee, R. Nissan, M. Nadler, R. Henry, K. Wynne, P. Ashley, L. Hayden, W. Herman
Progress on mainchain syndioregic polymers for χ(2) applications is reported, An electro-optic coefficient, r33, of 8.5 pm/V @ 1.3 microns and loss of < 1 dB/cm was measured in a Mach-Zehnder interferometer waveguide fabricated by parallel plate electrode poling and photobleaching. This EO film has been stable at ambient room temperature for many months, and the long term thermal stablility is estimated to be ≥125°C if protected from UV radiation and air. Preliminary results on the preparation of a series of related polymers designed for low temperature fabrication of χ(2) thin films will be reported.
{"title":"New Polymers for Second-Order Nonlinear Optics","authors":"G. Lindsay, J. Stenger-Smith, A. Chafin, R. Hollins, L. Merwin, R. Yee, R. Nissan, M. Nadler, R. Henry, K. Wynne, P. Ashley, L. Hayden, W. Herman","doi":"10.1364/otfa.1995.tud.2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/otfa.1995.tud.2","url":null,"abstract":"Progress on mainchain syndioregic polymers for χ(2) applications is reported, An electro-optic coefficient, r33, of 8.5 pm/V @ 1.3 microns and loss of < 1 dB/cm was measured in a Mach-Zehnder interferometer waveguide fabricated by parallel plate electrode poling and photobleaching. This EO film has been stable at ambient room temperature for many months, and the long term thermal stablility is estimated to be ≥125°C if protected from UV radiation and air. Preliminary results on the preparation of a series of related polymers designed for low temperature fabrication of χ(2) thin films will be reported.","PeriodicalId":246676,"journal":{"name":"Organic Thin Films for Photonic Applications","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115927018","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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