R. Levenson, J. Liang, C. Rossier, M. Van Beylen, C. Samyn, F. Foll, Rousseau, J. Zyss
Organic nonlinear optical materials have been the subject of increasing interest over the past decade[1]. Polymeric materials with highly polarizable molecules exhibit nonresonant NLO responses surpassing those obtained from traditional inorganic NLO materials, e.g. LiNbO3, KDP etc. Polymers offer the possibilities to optimize, by chemical synthesis, properties required for materials such as high mechanical and thermal stability. The dielectric constants of polymers ensure a very fast response-time for polymer devices [2], Compared to guest-host polymers, side chain polymers whereby NLO molecules are covalently attached lead to an increased density of nonlinear chromophores and may therefore exhibit higher nonlinear susceptibilities.
{"title":"Stability-Efficiency Trade-Off in Non-Linear Optical Polymers","authors":"R. Levenson, J. Liang, C. Rossier, M. Van Beylen, C. Samyn, F. Foll, Rousseau, J. Zyss","doi":"10.1364/otfa.1993.wd.6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/otfa.1993.wd.6","url":null,"abstract":"Organic nonlinear optical materials have been the subject of increasing interest over the past decade[1]. Polymeric materials with highly polarizable molecules exhibit nonresonant NLO responses surpassing those obtained from traditional inorganic NLO materials, e.g. LiNbO3, KDP etc. Polymers offer the possibilities to optimize, by chemical synthesis, properties required for materials such as high mechanical and thermal stability. The dielectric constants of polymers ensure a very fast response-time for polymer devices [2], Compared to guest-host polymers, side chain polymers whereby NLO molecules are covalently attached lead to an increased density of nonlinear chromophores and may therefore exhibit higher nonlinear susceptibilities.","PeriodicalId":246676,"journal":{"name":"Organic Thin Films for Photonic Applications","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128512243","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
W. Herman, L. Hayden, S. Brower, G. Lindsay, J. Stenger-Smith, R. Henry
Nonlinear optical (NLO) organic molecules (chromophores) incorporated into polymers have attracted considerable interest1 for photonics applications due to their fast NLO response time, low cost, ease of fabrication, and large nonlinear second-order electric susceptibility, χ(2). One focus of current research is the enhancement of the thermal and temporal stability of χ(2), which in NLO polymers is dependent on the stability of the Chromophore orientation. This orientation, necessary for the removal of inversion symmetry in order to obtain a nonzero χ(2), can be achieved by electric field poling.2,3 The field is applied at temperatures near or above the glass transition temperature to orient the chromophores and removed only after cooling down to near room temperature. The stability of the resulting order in the thermodynamic nonequilibrium glassy state varies from polymer to polymer. Chemical attachment of the Chromophore to the polymer — as a sidechain,4-6 as part of the main chain,7,8 or in a crosslinked structure8-10 — has been found to retard the relaxation of orientational order.
{"title":"A Folded Mainchain NLO Polymer: Optical Properties and Poling Stability","authors":"W. Herman, L. Hayden, S. Brower, G. Lindsay, J. Stenger-Smith, R. Henry","doi":"10.1364/otfa.1993.wa.5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/otfa.1993.wa.5","url":null,"abstract":"Nonlinear optical (NLO) organic molecules (chromophores) incorporated into polymers have attracted considerable interest1 for photonics applications due to their fast NLO response time, low cost, ease of fabrication, and large nonlinear second-order electric susceptibility, χ(2). One focus of current research is the enhancement of the thermal and temporal stability of χ(2), which in NLO polymers is dependent on the stability of the Chromophore orientation. This orientation, necessary for the removal of inversion symmetry in order to obtain a nonzero χ(2), can be achieved by electric field poling.2,3 The field is applied at temperatures near or above the glass transition temperature to orient the chromophores and removed only after cooling down to near room temperature. The stability of the resulting order in the thermodynamic nonequilibrium glassy state varies from polymer to polymer. Chemical attachment of the Chromophore to the polymer — as a sidechain,4-6 as part of the main chain,7,8 or in a crosslinked structure8-10 — has been found to retard the relaxation of orientational order.","PeriodicalId":246676,"journal":{"name":"Organic Thin Films for Photonic Applications","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126811236","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In the past, second-harmonic (SH) studies of monolayers have often been applied to systems with C∞ υ -symmetry, in most cases to systems consisting of rodlike molecules [1]. These samples are axialsymmetric with respect to the surface and possess a mirror plane of symmetry normal to the surface. If the molecules are replaced by chiral molecules of one enantiomer, this mirror symmetry is broken and the system C∞-symmetry. In the following, this is called surface chirality. Because these monomolecular films are very thin, this symmetry break can hardly be detected using linear optical techniques such as optical activity measurements. However, if the molecular chirality influences the part of the nonlinear structure responsible for SH generation, surface chirality can be detected by using nonlinear optical techniques.
{"title":"Detection of Molecular Chirality using different Optical Second-Harmonic Generation Techniques","authors":"R. Stolle, F. Lohr, G. Marowsky","doi":"10.1364/otfa.1995.md.15","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/otfa.1995.md.15","url":null,"abstract":"In the past, second-harmonic (SH) studies of monolayers have often been applied to systems with C∞\u0000 υ\u0000 -symmetry, in most cases to systems consisting of rodlike molecules [1]. These samples are axialsymmetric with respect to the surface and possess a mirror plane of symmetry normal to the surface. If the molecules are replaced by chiral molecules of one enantiomer, this mirror symmetry is broken and the system C∞-symmetry. In the following, this is called surface chirality. Because these monomolecular films are very thin, this symmetry break can hardly be detected using linear optical techniques such as optical activity measurements. However, if the molecular chirality influences the part of the nonlinear structure responsible for SH generation, surface chirality can be detected by using nonlinear optical techniques.","PeriodicalId":246676,"journal":{"name":"Organic Thin Films for Photonic Applications","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126272420","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Polymeric integrated multimode waveguides (100 µm × 125 µm × 3 in.) have been developed on conventional FR-4 epoxy printed circuit boards (PCBs) using UV curable polymers and negative photolithographic technology. Through molecular engineering, solventless UV curable guiding and cladding materials with appropriate optical and mechanical properties have been synthesized for waveguide applications in the visible and near-infrared wavelength regions. The solventless feature of these materials made them possible to fabricate thick waveguides in single process. Novel planarization technique have been developed to overcome the problems of surface waviness of the PCBs. Multimode (>75 microns) waveguides have been fabricated to distribute control signals to multiple transmit/receive (T/R) modules on large-array radar antennas. To date, waveguide structures with straight, curved, Y-split and tap geometries have been designed and fabricated successfully on PCBs; good light intensity outputs from Y-split and multiple-tap buses were obtained. This paper will discuss the materials and optical circuit fabrication of the waveguide structures and the results of laboratory tests using the optical buses for control signal distribution to T/R modules.
聚合物集成多模波导(100 μ m × 125 μ m × 3英寸)已经在传统的FR-4环氧印刷电路板(pcb)上使用UV固化聚合物和负光刻技术开发出来。通过分子工程技术，合成了具有合适光学性能和力学性能的无溶剂紫外固化波导和包层材料。这些材料的无溶剂特性使得单次加工制造厚波导成为可能。为了克服pcb表面的波浪形问题，提出了一种新的平面化技术。多模(>75微米)波导已被制造用于将控制信号分配到大阵列雷达天线上的多个发射/接收(T/R)模块。迄今为止，具有直、弯、y型和抽头几何形状的波导结构已在pcb上成功设计和制造;从y分流和多抽头总线获得了良好的光强输出。本文将讨论波导结构的材料和光学电路的制作，以及使用光总线控制信号分配到T/R模块的实验室测试结果。
{"title":"Polymeric Integrated Optical Circuits","authors":"Wei Su, S. Weinstein, H. C. Cooper, J. K. Beuchel","doi":"10.1364/otfa.1993.wd.12","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/otfa.1993.wd.12","url":null,"abstract":"Polymeric integrated multimode waveguides (100 µm × 125 µm × 3 in.) have been developed on conventional FR-4 epoxy printed circuit boards (PCBs) using UV curable polymers and negative photolithographic technology. Through molecular engineering, solventless UV curable guiding and cladding materials with appropriate optical and mechanical properties have been synthesized for waveguide applications in the visible and near-infrared wavelength regions. The solventless feature of these materials made them possible to fabricate thick waveguides in single process. Novel planarization technique have been developed to overcome the problems of surface waviness of the PCBs. Multimode (>75 microns) waveguides have been fabricated to distribute control signals to multiple transmit/receive (T/R) modules on large-array radar antennas. To date, waveguide structures with straight, curved, Y-split and tap geometries have been designed and fabricated successfully on PCBs; good light intensity outputs from Y-split and multiple-tap buses were obtained. This paper will discuss the materials and optical circuit fabrication of the waveguide structures and the results of laboratory tests using the optical buses for control signal distribution to T/R modules.","PeriodicalId":246676,"journal":{"name":"Organic Thin Films for Photonic Applications","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125774497","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
C. R. Moylan, S. Swanson, R. Twieg, C. Walsh, J. Thackara, Robert D. Miller, V. Lee
Rational design of high-temperature stable electro-optical poled polymer materials requires custom synthesis of nonlinear chromophores, accurate measurement of their molecular hyperpolarizabilities and thermal stabilities, calculations to predict their nonlinearities at the desired wavelength, incorporation into thermally robust polymers, fabrication of test devices, and measurement of electro-optic coefficients. In this work, we describe the results of each step in this sequence for a variety of chromophores.
{"title":"Thermally Robust Electro-Optic Polymers","authors":"C. R. Moylan, S. Swanson, R. Twieg, C. Walsh, J. Thackara, Robert D. Miller, V. Lee","doi":"10.1364/otfa.1993.wd.5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/otfa.1993.wd.5","url":null,"abstract":"Rational design of high-temperature stable electro-optical poled polymer materials requires custom synthesis of nonlinear chromophores, accurate measurement of their molecular hyperpolarizabilities and thermal stabilities, calculations to predict their nonlinearities at the desired wavelength, incorporation into thermally robust polymers, fabrication of test devices, and measurement of electro-optic coefficients. In this work, we describe the results of each step in this sequence for a variety of chromophores.","PeriodicalId":246676,"journal":{"name":"Organic Thin Films for Photonic Applications","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121939596","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
D. Girton, W. Anderson, J. Marley, T. V. Van Eck, S. Ermer
Electric-field poling is used to achieve a macroscopic alignment of the chromophores responsible for the electro-optic (EO) effect in polymer films.1 In EO polymer devices this chromophore doped layer, referred to as the “core” layer, is usually stacked between two polymer “cladding” layers of lower index which confine transmitted light to the core layer. These polymer films are formed by spin coating using standard semiconductor equipment and manufacturing processes. The polymer films are amorphous as spun and cured, so the polarizable chromophores are randomly arranged, and therefore no second-order electro-optic effects occur. Electric-field poling has been used to make a variety of EO polymer devices2,3,4,5, but the process is not well understood. In electric field poling the EO polymer is heated above its glass transition temperature Tg, a voltage is applied by electrodes to align the nonlinear chromophore molecules in the direction of the field, and the material is cooled back to room temperature under the influence of the electric field. While the voltage is applied to the cladding/core/cladding stack of films, the electric field divides in some manner so that a portion of the applied voltage appears across each of the film layers, as illustrated in Figure 1.
{"title":"Current flow in doped and undoped electro-optic polymer films during poling","authors":"D. Girton, W. Anderson, J. Marley, T. V. Van Eck, S. Ermer","doi":"10.1364/otfa.1995.the.5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/otfa.1995.the.5","url":null,"abstract":"Electric-field poling is used to achieve a macroscopic alignment of the chromophores responsible for the electro-optic (EO) effect in polymer films.1 In EO polymer devices this chromophore doped layer, referred to as the “core” layer, is usually stacked between two polymer “cladding” layers of lower index which confine transmitted light to the core layer. These polymer films are formed by spin coating using standard semiconductor equipment and manufacturing processes. The polymer films are amorphous as spun and cured, so the polarizable chromophores are randomly arranged, and therefore no second-order electro-optic effects occur. Electric-field poling has been used to make a variety of EO polymer devices2,3,4,5, but the process is not well understood. In electric field poling the EO polymer is heated above its glass transition temperature Tg, a voltage is applied by electrodes to align the nonlinear chromophore molecules in the direction of the field, and the material is cooled back to room temperature under the influence of the electric field. While the voltage is applied to the cladding/core/cladding stack of films, the electric field divides in some manner so that a portion of the applied voltage appears across each of the film layers, as illustrated in Figure 1.","PeriodicalId":246676,"journal":{"name":"Organic Thin Films for Photonic Applications","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131702681","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
S. Ermer, D. S. Leung, S. M. Lovejoy, J. Valley, M. Stiller
An important step in the realization of active optical interconnects is the development of poled electro-optic (EO) polymer materials stable to both manufacturing and end-use environments. These environments vary according to process and ultimate application, but many require longterm thermal stability to 125 °C and short excursions to 250 °C or higher.1 Our efforts with EO polymers have been directed toward thermally stable waveguide devices2 and polyimide-based guest-host material systems.3 We recently demonstrated a proof-of-principle all-polyimide triple stack Mach-Zehnder based on DCM (4-(dicyanomethylene)-2-methyl-6-(p-dimethylaminostyryl)-4H-pyran) as the active chromophore in the core waveguide layer.4 The structure of DCM is shown in Figure 1(a). Advantages of DCM include low absorbance at device wavelengths, photobleachability, compatibility with polyimides and their polyamic acid precursors, and commercial ability at high purity. DCM is less than optimum in its thermal characteristics, however. It out-diffuses when heated above 220 °C for significant periods of time and it plasticizes the host material. This plasticization depresses the glass transition temperature Tg, and is detrimental to long-term stability of the poled state.
{"title":"Photobleachable Donor-Acceptor-Donor Chromophores with Enhanced Thermal Stability","authors":"S. Ermer, D. S. Leung, S. M. Lovejoy, J. Valley, M. Stiller","doi":"10.1364/otfa.1993.wc.2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/otfa.1993.wc.2","url":null,"abstract":"An important step in the realization of active optical interconnects is the development of poled electro-optic (EO) polymer materials stable to both manufacturing and end-use environments. These environments vary according to process and ultimate application, but many require longterm thermal stability to 125 °C and short excursions to 250 °C or higher.1 Our efforts with EO polymers have been directed toward thermally stable waveguide devices2 and polyimide-based guest-host material systems.3 We recently demonstrated a proof-of-principle all-polyimide triple stack Mach-Zehnder based on DCM (4-(dicyanomethylene)-2-methyl-6-(p-dimethylaminostyryl)-4H-pyran) as the active chromophore in the core waveguide layer.4 The structure of DCM is shown in Figure 1(a). Advantages of DCM include low absorbance at device wavelengths, photobleachability, compatibility with polyimides and their polyamic acid precursors, and commercial ability at high purity. DCM is less than optimum in its thermal characteristics, however. It out-diffuses when heated above 220 °C for significant periods of time and it plasticizes the host material. This plasticization depresses the glass transition temperature Tg, and is detrimental to long-term stability of the poled state.","PeriodicalId":246676,"journal":{"name":"Organic Thin Films for Photonic Applications","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130935650","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Electric and optical properties of organic charge-transfer (CT) compounds have been attracted a lot of attention from both fundamental science and practical applications. Remarkable progress have been made in development of electroactive CT materials such as organic metals, conducting polymers, and organic photoconductor. Recently organic intracharge transfer compounds have been experimentally and theoretically elucidated to exhibit anomalously large nonlinear optical responses.1 Nonlinear optical properties of several CT complex systems have been studied and recently photorefractive effects have been observed in CT complex crystal and poled photo- conductive polymers. These poled polymers consist of three components: the nonlinear optically active chromophore (NLO-phore) to provide the electro-optic response, a hole transporting molecule and a photosensitizer which exhibit photoconductive properties.2
{"title":"Multifunctional Carbazole Polymers for Nonlinear Optics","authors":"T. Wada, H. Sasabe","doi":"10.1364/otfa.1993.thc.5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/otfa.1993.thc.5","url":null,"abstract":"Electric and optical properties of organic charge-transfer (CT) compounds have been attracted a lot of attention from both fundamental science and practical applications. Remarkable progress have been made in development of electroactive CT materials such as organic metals, conducting polymers, and organic photoconductor. Recently organic intracharge transfer compounds have been experimentally and theoretically elucidated to exhibit anomalously large nonlinear optical responses.1 Nonlinear optical properties of several CT complex systems have been studied and recently photorefractive effects have been observed in CT complex crystal and poled photo- conductive polymers. These poled polymers consist of three components: the nonlinear optically active chromophore (NLO-phore) to provide the electro-optic response, a hole transporting molecule and a photosensitizer which exhibit photoconductive properties.2","PeriodicalId":246676,"journal":{"name":"Organic Thin Films for Photonic Applications","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131144985","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
S. Kalluri, Antao Chen, M. Ziari, W. Steier, Zhiyong Liang, L. Dalton, Datong Chen, B. Jalali, H. Fetterman
A major topic of research in the opto-electronics field over the last decade has been the integration of photonic devices with electronic circuits. The major hurdle here is the fabrication incompatibility of the different material systems required for electronics and photonics. Most integrated photonic devices with applications in fiber communications are fabricated from compound semiconductors (lasers, modulators, detectors) or from crystalline dielectrics (modulators). On the other hand Si electronics (or GaAs for high speed) are highly developed and available through semiconductor foundries. To integrate this well developed electronics technology with conventional photonics technology has required techniques like flip chip bonding, epitaxial liftoff, solder bump technology and other forms of hybrid integration.
{"title":"Vertical Integration of Polymer Electro-Optic Devices on Electronic Circuits","authors":"S. Kalluri, Antao Chen, M. Ziari, W. Steier, Zhiyong Liang, L. Dalton, Datong Chen, B. Jalali, H. Fetterman","doi":"10.1364/otfa.1995.wb.6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/otfa.1995.wb.6","url":null,"abstract":"A major topic of research in the opto-electronics field over the last decade has been the integration of photonic devices with electronic circuits. The major hurdle here is the fabrication incompatibility of the different material systems required for electronics and photonics. Most integrated photonic devices with applications in fiber communications are fabricated from compound semiconductors (lasers, modulators, detectors) or from crystalline dielectrics (modulators). On the other hand Si electronics (or GaAs for high speed) are highly developed and available through semiconductor foundries. To integrate this well developed electronics technology with conventional photonics technology has required techniques like flip chip bonding, epitaxial liftoff, solder bump technology and other forms of hybrid integration.","PeriodicalId":246676,"journal":{"name":"Organic Thin Films for Photonic Applications","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133046771","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
J. Chen, S. Marturunkakul, L. Li, R. Jeng, J. Kumar, S. Tripathy
Several organic nonlinear optical (NLO) materials possess larger second-order optical nonlinearities than their inorganic counterparts. However, the temporal stability of the NLO properties in the polymeric materials needs to be improved at elevated temperatures. The longterm NLO stability is a critical factor for possible future applications. To enhance the temporal stability, NLO moieties are usually incorporated in a high glass transition temperature (Tg) polymer which is capable of preventing the randomization of the poled (aligned) NLO molecules. Moreover, the temporal stability can be greatly enhanced when a certain degree of crosslinking is introduced.1
{"title":"Interpenetrating Polymer Networks with Stable Second-Order Optical Nonlinearity via an In Situ Sol-Gel Reaction","authors":"J. Chen, S. Marturunkakul, L. Li, R. Jeng, J. Kumar, S. Tripathy","doi":"10.1364/otfa.1993.fb.2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/otfa.1993.fb.2","url":null,"abstract":"Several organic nonlinear optical (NLO) materials possess larger second-order optical nonlinearities than their inorganic counterparts. However, the temporal stability of the NLO properties in the polymeric materials needs to be improved at elevated temperatures. The longterm NLO stability is a critical factor for possible future applications. To enhance the temporal stability, NLO moieties are usually incorporated in a high glass transition temperature (Tg) polymer which is capable of preventing the randomization of the poled (aligned) NLO molecules. Moreover, the temporal stability can be greatly enhanced when a certain degree of crosslinking is introduced.1","PeriodicalId":246676,"journal":{"name":"Organic Thin Films for Photonic Applications","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133095292","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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